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List of megathrust earthquakes

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Comparison of recent and historic earthquakes by energy release.

Megathrust earthquakes are large seismic events that take place along convergent plate boundaries, particularly at subduction zones. Examples of subduction zones include the Sumatra and Java trenches, Nankai Trough and Peru–Chile Trench which are frequent sources of these earthquakes.

List

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The inclusion criteria in this list is any notable subduction earthquake of at least magnitude 8.0.

Pre-11th century

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Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes More information
60 BC Portugal Cabo de São Vicente, Portugal Unknown 8.5 Possible tsunami. Considered the oldest record of an earthquake in the Portuguese earthquake catalogs.[1]
21 July 365 AD Greece Crete, Greece Thousands 8.5 Devastation in Cyrene & Alexandria by a tsunami. Uplift of up to 9 metres in Crete. Maximum intensity XI (Extreme). 365 Crete earthquake
26 November 684 AD Japan Nankai Trough, Japan Unknown 8.4 684 Hakuhō earthquake
13 July 869 AD Japan Sanriku, Japan 1,000 9.0 Major tsunami. Several hundred villages destroyed. 869 Jōgan earthquake
26 August 887 AD Japan Nankaido, Japan Unknown 8.6 Major tsunami recorded in Osaka Bay. Landslides reported. Tōkai earthquakes
11 December 1096 AD Japan Nankaido, Japan Unknown 8.4 Destructive earthquake and tsunami, damaging many homes and shrines.
22 February 1099 AD Japan Nankai Trough, Japan Unknown 8.4 Nankai earthquakes

11th–18th century

[edit]
Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes More information
8 August 1303 "dawn" Greece Crete, Greece 4,000 8.0 Maximum intensity IX (Violent). Tsunami damage in Alexandria, Egypt and along the Syrian coast. Many buildings damaged in Cairo due to the earthquake. 1303 Crete earthquake
3 August 1361 Japan Tokai region, Japan Unknown 8.5 1361 Shōhei earthquake
31 August 1420 02:00 (local time) Chile Caldera, Chile Unknown 9.4 1420 Caldera earthquake
20 September 1498 08:00 (local time) Japan Nankaido, Japan 41,000 8.6 Major tsunami. 1498 Nankai earthquake
6 June 1505    Nepal
 India 		Thousands 8.8[2] At least 30% of the Nepalese population perished. Extreme damage in Nepal and northern India. 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake
16 December 1575 14:30 (local time) Chile Valdivia, Chile 1,500 9.0 Maximum intensity X (Extreme). 1575 Valdivia earthquake
22 January 1582 16:30 (local time) Peru Arequipa, Peru "many" 8.4 Maximum intensity X (Extreme). Many buildings collapsed or were severely damaged.
17 March 1584 Peru Lima, Peru Unknown 8.4 Maximum intensity VII (Very strong). Severe damage in Lima.
11 June 1585 Alaska Aleutian subduction zone, Alaska Unknown 9.2 Tsunami killed natives in the Hawaiian Islands and reported in Japan. 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake
9 July 1586 Peru Lima, Peru 22 8.5 Maximum intensity X (Extreme). 1,000 km by 120 km area of Peruvian coastline severely affected. A significant local tsunami was reported in Lima. The tsunami was confused with that of the Aleutian Islands event in tsunami catalogs. 1586 Lima-Callao earthquake
28 February 1600 20:00 (local time) Peru Omate, Peru Unknown 8.1
24 November 1604 13:30 (local time) Chile Arica, Chile 100 9.0 1604 Arica earthquake
20 October 1609 01:00 (local time)  Peru Unknown 8.6
2 December 1611 10:30 (local time) Japan Sanriku Coast, Japan 5,000 8.1 1611 Sanriku earthquake
14 February 1619 16:30 (local time) Peru Trujillo, Peru 350 8.6
1 August 1629 Nighttime Dutch East Indies Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) 5 8.8 Major tsunami. 1629 Banda Sea earthquake
13 May 1647 22:30 (local time) ChileSantiago, Chile 1,000 8.5 1647 Santiago earthquake
15 March 1657 20:00 (local time) Chile Concepción, Chile 40 8.3 Destructive tsunami. Concepción totally destroyed. 1657 Concepción earthquake
20 October 1687 10:30 (local time) Peru Lima, Peru 5,000 8.7 8-meter tsunami in Peru. Tsunami reported in Japan. 1687 Peru earthquake
16 April 1690 British Leeward Islands Leeward Islands Unknown 8.0 Maximum intensity IX.
26 January 1700 21:00 (local time) United StatesCanada Cascadia subduction zone, United States and Canada Unknown 9.2 Tsunami in Japan and the Pacific Northwest. 1700 Cascadia earthquake
31 December 1703 02:00 (local time) Japan Boso Peninsula, Japan 10,000 8.2 Maximum intensity IX. 1703 Genroku earthquake
28 October 1707 14:00 (local time)  Japan 5,000 8.7 Tsunami 1707 Hōei earthquake
4 May 1714 Night Bhutan Main Himalayan Thrust, Bhutan Many 8.1 [3] 1714 Bhutan earthquake
8 July 1730 04:45 (local time) Chile Valparaíso, Chile Unknown 9.3 16-meter-high tsunami. 1730 Valparaíso earthquake
17 October 1737 03:00 (local time) Russian Empire Kamchatka, Russian Empire Many 9.3 1737 Kamchatka earthquake
28 October 1746 22:30 (local time) Peru Lima, Peru 5,941 8.8 1746 Lima-Callao earthquake
25 May 1751 01:00 (local time) Chile Concepción, Chile 65 8.5 1751 Concepción earthquake
1 November 1755 09:40 (local time) Portugal Lisbon, Portugal 50,000 9.0 Tsunami. 1755 Lisbon earthquake
31 March 1761 12:01 (local time) Unknown 8.5 Tsunami. 1761 Lisbon earthquake
22 January 1780 Indonesia Java, Indonesia Unknown 8.5[4] Severe damage
28 March 1787 11:30 (local time) Spain Oaxaca, New Spain (now Mexico) Unknown 8.6 Tsunami. 1787 New Spain earthquake
July and August 1788 Russia Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, Russia (now United States) Unknown 8.0 Intensity VII. Major tsunami, 10 to 30 meters high. Many native Russians killed. The second earthquake triggered a 91-meter tsunami. Thought to be one earthquake rather than two.[5]
22 August 1792 Russia Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Unknown 8.2 [6]
10 February 1797 22:00 (local time) Indonesia Sumatra, Indonesia Numerous 8.4 [7] 1797 Sumatra earthquake

19th century

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Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes More information
11 April 1819 15:00 (local time) Chile Copiapó, Chile Unknown 8.5 Ms [8] Copiapó totally destroyed by the earthquake. Caldera suffered massive damage. Minor tsunami. 1819 Copiapó earthquake
19 November 1822 Chile Valparaíso Region, Chile 300 8.5 Ms [8] 1822 Valparaíso earthquake
25 November 1833 22:00 (local time) Indonesia Sumatra, Indonesia Unknown 9.2 Destructive tsunami. 1833 Sumatra earthquake
20 February 1835 11:30 (local time) Chile Concepción, Chile 50 8.5 Ms [8] Large tsunami. 1835 Concepción earthquake
7 November 1837 Chile Valdivia, Chile 12 9.5 Ms [8] 1837 Valdivia earthquake
11 January 1839 06:00 (local time)  Martinique, Lesser Antilles 4,000 8.0 1839 Martinique earthquake
17 May 1841 08:00 (local time) Russia Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Unknown 9.0 6-meter tsunami. 1841 Kamchatka earthquake
8 February 1843 10:37 (local time)  Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles 5,000 8.5 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake
7 April 1845 Mexico Oaxaca and Guerrero, Mexico
 Unknown 8.0 Felt strongly in Mexico City, resulting in significant damage.[9]
25 November 1852 22:40 (local time) Dutch East Indies Banda Islands, Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) 60 8.8 Tsunami up to 8 meters tall. Felt IX in Banda Neira.
23 December 1854 09:00 (local time) Japan Nankai Trough, Japan 5,000 8.4 Major damage caused by tsunami inundation. 1854 Tōkai earthquake
1854 Nankai earthquake
24 December 1854 16:00 (local time) 8.4
16 February 1861 Indonesia Sumatra, Indonesia Thousands 8.5 1861 Sumatra earthquake
17 November 1865 Tonga Pacific Ocean, Tonga 0 8.0 Felt in ships as well. Two-meter tsunami caused limited damage.[10]
13 August 1868 16:45 (local time) Peru Arica, Peru (now part of Chile) 25,000 9.3 1868 Arica earthquake
1873  Papua New Guinea "Some" 8.0 Felt IX. Some damage to villages and people killed. Minor tsunami.
28 March 1875 New Caledonia Pacific Ocean, New Caledonia 25 8.2[11] Four-meter tsunami caused at least 25 deaths.
9 May 1877 21:16 (local time) Chile Iquique, Chile 2,385 8.9 Fiji accounts for most of the deaths attributed to the tsunami. 1877 Iquique earthquake
7 September 1882 03:50 (local time) Panama San Blas Islands, Panama 250 8.3 Destructive tsunami 1882 Panama earthquake
6 September 1889 12:00 (local time) Indonesia Celebes Sea, Indonesia 8.0 Damaging tsunami up to 4 meters in height.
15 June 1896 19:32 (local time) Japan Sanriku, Japan 22,066 8.5 Weakly felt earthquake but a major tsunami up to 38 meters in height. 1896 Sanriku earthquake
10 September 1899 12:22 (local time) Alaska Yakutat Bay, Alaska 0 8.6 Large coastal uplift and tsunami. 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes

20th century

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Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes More information
22 September 1902 01:46 United States Guam, United States 0 8.1 Felt IX. No tsunami.
27 February 1903 01:46 Indonesia Java, Indonesia 0 8.1
31 January 1906 15:36  Ecuador
 Colombia 		500–1,000 8.8 [12] 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
17 August 1906 00:40 Chile Valparaíso, Chile 4,000 8.2 [13] 1906 Valparaíso earthquake
14 September 1906 16:04 Papua New Guinea Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea "Hundreds" 8.0 [14] Felt X. Many landslides and tsunamis triggered.[15]
4 January 1907 12:20 (local time) Indonesia Nias Island, Indonesia 2,188 8.2 [16] Destructive tsunami, up to 15 meters high, killing most of the inhabitants. 1907 Sumatra earthquake
26 June 1917 05:49 (local time) Samoa Pacific Ocean, Samoa 2 8.5 Mw [17] 12.2-meter tsunami. 1917 Samoa earthquake
15 August 1918 20:18 (local time) Philippines Mindanao, Philippines 52 8.3 Mw [18] 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake
10 November 1922 23:53 (local time) Chile Atacama Region, Chile ~500 8.5 Mw [19][20] 1922 Vallenar earthquake
3 February 1923 04:01 (local time) Russia Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 3 8.4 Ms [21] Felt XI. Tsunami. February 1923 Kamchatka earthquake
14 April 1923 02:31 (local time) Russia Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 36 8.2 Mw [22] Felt X. Tsunami up to 30 meters. April 1923 Kamchatka earthquake
1 September 1923 11:58 (local time) Japan Kantō Plain, Japan 148,000 7.9 Mw [23] Felt XI. A conflagration and firenado killed tens of thousands in the Kantō Plain. Tsunami up to 12 meters caused extensive damage. One of the deadliest earthquakes in human history. 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
14 April 1924 16:20 Philippines Mindanao, Philippines 0 8.0 Mw [24]
3 June 1932 04:36 Mexico Jalisco, Mexico 400+ 8.1 Mw [25] Multiple mainshocks. 1932 Jalisco earthquakes
15 January 1934 08:43 NepalIndia Himalayas, Nepal and India 12,000 8.0 Mw [26] Major damage in both countries. Widespread liquefaction. 1934 Nepal-India earthquake
24 May 1940 11:35 Peru Lima, Peru 300 8.2 Mw [27] Majority of the deaths were from Callao and Lima. 1940 Lima earthquake
13 May 1942 21:13 (local time) Ecuador Manabí Province, Ecuador 200+ 8.3 Ms [28] 1942 Ecuador earthquake
24 August 1942 17:40 (local time) Peru Lima, Peru 30 8.1 Mw [29] 1942 Peru earthquake
6 April 1943 12:07 (local time) Chile Coquimbo Region, Chile 11 8.1 Mw [30] 1943 Ovalle earthquake
7 December 1944 13:35 (local time) Japan Tōkai region, Japan 3,538 8.1 Mw [31] 1944 Tōnankai earthquake
28 November 1945 01:26 (local time) British Raj Balochistan, British India (present–day Pakistan) 4,000 8.0 Mw [32] Tsunami. 1945 Balochistan earthquake
1 April 1946 03:29 (local time) Alaska Aleutian Islands, Alaska 173 8.6 Mw [33] Majority of the deaths was the result of the tsunami hitting Hawaii. One tsunami fatality in California. 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake
21 December 1946 04:19 (local time) Japan Nankaidō, Japan 1,362+ 8.3 Mw [34] 1946 Nankai earthquake
4 March 1952 10:22 (local time) Japan Hokkaido, Japan 33 8.1 Mw [35] 1952 Tokachi earthquake
5 November 1952 03:58 (local time) Russia Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 2,500 9.0 Mw [36] 5th largest in recorded history. 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake
9 March 1957 04:22 (local time) Alaska Andreanof Islands, Alaska 0 8.6 Mw [37] 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake
21 March 1960 02:07 (local time) Japan Miyako, Japan 0 8.0 Mw [38]
21 May 1960 06:02 (local time) Chile Concepción, Chile 125 8.1–8.3 Mw [39] Foreshock to the next earthquake on 22 May. 1960 Concepción earthquakes
22 May 1960 15:11 (local time) Chile Valdivia, Chile 6,000 9.5 Mw [40] The largest earthquake in recorded history. 1960 Valdivia earthquake
13 October 1963 15:17 (local time) Soviet Union Kuril Islands, USSR (present-day Russia) 0 8.5 Mw [41] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history. 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake
4 November 1963 10:17 (local time) Indonesia Banda Sea, Indonesia 0 8.1 Mw [42]
27 March 1964 17:36 (local time) Alaska Prince William Sound, Alaska 131 9.2 Mw [43] The second largest earthquake in recorded history. 1964 Alaska earthquake
24 January 1965 09:11 (local time) Indonesia North Maluku, Indonesia 71 8.2 Mw [44] 1965 Ceram Sea earthquake
3 February 1965 19:01 (local time) Alaska Rat Islands, Alaska 0 8.7 Mw [45] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history. 1965 Rat Islands earthquake
17 October 1966 16:42 (local time) Peru Huacho, Peru 100 8.1 Mw [46] 1966 Peru earthquake
16 May 1968 09:49 (local time) Japan Hokkaido, Japan 52 8.2 Mw [47] 1968 Tokachi earthquake
12 August 1969 08:27 (local time) Soviet Union Kuril Islands, USSR 0 8.2 Mw [48]
3 October 1974 09:21 (local time) Peru Lima, Peru 78 8.1 Mw [17] 1974 Lima earthquake
14 January 1976 16:47 New Zealand Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 0 8.0 Ms [49]
16 August 1976 00:11 (local time) Philippines Mindanao, Philippines 5,000–7,000 8.0 Mw [17] 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake
12 December 1977 02:59 (local time)  Ecuador
 Colombia 		300–600 8.2 Mw [50] 1979 Tumaco earthquake
3 March 1985 19:47 (local time) Chile Valparaíso Region, Chile 177 8.0 Mw [51] 1985 Algarrobo earthquake
19 September 1985 07:17 (local time) Mexico Michoacan, Mexico 9,500–45,000 8.0 Mw [52] 1985 Mexico City earthquake
30 July 1995 14:59 (local time) Chile Antofagasta, Chile 2 8.0 Mw [53] 1995 Antofagasta earthquake
9 October 1995 10:35 (local time) Mexico Jalisco, Mexico 49–58 8.0 Mw [54] 1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake
17 February 1996 14:59 (local time) Indonesia Irian Jaya, Indonesia 166 8.1 Mw [55] 1996 Biak earthquake

21st century

[edit]
Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes More information
23 June 2001 15:33 (local time) Peru Department of Arequipa, Peru 145 8.4 Mw [56] 2001 southern Peru earthquake
26 September 2003 04:50 (local time) Japan Hokkaido, Japan 0 8.3 Mw [57] Two missing, more than 840 injured. 2003 Tokachi earthquake
26 December 2004 07:58 (local time) Indonesia Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia 227,898 9.2 Mw [58] Indian Ocean basin-wide by teletsunami. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
28 March 2005 23:09 (local time) Indonesia Nias and Simeulue, North Sumatra, Indonesia 1,314 8.6 Mw [59] 2005 Nias-Simeulue earthquake
15 November 2006 20:14 (local time) Russia Kuril Islands, Russia 0 8.3 Mw [60] 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake
2 April 2007 07:39 (local time)  Solomon Islands 112 8.1 Mw [61] Including 60 missing. 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake
15 August 2007 18:40 (local time) Peru Department of Ica, Peru 595 8.0 Mw [62] 2007 Peru earthquake
12 September 2007 18:10 (local time) Indonesia Bengkulu, Indonesia 25 8.5 Mw [63] 2007 Bengkulu earthquakes
29 September 2009 06:48 (local time) SamoaAmerican Samoa near Samoa and American Samoa, Pacific Ocean 189 8.1 Mw [64] Doublet earthquake rupturing an outer rise normal fault and the megathrust.[65] 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami
27 February 2010 03:34 (local time) Chile Maule Region, Chile 550 8.8 Mw [66] Including 25 missing. 2010 Chile earthquake
11 March 2011 14:46 (local time) Japan Tohoku region, Japan 22,312 9.1 Mw [67] Including 2,553 missing. One death each in Papua, Indonesia and California by tsunami. 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
6 February 2013 12:12 (local time) Solomon Islands Temotu Province, Solomon Islands 16 8.0 Mw [68] Including 6 missing. 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake
1 April 2014 20:46 (local time) Chile Iquique, Chile 11 8.2 Mw [69] 2014 Iquique earthquake
16 September 2015 19:54 (local time) Chile Coquimbo Region, Chile 22 8.4 Mw [70] Including 6 missing in Chile. 2015 Illapel earthquake
26 May 2019 02:41 (local time) Peru Department of Loreto, Peru 2 8.0 2019 Peru earthquake
5 March 2021 08:28 (local time) New Zealand Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 0 8.1 Mw [71] Was preceded by an Mw  7.4 foreshock and unrelated Mw  7.3 event a few hours earlier. 2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakes
28 July 2021 22:15 (local time) United States Alaska, United States 0 8.2 Mw [72] Was preceded by two foreshocks in 2020—Mw 7.8 and 7.6. 2021 Chignik earthquake
12 August 2021 16:35 (local time) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Sandwich Islands 0 8.1 Mw [73] Complex earthquake with multiple subevents, including one that was characterized as a tsunami earthquake. Earthquake released seismic energy in the form of low-frequency seismic waves with a period of 500 seconds.[74] 2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  2. ^ Metcalfe, John (14 June 2016). "Study: Nepal Could Be Due for Another Major Earthquake". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 12 Dec 2020.
  3. ^ György Hetényi, Romain Le Roux-Mallouf Théo Berthet Rodolphe Cattin Carlo Cauzzi Karma Phuntsho Remo Grolimund (2016). "Joint approach combining damage and paleoseismology observations constrains the 1714 A.D. Bhutan earthquake at magnitude 8 ± 0.5". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (20): 10, 695–10, 702. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..4310695H. doi:10.1002/2016GL071033. hdl:20.500.11850/123025.
  4. ^ Jonathan Griffin; Ngoc Nguyen; Phil Cummins; Athanasius Cipta (2019). "Historical Earthquakes of the Eastern Sunda Arc: Source Mechanisms and Intensity-Based Testing of Indonesia's National Seismic Hazard Assessment". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 109 (1): 43–65. Bibcode:2019BuSSA.109...43G. doi:10.1785/0120180085. S2CID 134096659.
  5. ^ Holly F. Ryan; Roland E. von Huene; Ray E. Wells; David W. Scholl; Stephen Kirby; Amy E. Draut (2012). "A". In Julie A. Dumoulin; C. Dusel-Bacon (eds.). History of earthquakes and tsunamis along the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust, with implications for tsunami hazards in the California Continental Borderland. Professional Paper. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. pp. i-31. doi:10.3133/pp1795A.
  6. ^ Tatiana K. Pinegina; Lilya I. Bazanova; Egor A. Zelenin; Joanne Bourgeois; Andrey I. Kozhurin; Igor P. Medvedev; Danil S. Vydrin (2018). "Holocene Tsunamis in Avachinsky Bay, Kamchatka, Russia". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 175 (4): 1485–1506. Bibcode:2018PApGe.175.1485P. doi:10.1007/s00024-018-1830-0. S2CID 135393333.
  7. ^ Kerry Sieh (2006). "Sumatran Megathrust Earthquakes – From Science to Saving Lives". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 364 (1845): 1947–1963. Bibcode:2006RSPTA.364.1947S. doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1807. hdl:10356/95539. PMID 16844643. S2CID 8562675.
  8. ^ a b c d Jin Junfang; Yin Shuyan; Yan Junping (2014). "Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes in Chile". Geodesy and Geodynamics. 5 (1): 34–40. Bibcode:2014G&G.....5...34J. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034.
  9. ^ América Molina del Villar (2004). "19th century earthquakes in Mexico: three cases, three comparative studies". Annals of Geophysics. 47 (2–3). doi:10.4401/ag-3316.
  10. ^ Emile A. Okal; Jos´e Borrero; Costas E. Synolakis (2004). "The earthquake and tsunami of 1865 November 17: evidence for far-field tsunami hazard from Tonga". Geophysical Journal International. 157 (1): 164–174. Bibcode:2004GeoJI.157..164O. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02177.x.
  11. ^ Mansour Ioualalen; Bernard Pelletier (2017). Gabriela Solis Gordillo (ed.). "Investigating the March 28th 1875 and the September 20th 1920 earthquakes/tsunamis of the Southern Vanuatu arc, offshore Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia". Tectonophysics. 709: 20–38. Bibcode:2017Tectp.709...20I. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.006. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  12. ^ "M 8.8 – 1906 Ecuador-Colombia Earthquake". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  13. ^ ANSS. "Valparaiso, Chile 1906: M 8.2 – Valparaiso, Chile". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  14. ^ "M 8.0 – 61 km NNE of Lae, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  15. ^ Kevin McCue; Horst Letz (2019). "THE LAST OF THE GREAT EARTHQUAKES OF 1906 – FINISTERRE RANGES NEW GUINEA" (PDF). Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2019 Conference. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  16. ^ Kanamori H.; Rivera L.; Lee W.H.K. (2010). "Historical seismograms for unravelling a mysterious earthquake: The 1907 Sumatra Earthquake". Geophysical Journal International. 183 (1): 358–374. Bibcode:2010GeoJI.183..358K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04731.x.
  17. ^ a b c Engdahl, E. R.; Vallaseñor, A. (2002). "Global seismicity: 1900–1999" (PDF). International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology. Part A, Volume 81A (First ed.). Academic Press. p. 683. ISBN 978-0124406520.
  18. ^ "M 8.3 – 14 km SW of Mabay, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  19. ^ "M 8.5 – 94 km ENE of Vallenar, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  20. ^ M. Carvajal, M. Cisternas, A. Gubler, P. A. Catalán, P. Winckler, R. L. Wesson (2017). "Reexamination of the magnitudes for the 1906 and 1922 Chilean earthquakes using Japanese tsunami amplitudes: Implications for source depth constraints". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 122 (1): 4–17. Bibcode:2017JGRB..122....4C. doi:10.1002/2016JB013269.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ "M 8.4 – 121 km ESE of Mil'kovo, Russia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  22. ^ Bourgeois, Joanne & Pinegina, Tatiana K. (2018). "The 1997 Kronotsky earthquake and tsunami and their predecessors, Kamchatka, Russia" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 18 (1): 335–350. Bibcode:2018NHESS..18..335B. doi:10.5194/nhess-18-335-2018. Retrieved 5 June 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "M 8.1 – 1 km NW of Isehara, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  24. ^ "M 8.0 – 5 km WNW of La Union, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  25. ^ "M 8.1 – 0 km NW of Jiquilpan, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  26. ^ "M 8.0 – 15 km NW of Triyuga, Nepal". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  27. ^ "M 8.2 – 12 km ESE of Huaura, Peru". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  28. ^ Villacres, Alex (1996). "The 1942 Guayaquil earthquake, recent evidences" (PDF). Eleventh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. 131. ISBN 0-08-042822-3 – via Elsevier.
  29. ^ "M 8.1 – 10 km SSW of Tambo Quemado, Peru". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  30. ^ "M 8.1 – 36 km NW of Illapel, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  31. ^ "M 8.1 – 21 km ESE of Shing?, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  32. ^ "M 8.1 – 39 km SSE of Pasni, Pakistan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  33. ^ "M 8.6 – 1946 Aleutian Islands (Unimak Island) Earthquake, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  34. ^ "M 8.3 – 1946 Nankai Earthquake, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  35. ^ "M 8.1 – 106 km SSW of Kushiro, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  36. ^ "M 9.0 – 89 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  37. ^ "M 8.6 – 81 km ESE of Adak, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  38. ^ "M 8.0 – 113 km ENE of Miyako, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  39. ^ "M 8.1 – 4 km ESE of Cañete, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  40. ^ "M 9.5 – 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake)". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  41. ^ "M 8.5 – 132 km ESE of Kuril'sk, Russia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  42. ^ "M 8.1 – Banda Sea". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  43. ^ Ichinose, Gene; Somerville, Paul; Thio, Hong Kie; Graves, Robert; O'Connell, Dan (2007). "Rupture process of the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake from the combined inversion of seismic, tsunami, and geodetic data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B7). Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.7306I. doi:10.1029/2006JB004728. ISSN 0148-0227.
  44. ^ "M 8.2 – 275 km WNW of Ambon, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  45. ^ "M 9.2 – 1964 Prince William Sound Earthquake, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  46. ^ "M 8.1 – 43 km W of Paramonga, Peru". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  47. ^ "M 8.2 – 168 km ENE of Hachinohe, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  48. ^ "M 8.2 – 100 km ESE of Shikotan, Russia". United States Geological Survey. August 11, 1969. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  49. ^ "M 8.0 – Kermadec Islands region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  50. ^ Kanamori, H.; McNally, K.C. (1982). "Variable rupture model of the subduction zone along the Ecuador-Colombia coast" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 72 (4): 1241–1253. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  51. ^ "M 8.0 – 25 km WSW of Valparaíso, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  52. ^ "M 8.0 – 26 km NW of El Habillal, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  53. ^ "M 8.0 – 36 km NNE of Antofagasta, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  54. ^ "M 8.0 – 5 km E of El Colomo, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  55. ^ "M 8.1 – 101 km ENE of Biak, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  56. ^ "M 8.4 – 6 km SSW of Atico, Peru". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  57. ^ "M 8.2 – 134 km SSW of Kushiro, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  58. ^ "M 9.1 – 2004 Sumatra – Andaman Islands Earthquake". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  59. ^ "M 8.6 – 78 km WSW of Singkil, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  60. ^ "M 8.3 – Kuril Islands". United States Geological Survey.
  61. ^ "M 8.1 – 45 km SSE of Gizo, Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey.
  62. ^ "M 8.0 – 41 km SW of San Vicente de Cañete, Peru". United States Geological Survey.
  63. ^ "M 8.4 – 122 km SW of Bengkulu, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey.
  64. ^ "M 8.1 – 168 km SSW of Matavai, Samoa". United States Geological Survey.
  65. ^ Thorne Lay; Charles J. Ammon; Hiroo Kanamori; Luis Rivera; Keith D. Koper; Alexander R. Hutko (2010). "The 2009 Samoa–Tonga great earthquake triggered doublet". Nature. 466 (7309): 964–968. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..964L. doi:10.1038/nature09214. PMID 20725038. S2CID 205221482. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  66. ^ "M 8.8 – 36 km WNW of Quirihue, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  67. ^ "M 9.1 – 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  68. ^ "M 8.0 – 75 km W of Lata, Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  69. ^ "M 8.2 – 93 km NW of Iquique, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  70. ^ "M 8.3 – 48 km W of Illapel, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  71. ^ "M 8.1 – Kermadec Islands, New Zealand". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  72. ^ "M 8.2 – 91 km ESE of Perryville, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  73. ^ "M 8.1 – South Sandwich Islands region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  74. ^ Jia, Zhe; Zhongwen, Zhan; Kanamori, Hiroo (2022). "The 2021 South Sandwich Island Mw 8.2 Earthquake: A Slow Event Sandwiched Between Regular Ruptures". Geophysical Research Letters. 49 (3). Bibcode:2022GeoRL..4997104J. doi:10.1029/2021GL097104. S2CID 244736464.

Sources

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