Haplogroup R-Z18

R-Z18 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of Haplogroup R. It includes all men who have the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z18 in their Y chromosome.

Description

Z18, also called S493, is defined to be mutation in which the nucleotide at position 14,991,735^[1] along the Y chromosome that has mutated from guanine (G) to adenine (A). R-U106 is one of the major sub groups of R1b in Europe, but Z18 only makes up about 5-10% of R-U106.

Discovery

Z18 was discovered during Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project^[2] and entered on 16 August 2014 into the SNP database dbSNP at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as reference SNP cluster report rs767290651.^[3]

History and Distribution

The R-Z18 subclade was formed around approximately 2850 BCE^[1]. It is a subclade of haplogroup R-U106, one of the principal R1b lineages in Europe. The earliest R-U106 sample was found in what is now Bohemia, among the early Corded Ware Culture.^[3] R-Z18 most likely formed somewhere in Northern Germany or Southern Scandinavia. The earliest R-Z18 samples is found in late Neolithic Zealand.

R-Z18 samples dating to the Late Neolithic and Nordic Bronze Age have been found in Zealand, Denmark.^[4] Samples dating from Scandinavian Iron Age period have also been found in northern Norway, northeastern Germany, and in the Wielbark Culture of northern Poland.^[5]

R-Z18 has its highest concentrations in Scandinavia, but is also found throughout areas of Germanic migration, including the Low Countries, Central Europe, and the British Isles.^[6] The likely Scandinavian origins of R-Z18 are bolstered by the dominance of Scandinavian individuals among ancient DNA samples. These consist of individuals found in Sweden, Norway, and Iceland; settlers in Orkney and the Isle of Man; executed Scandinavians found in Oxfordshire and Dorset; and a Lombard individual found in what is now Hungary.^[7]^[4]^[8]^[5]

R-Z18 today reaches its highest frequencies in Norway and Sweden, followed by Denmark, the Netherlands, England, Scotland, Switzerland, Austria, and Germany. The subclade is also present at lower frequencies throughout Europe, as well as in areas of the world settled by Europeans.^[6]

Subclades

Major known subclades of R-Z18 include R-ZP156, R-S11601, R-DF95, R-FGC7637, R-Z2396, R-S6119 and R-Z17.^[9] Although they continue to increase as more are found.

References

^ ^a ^b This position is with respect to human reference genome assembly GRCh37/hg19 released on March 7, 2009 by the Genome Reference Consortium. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/
^ 1000 Genomes Project, http://www.1000genomes.org/
^ ^a ^b National Center for Biotechnology Information, dbSNP Short Genetic Variations, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=767290651
^ ^a ^b "Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages".
^ ^a ^b "Welcome to FamilyTreeDNA Discover". FamilyTreeDNA Discover. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
^ ^a ^b McDonald, Iain. "U106 explored: its relationships, geography, and history" (PDF).
^ "Population genomics of the Viking world" (PDF). 2020.
^ Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna; Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen D.; Jagadeesan, Anuradha; Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B.; Thordardóttir, Elísabet L.; Einarsdóttir, Margrét S.; Moore, Kristjan H. S.; Sigurðsson, Ásgeir; Magnúsdóttir, Droplaug N.; Jónsson, Hákon; Snorradóttir, Steinunn; Hovig, Eivind; Møller, Pål; Kockum, Ingrid; Olsson, Tomas; Alfredsson, Lars; Hansen, Thomas F.; Werge, Thomas; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Gilbert, Edmund; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Walser, Joe W.; Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Árnadóttir, Lilja; Magnússon, Ólafur Þ.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Stefánsson, Kári; Helgason, Agnar (2018). "Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population". Science. 360 (6392): 1028–1032. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1028E. doi:10.1126/science.aar2625. hdl:10852/71890. PMID 29853688. S2CID 44118336.
^ Peter Op den Velde Boots, R-Z18 A North Sea Tribe, http://l257.groenebeverbv.nl/ Archived 2011-08-03 at the Wayback Machine

External links

L257 A North Sea Tribe Archived 2011-08-03 at the Wayback Machine

[vanOven2014-10] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.

[ISOGG2015-11] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-12] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-13] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[F-Y27277-14] F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.

[LT-15] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-16] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2b-17] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2b1-18] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-19] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[K-M2313-20] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[S-21] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-22] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[:0-1] This position is with respect to human reference genome assembly GRCh37/hg19 released on March 7, 2009 by the Genome Reference Consortium. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/

[2] 1000 Genomes Project, http://www.1000genomes.org/

[:1-3] National Center for Biotechnology Information, dbSNP Short Genetic Variations, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=767290651

[:2-4] "Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages".

[:3-5] "Welcome to FamilyTreeDNA Discover". FamilyTreeDNA Discover. Retrieved 2024-09-18.

[:4-6] McDonald, Iain. "U106 explored: its relationships, geography, and history" (PDF).

[7] "Population genomics of the Viking world" (PDF). 2020.

[8] Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna; Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen D.; Jagadeesan, Anuradha; Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B.; Thordardóttir, Elísabet L.; Einarsdóttir, Margrét S.; Moore, Kristjan H. S.; Sigurðsson, Ásgeir; Magnúsdóttir, Droplaug N.; Jónsson, Hákon; Snorradóttir, Steinunn; Hovig, Eivind; Møller, Pål; Kockum, Ingrid; Olsson, Tomas; Alfredsson, Lars; Hansen, Thomas F.; Werge, Thomas; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Gilbert, Edmund; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Walser, Joe W.; Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Árnadóttir, Lilja; Magnússon, Ólafur Þ.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Stefánsson, Kári; Helgason, Agnar (2018). "Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population". Science. 360 (6392): 1028–1032. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1028E. doi:10.1126/science.aar2625. hdl:10852/71890. PMID 29853688. S2CID 44118336.

[9] Peter Op den Velde Boots, R-Z18 A North Sea Tribe, http://l257.groenebeverbv.nl/ Archived 2011-08-03 at the Wayback Machine

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