Gondwanide orogeny

The Gondwanide orogeny was an orogeny active in the Permian that affected parts of Gondwana that are by current geography now located in southern South America, South Africa, Antarctica, Australia and New Guinea.^[1] The zone of deformation in Argentina extends as a belt south and west of the cratonic nucleus of Río de la Plata–Pampia.^[2] The deformation of the orogeny is visible in the Sierra de la Ventana mountains in Argentina and the Cape Fold Belt in South Africa. The Gondwanide orogeny might have been linked with the roughly contemporary San Rafael orogeny of western Argentina.^[1]

The Gondwanide orogeny is the successor to the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic Terra Australis orogeny in Gondwana.^[3]

The Gondwanide orogeny was widespread across the southern hemisphere during the Late Permian-Early Triassic. Alexander du Toit described Gondwanide deformation as consisting of asymmetric folding, thrusting and cleavage formation. The uplift and erosion which followed is evidenced by an unconformity across Africa and South America. It is related to the breakup of Gondwanaland. ^[4]

Following the Gondwanide orogeny southwestern Gondwana entered a period of extensional tectonics and crustal thinning leading to formation of various rift basins (e.g. Cuyo Basin) in the Triassic.^[5]^{[note 1]}

Notes

^ These tectonics are not related to the break-up of Gondwana later in the Mesozoic.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Kleiman, Laura E.; Japas, María S. (2009). "The Choiyoi volcanic province at 34°S–36°S (San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina): Implications for the Late Palaeozoic evolution of the southwestern margin of Gondwana". Tectonophysics. 473 (3–4): 283–299. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.046. hdl:11336/75328. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
^ Tomezzoli, R.N.; Japas, M.S. (2006). "Resultados paleomagnéticos preliminares en las sedimentitas neo-paleozoicas de la Formación El Imperial, bloque de San Rafael, Mendoza". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina (in Spanish). 61 (3). Retrieved 5 January 2016.
^ Cawood, Peter A. (2005). "Terra Australis Orogen: Rodinia breakup and development of the Pacific and Iapetus margins of Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic". Earth-Science Reviews. 69 (3–4): 249–279. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.09.001.
^ Barker, Peter; Dalziel, Ian; Storey, Bryan (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.). Tectonic development of the Scotia Arc region, in The Geology of Antarctica. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 131, 145, 169, 178, 218. ISBN 0198544677.
^ ^a ^b Spalletti, L.A.; Fanning, C.M.; Rapela, C.W. (2008). "Dating the Triassic continental rift in the southern Andes: the Potrerillos Formation, Cuyo Basin, Argentina". Geologica Acta. 6 (3): 267–283.

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[note_1-6] These tectonics are not related to the break-up of Gondwana later in the Mesozoic.^[5]

[KleimanJapas2009-1] Kleiman, Laura E.; Japas, María S. (2009). "The Choiyoi volcanic province at 34°S–36°S (San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina): Implications for the Late Palaeozoic evolution of the southwestern margin of Gondwana". Tectonophysics. 473 (3–4): 283–299. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.046. hdl:11336/75328. Retrieved 5 January 2016.

[2] Tomezzoli, R.N.; Japas, M.S. (2006). "Resultados paleomagnéticos preliminares en las sedimentitas neo-paleozoicas de la Formación El Imperial, bloque de San Rafael, Mendoza". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina (in Spanish). 61 (3). Retrieved 5 January 2016.

[3] Cawood, Peter A. (2005). "Terra Australis Orogen: Rodinia breakup and development of the Pacific and Iapetus margins of Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic". Earth-Science Reviews. 69 (3–4): 249–279. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.09.001.

[4] Barker, Peter; Dalziel, Ian; Storey, Bryan (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.). Tectonic development of the Scotia Arc region, in The Geology of Antarctica. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 131, 145, 169, 178, 218. ISBN 0198544677.

[Spallettietal2008-5] Spalletti, L.A.; Fanning, C.M.; Rapela, C.W. (2008). "Dating the Triassic continental rift in the southern Andes: the Potrerillos Formation, Cuyo Basin, Argentina". Geologica Acta. 6 (3): 267–283.

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v t e Major African geological formations
Plates	Major plates: African plate Minor plates: Somali plate Microplates: Lwandle plate Madagascar plate Rovuma plate Seychelles plate Victoria Microplate
Cratons and shields	Arabian-Nubian Shield Congo Craton Kaapvaal Craton Kalahari Craton Saharan Metacraton Tanzania Craton Tuareg Shield West African Craton Zimbabwe Craton
Shear zones	Aswa Dislocation Broodkop Shear Zone Central African Shear Zone Chuan Shear Zones Foumban Shear Zone Kandi Fault Zone Mwembeshi Shear Zone Todi Shear Zone Western Meseta Shear Zone
Orogens	Alpine Orogen Cape Fold Belt Damara Orogen East African Orogen Eburnean Orogen Gondwanide Orogen Kibaran Orogen Kuunga Orogen Mauritanide Belt Pan-African orogens Terra Australis Orogen
Rifts	Afar Triangle Anza trough Bahr el Arab rift Benue Trough Blue Nile rift East African Rift Gulf of Suez Rift Lamu Embayment Melut Basin Muglad Basin Red Sea Rift Sangha Aulacogen Atbara rift Urema Valley West and Central African Rift System White Nile rift
Sedimentary basins	Angola Basin Aoukar Blue Nile Basin Chad Basin Congo Basin Douala Basin El Djouf Karoo Basin Gabon Basin Iullemmeden Basin Kufra Basin Murzuq Basin Niger Delta Basin Ogaden Basin Orange River Basin Ouled Abdoun Basin Owambo Basin Reggane Basin Rio del Rey Basin Sirte Basin Somali Coastal Basin Taoudeni Basin Tanzania Coastal Basin Tindouf Basin Turkana Basin
Mountain ranges	Aïr Mountains Atlas Mountains Aurès Mountains Bambouk Mountains Blue Mountains Cameroon line Central Pangean Mountains Chaillu Mountains Drakensberg Eastern Arc Mountains Eastern Rift mountains Ethiopian Highlands Great Escarpment Great Karas Mountains Guinea Highlands Hoggar Mountains Imatong Mountains Jebel Uweinat Loma Mountains Mandara Mountains Marrah Mountains Mitumba Mountains Nuba Mountains Rif Mountains Rwenzori Mountains Sankwala Mountains Serra da Leba Serra da Chela Teffedest Mountains Tibesti Mountains
Inselbergs (aka koppie)	Anti-Atlas Mount Gorongosa Jugurtha Tableland Mount Mabu Mulanje Massif Mont Niénokoué Wase Rock Zuma Rock List of inselbergs