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This article is about the racial insult. For the Australian TV series, see Go Back to Where You Came From.
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"Go back to where you came from" is a racist or xenophobic epithet which is used in many countries, and it is mainly used to target immigrants and falsely presumed immigrants.[1]

In contemporary United States, it is directed often at Asian and Hispanic Americans, and sometimes African, Arab, Jewish, and Slavic Americans.[2][3] It has even been directed towards Indigenous Americans in the US.[4] There is also a common variant of the phrase that has been popularized by the Ku Klux Klan: "Go back to your country." The phrase has a long history which goes back at least as far as 1798. It was originally used in the US by White Anglo-Saxon Protestants and targeted at other European immigrants, such as Irish, Italians, Poles, and Jews.[5][6]

The phrase was popularized during World War I and World War II in relation to German Americans, who were subject to suspicion, discrimination, and violence.[7] The term is often accompanied with an erroneous assumption of the target's origin; for example, Hispanic and Latino Americans may be told to "Go back to Mexico" even if they aren't Mexican.[8] The message conveys a sense that the person is "not supposed to be there, or that it isn't their place." The speaker is presumed to be a "real" American, but the target of the remark is not.[9]

Such phrases are deemed by the United States federal government and the court system to be discriminatory in the workplace. Their use has been accepted as evidence of workplace discrimination in cases brought before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), a federal government agency that "enforces federal law to make sure employees are not discriminated against for their gender, sex, national origin or age."[10] EEOC documents specifically cite the use of the comment "Go back to where you came from," as the example of unlawful workplace conduct by co-workers and supervisors, along with the use of "insults, taunting, or ethnic epithets, such as making fun of a person's accent," deemed to be "harassment based on national origin."[10][11]

Background

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The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal government agency that "enforces federal law to make sure employees are not discriminated against for their gender, sex, national origin or age".[10][Notes 1][12]

EEOC documents defining "harassment based on national origin" specifically cite the use of the comment "Go back to where you came from", as the example of "unlawful" workplace conduct by co-workers and supervisors if its use is creates an "intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment, interfere[s] with work performance, or negatively affect[s] job opportunities".[11] Other "illegal" workplace behavior includes the use of "insults, taunting, or ethnic epithets, such as making fun of a person's accent".[11]

According to a July 20, 2019, CNN article, the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has used phrases, such as, "Go back to where you came from" as evidence of workplace discrimination.[10]

Examples

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According to an August 31, 2003, Houston Chronicle article, a car salesman of East Indian descent who was Muslim had been hired at a Texas car dealership in May 2001. He began to be subjected to taunts by his co-workers including "go back where you came from" post 9/11.[13] He filed a complaint with the EEOC in 2003 after he was fired from the dealership in 2002. According to CNN, in rendering their decision to side with the EEOC case on behalf of the salesman and against the car dealership accused of creating a "hostile work environment based on ... national origin and religion", the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit "cited the example" several times of the repeated use of the phrase "just go back where [he] came from".[10][11][13] By 2003, allegedly as part of the post-9/11 backlash, over 943 discrimination complaints were filed to the EEOC leading to over 115 lawsuits.[13]

On July 14, 2019, former President Donald Trump used the phrase to refer to four American congresswomen of color in a tweet, stating "Why don't they go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came...", even though three of the four are native-born Americans.[14] The tweet drew controversy due to Donald Trump's history of racially-charged comments.[15] According to CNN legal analyst Laura Coates, the statement, "although obviously racist to the public," may not be unlawful, because EEOC guidelines only apply to work environments and "the United States Congress and its members do not work for the President."[10] In response to Trump's tweet, The New York Times invited readers to comment. They received accounts from 16,000 readers of their "experiences of being told to 'go back'."[16]

Global usage

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Europe

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Numerous articles which are related to racism in Europe cite the use of the phrase and its variations in many European countries. In 2009, a nurse who worked in a Södertälje Hospital in Sweden complained to management about the way the staff treated patients who had immigrant backgrounds, citing examples of verbal harassment such as "go back to Arabia". The nurse lost his job.[17]

Incidents of verbal harassment based on ethnicity in Italy include the 2018 beating of a 19-year-old man from Senegal, who had requested political asylum and was working as a server in Palermo. He was attacked by three Sicilian men and told to "Go back to your country, dirty nigger". Their actions were denounced by Monsignor Michele Pennisi, the Archbishop of Monreale, who expressed the "strongest condemnation of this act of racism, of xenophobia" that does not reflect the "attitude of Christians and of many men of good will in Sicily".[18]

On 28 January 2020, André Ventura, leader of the Portuguese political party Chega, provoked an outcry in Parliament by saying that black Joacine Katar Moreira, a Guinea-Bissau-born Assembly member who wanted museum items from Portugal's former colonies to be returned, should be "sent back to her country of origin. It would be a lot better for everyone".[19][20][21]

Africa

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The phrase was used during the 2015 South African xenophobic riots, in which immigrants—including African expatriates from other African countries—were blamed for the high unemployment rate of South Africans.[22] The Los Angeles Times said that South Africa's high unemployment rate has been the catalyst for violent attacks in South Africa against migrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and African countries who are blamed for "stealing jobs and undercutting small businesses owned by South Africans". There was a wave of xenophobic killings in South Africa in 2008, in which 62 people were killed.[23]

Asia

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In Malaysia, parliament members sometimes told politicians of Chinese descent to "balik Cina" (go back to China), especially if they are members of DAP.[24]

Oceania

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In 2015, New Zealand First Ron Mark told National MP Melissa Lee to "go back to Korea" in parliament.[25][26][27]

In September 2022, One Nation Senator Pauline Hanson tweeted that Greens senator Mehreen Faruqi should "piss off back to Pakistan". This came after Faruqi was slammed over a controversial and "appalling" tweet about Elizabeth II after her death.[28]

Israel/Palestine conflict

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The phrase "Jews/Israelis go back to Europe" has been used in anti-Israel protests during the Israel-Hamas War. Jo-Ann Mort of The Guardian pointed out the irony in the phrase as the majority of the Jewish population in Israel are the children or grandchildren of those who made aliyah to Israel, namely from Europe and the MENA region. In addition, Mizrahi Jews (who lived in the Middle East and North Africa before the establishment of the state) outnumber Ashkenazi Jews in Israel. There are also Indian Jews and Ethiopian Jews in Israel, none of which ever lived in Europe.[29] And Jews as a whole originated in the Land of Israel, not Europe, where they were long regarded as the non-European other.

See also

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  • Pendatang asing – Malay term which means "foreign visitor", it is also used as a pejorative term for non-Bumiputera Malays.
  • Perpetual foreigner, a pejorative term for people who are not considered citizens of a particular country even though they were born in it, the use of this term has disproportionately affected Asian Americans.
  • Remigration – far-right political concept of forcibly returning immigrants to their place of ethnic origin
  • Rootless cosmopolitan – Soviet antisemitic slur

Notes

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  1. ^ The EEOC was established against the backdrop of the Civil Rights movement in the United States and was mandated by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

References

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  1. ^ Dwyer, Colin; Limbong, Andrew (July 15, 2019). "'Go Back Where You Came From': The Long Rhetorical Roots Of Trump's Racist Tweets". NPR. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  2. ^ Ancheta, Angelo N. (2006). Race, rights, and the Asian American experience (2nd ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8135-3978-2. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  3. ^ Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong (2004). The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-415-93465-7. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  4. ^ Estes, Nick (November 4, 2019). "Go Back to Where You Came From". San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA). Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  5. ^ "With Latest Nativist Rhetoric, Trump Takes America Back To Where It Came From". NPR.org. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  6. ^ Dwyer, Colin; Limbong, Andrew (July 15, 2019). "'Go Back Where You Came From': The Long Rhetorical Roots Of Trump's Racist Tweets". NPR. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  7. ^ Hughes, Everett C. (March 1942). "The Tragedy of German-America: The Germans in the United States of America During the Nineteenth-Century-and After.John A. Hawgood". American Journal of Sociology. 47 (5): 778–779. doi:10.1086/219016. ISSN 0002-9602.
  8. ^ "'Burn Tel Aviv to the ground:' Calls for violence continue at Columbia".
  9. ^ Rogers, Katie (July 16, 2019). "The Painful Roots of Trump's 'Go Back' Comment". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Marsh, Rene; Kaufman, Ellie (July 20, 2019). "Federal government found 'go back to your country' phrase to be considered discriminatory in cases". CNN. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d Immigrant Rights Brochure Review (PDF), Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, nd, p. 2, retrieved July 20, 2019
  12. ^ Collins, Gail (October 14, 2009). When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1960 to the Present. Little, Brown. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-316-07166-6.
  13. ^ a b c Speakman, Burton (August 31, 2004). "Former car salesman files EEOC complaint alleging discrimination by local dealership". The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  14. ^ Yglesias, Matthew (July 15, 2019). "Trump's racist tirades against "the Squad", explained". Vox. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  15. ^ "'Go Back Where You Came From': The Long Rhetorical Roots Of Trump's Racist Tweets". NPR.org. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  16. ^ Takenaga, Lara; Gardiner, Aidan (July 19, 2019). "16,000 Readers Shared Their Experiences of Being Told to 'Go Back.' Here Are Some of Their Stories". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021.
  17. ^ "Sköterska slog larm - förlorar jobbet" [Nurse speaks out about racism]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). September 24, 2009. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  18. ^ "Partinico, identificato uno degli aggressori del giovane senegalese" [Partinico, identified one of the aggressors of the young Senegalese]. La Repubblica (in Italian). July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  19. ^ "Portugal far-right deputy calls for black MP to be "sent back"". France 24. January 29, 2020.
  20. ^ "Portugal minister condemns far-right MP's attack on black colleague". Reuters. January 29, 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
  21. ^ "Chega's far-right deputy calls for black MP to be "sent back" after art pillaging bill proposal". Expat Guide to Portugal | Expatica. January 29, 2020.
  22. ^ "Xenophobic killing in South Africa caught by photos". CNN. April 20, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  23. ^ Dixon, Robyn (April 17, 2015). "Attacks on foreigners spread in South Africa; weekend violence feared". Los Angeles Times. Johannesburg. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  24. ^ Soo, Wern Jun (September 22, 2020). "No more 'balik China' slurs since Muhyiddin became PM, SAPP president says". Yahoo News. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  25. ^ "Stuff".
  26. ^ "Mark tells Lee: 'Go back to Korea'". Radio New Zealand. November 5, 2015.
  27. ^ "Politicans [sic] slam Ron Mark for go back to Korea comments". Radio New Zealand. November 6, 2015.
  28. ^ Butler, Josh (October 6, 2022). "Mehreen Faruqi's racism complaint over Pauline Hanson tweet accepted by Human Rights Commission". The Guardian. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
  29. ^ Mort, Jo-Ann (May 15, 2024). "'Israelis, go back to Europe'? Some on the left need to rethink their slogans". The Guardian.

Further reading

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  • Polakow-Suransky, Sasha (October 17, 2017). Go Back to Where You Came From: The Backlash Against Immigration and the Fate of Western Democracy. New York: Bold Type Books. ISBN 978-1-56858-592-5.
  • Harding, Kerry; Jones, Julie (2017). "Go Back to Where you Came from: The Making of a Mindset". In Jone, Joseph R. (ed.). Feather Boas, Black Hoodies, and John Deere Hats. pp. 65–84. doi:10.1007/978-94-6351-215-2_10. ISBN 978-94-6351-215-2.
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