Germany–Mongolia relations
Germany |
Mongolia |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Embassy of Germany, Ulaanbaatar | Embassy of Mongolia, Berlin |
Germany–Mongolia relations are the bilateral relations between Germany and Mongolia. Historically, the Mongolian People's Republic had close ties to the German Democratic Republic, which has persisted to this day.[1] Mongolia established ties with the Federal Republic of Germany in 1974.[2]
History
[edit]Early contacts
[edit]The earliest contact between Germanic and Mongol peoples are said to have occurred in 1241, during the Battle of Legnica, with the Mongols under Baidar proving victorious over a combined force of Poles, Moravians, and Germans, though the Mongols retreated back to Hungary shortly after.[3]
20th century
[edit]After declaring independence in 1911, Mongolia had made ultimately unsuccessful overtures to establish ties with Germany through its representative in Saint Petersburg.[4] After the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, the Mongolian People's Party made establishing economic ties with Germany a high priority, and in 1927 the first batch of 50 Mongolian students, including Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, the founding father of modern Mongolian literature, were sent to Germany[5] and France for education.
Cold War
[edit]East Germany
[edit]Mongolia and East Germany established ties on April 13, 1950.[6] The following high-level visits were undertaken between nations.
In 1989, about 300 exhibits from Mongolian museums were organized in Munich, dedicated to the "art and culture of the Mongolian equestrian people".[7]
West Germany
[edit]Mongolia-West Germany ties being established on January 31, 1974.[6][8][9]
Post-communist era
[edit]Since the German reunification, a large number of visits have been held by various high-ranking German and Mongolian politicians and delegations. The following is a list of the most important state visits since 1990:[10]
Year | Person | Office | Place |
---|---|---|---|
September 1990 | Regierungsdelegation | Delegation from the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development | Ulaanbaatar |
June 1991 | Tserenpil Gombosuren[11] | Mongolian Foreign Minister | Berlin |
September 1991 | Dieter-Julius Cronenberg | Vice President of the German Bundestag | Ulaanbaatar |
February 1992 | Dashiin Byambasüren | Prime Minister of Mongolia | Berlin |
August 1992 | Carl-Dieter Spranger | Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development | Berlin |
January 1993 | Natsagiin Bagabandi | Mongolian Speaker of Parliament | Berlin |
November 1994 | Lkhamsuren Enebisch | Deputy Prime Minister | Berlin |
December 1994 | Chojisuren Purevdorj | Deputy Prime Minister | Berlin |
July 1995 | Burkhard Hirsch | Vice President of the German Bundestag | Ulaanbaatar |
September 1995 | Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat | President of Mongolia | Berlin |
February 1996 | Chojisuren Purevdorj | Deputy Prime Minister | Berlin |
September 1996 | Klaus Kinkel | Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs | Ulaanbaatar |
October 1996 | Radnaasumberel Gonchigdorj | Mongolian Speaker of Parliament | Berlin |
September 1997 | Shukher Altangerel | Mongolian Foreign Minister | Berlin |
2000 | Natsagiin Bagabandi | Mongolian President | Berlin |
2011 | Angela Merkel | German Chancellor | Ulaanbaatar |
2012 | Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj | Mongolian President | Berlin |
2015 | Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj | Mongolian President | Berlin |
2022 | Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene | Prime Minister of Mongolia | Berlin |
Cultural relations
[edit]From May to June 1995, the mixed German-Mongolian culture commission met in Ulaanbaatar under the direction of Peter Truhart.[12] On September 16, 1997, an agreement on cultural exchange and cooperation was signed between Germany and Mongolia.[12]
Agreements
[edit]On August 22, 1994, Germany and Mongolia passed a double taxation agreement in order to avoid double taxation of German and Mongolian citizens.[13] A year later, in October 1995, the two countries signed a financial cooperation agreement. A delegation from the Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development of the German Bundestag traveled to Mongolia in March 1998.
Trade
[edit]Germany is Mongolia's main trading partner in the European Union, together with the United Kingdom, but on January 31, 2020 the United Kingdom left the EU.[1]
In 2022, to reduce Germany's reliance on critical minerals from Russia and China, Chancellor Olaf Scholtz conveyed to visiting Prime Minister of Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene that Germany aims to buy raw materials from Mongolia, including copper and rare earths.[14]
Diaspora
[edit]In the 2010 Mongolian National Census, 3,852 Mongolian citizens were recorded to have been living in Germany.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Mongolia". Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
- ^ "Germany and Mongolia: 40 years of close partnership". German Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ Bettina Ehlers: Kompendium der deutsch-mongolischen Beziehungen (Hamburg 2000, S. 40, siehe Literatur)
- ^ Sanders, Alan (1996). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 368. ISBN 9781538102275. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
- ^ Serge M. Wolff: Mongol delegations in Western Europe, 1925–1929 – Part One, in: Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society, vol. 32, no. 3-4 (1945), pp. 289–298; Serge M. Wolff: Mongol delegations in Western Europe, 1925–1929 – Part Two, in: Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society, vol. 33, no. 1 (1946), pp. 75–93.
- ^ a b "Улс төрийн харилцаа". Монгол улсаас Герман улсад суугаа элчих сайдын яам. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
- ^ Prause, Gerbard, Reich der Reiter. Die hohe Kultur eines alten Volkes, Die Zeit 13 October 1989, retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ "ХХI зууны Монгол-Германы харилцааг гэрэлтэй, өөдрөгөөр төсөөлдөг". mass.mn. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
- ^ "Монгол, Германы дипломат харилцааны 40 жилийн ойд зориулсан арга хэмжээ болов". www.mglnews.mn (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2021-06-22.
- ^ "МОНГОЛ УЛСААС ХОЛБООНЫ БҮГД НАЙРАМДАХ ГЕРМАН УЛСАД СУУГАА ЭЛЧИН САЙДЫН ЯАМ, EMBASSY OF MONGOLIA IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY". berlin.embassy.mn. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
- ^ Der mongolische Außenminister Tserenpil Gombosuren wurde vom Präsident der Industrie- und Handelskammer der Mongolei Sed-Ochir Bayarbaatar begleitet (Bettina Ehlers: Kompendium der deutsch-mongolischen Beziehungen, Hamburg 2000, vgl. S. 43, siehe Literatur)
- ^ a b Bundesanzeiger: "Bekanntmachung des deutsch-mongolischen Abkommens über kulturelle Zusammenarbeit 29 July 1998" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2016-01-27. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
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: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), retrieved 27 January 2016. - ^ Internationales Steuerrecht – Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen Mongolei, retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ "Germany Seeks Critical Minerals from Mongolia To Reduce Dependency on China". Mongolia Weekly. 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
- ^ "ХҮН АМ, ОРОН СУУЦНЫ 2010 ОНЫ УЛСЫН ТООЛЛОГЫН ҮР ДҮН" (PDF). National Statistics Office of Mongolia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.