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Geophagus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with geophagy.

Geophagus
Geophagus altifrons
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cichliformes
Family: Cichlidae
Subfamily: Cichlinae
Tribe: Geophagini
Subtribe: Geophagina
Genus: Geophagus
Heckel, 1840
Type species
Geophagus altifrons
Heckel, 1840

Geophagus is a genus of cichlids that mainly live in South America as far south as Argentina and Uruguay, but a single species, G. crassilabris is from Panama.[1][2] They are found in a wide range of freshwater habitats.[3] They are part of a group popularly known as eartheaters and mostly feed by picking up mouthfuls of sediment to sift out food items such as invertebrates, plant material and detritus.[3] The largest species reach up to 28 cm (11 in) in standard length.[3] They are mostly kept in aquariums.[4]

As an invasive species

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Geophagus Surinamensis was an invasive species in Malaysia, recently found in Putrajaya, the populations are now controlled by giant snakeheads.

Taxonomy

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A species in the Geophagus surinamensis complex, a member of Geophagus sensu stricto
Geophagus brasiliensis
Geophagus steindachneri

Some cichlids previously included in this genus have been reallocated to Biotodoma, Gymnogeophagus or Satanoperca.[5] Even with these as separate genera, Geophagus is currently polyphyletic and in need of further taxonomic revision. There are three main groups:[3][6][7][8]

  • Geophagus sensu stricto are mostly relatively peaceful, often have long fin extensions and are native to the Amazon, Orinoco and Parnaíba basins, as well as rivers of the Guianas. This group can be divided into two subgroups: The first is the G. surinamensis complex, which includes most species (fish in the aquarium trade often are identified as G. surinamensis itself, but they are typically other members of this complex.) The second subgroup contains G. argyrostictus, G. gottwaldi, G. grammepareius, G. harreri and G. taeniopareius, which are somewhat less peaceful and can be separated from the G. surinamensis complex by their dark stripe below the eye (however, this feature is shared with the next group).
  • G. brasiliensis complex (including G. diamantinensis, G. iporangensis, G. itapicuruensis, G. multiocellus, G. obscurus, G. rufomarginatus and G. santosi) are more robust and aggressive species found in river basins of eastern and southeastern Brazil, Uruguay and northeastern Argentina.
  • G. steindachneri complex (including G. crassilabris and G. pellegrini and undescribed species entering the aquarium trade from Colombia) found west of the Andes in northern and western Colombia, northwestern Venezuela and Panama where adult males develop a distinct, bulbous red forehead.

Species

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Geophagus pyrocephalus also known as Geophagus sp. "orange head" from the Tapajós River.The new species of Geophagus naming a cichlid species in 2022[4]

There are currently 32 recognized species in this genus.[1][9] Additionally, plus the species already described in 2022 that are known.The new species of Geophagus naming a cichlid species in 2022

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geophagus.
  1. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Geophagus". FishBase. October 2017 version.
  2. ^ a b Mattos, J.L.O., Costa, W.J.E.M. & Santos, A.C.A. (2015): Geophagus diamantinensis, a new species of the G. brasiliensis species group from Chapada Diamantina, north-eastern Brazil (Cichlidae: Geophagini). Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwaters, 26 (3): 209-220.
  3. ^ a b c d van der Sleen, P.; J.S. Albert, eds. (2017). Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princeton University Press. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-691-17074-9.
  4. ^ a b "Geophagus sp. 'orange head'". SeriouslyFish. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  5. ^ Kullander, S.O. (1986). Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru. Swedish Museum of Natural History. ISBN 91-86510-04-5.
  6. ^ López-Fernández, H..; D.C. Taphorn (2004). "Geophagus abalios, G. dicrozoster and G. winemilleri (Perciformes: Cichlidae), three new species from Venezuela". Zootaxa. 439: 1–27. doi:10.5281/zenodo.157563.
  7. ^ López-Fernández, H.; R.L. Honeycutt; M.L.J. Stiassny; K.O. Winemiller (2005). "Morphology, molecules, and character congruence in the phylogeny of South American geophagine cichlids (Perciformes, Labroidei)". Zoologica Scripta. 34 (6): 627–651. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00209.x.
  8. ^ a b c d Mattos, J.L.O.; W.J.E.M. Costa (2018). "Three new species of the 'Geophagus' brasiliensis species group from the northeast Brazil (Cichlidae, Geophagini)". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 94 (2): 325–337. doi:10.3897/zse.94.22685.
  9. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Geophagus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  10. ^ Hauser, F.E. & López-Fernández, H. (2013): Geophagus crocatus, a new species of geophagine cichlid from the Berbice River, Guyana, South America (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Zootaxa, 3731 (2): 279–286.
  11. ^ Schindler, I. & Staeck, W. (2006): Geophagus gottwaldi sp. n. - a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) from the drainage of the upper rio Orinoco in Venezuela. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden), 56: 91-97.
  12. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). "Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily CICHLINAE (d-w)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  13. ^ Deprá, G.C.; Kullander, S.O.; Pavanelli, C.S.; da Graça, W.J. (2014). "A new colorful species of Geophagus (Teleostei: Cichlidae), endemic to the rio Aripuanã in the Amazon basin of Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology. 12 (4): 737–746. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20140038. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-29.
  14. ^ Staeck, W. & Schindler, I. (2006): Geophagus parnaibae sp. n. - a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) from the rio Parnaiba basin, Brazil. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden), 55: 69-75.
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