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France–Kurdistan Region relations

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France-Kurdistan Region relations
Map indicating locations of France and Kurdistan Region

France
Kurdistan Region

France–Kurdistan Region relations are bilateral relations between France and Kurdistan Region[1]. France has a consulate general in Erbil[2] and Kurdistan Region has a representation in Paris.[3] The ties between France and Kurdistan Region have been very close since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981–1995), when his wife Danielle Mitterrand played an instrumental role in the campaign for the no fly zone over Kurdistan Region in 1991.[4] France has a military presence in Kurdistan Region,[5] and Consul General Dominique Mas described their relations as being "historic" and "long-term".[6]

History

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Mitterrand (1981–1995)

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In 1982, First Lady Danielle Mitterrand played an active role in the formation of the Kurdish Institute of Paris by making public awareness around it.[4] In 1989, she organized that 1,000 Kurdish refugees would be taken in by France with consent from the President and the government.[7] She also visited Kurdistan Region in 1991, visiting refugees at the Iran-Iraq border,[8] and again in July 1992 to witness the establishment of the Kurdistan Region Parliament.[4] In 2011, Jonathan Randal wrote that: "In France, Danielle Mitterrand, the former President’s wife and vociferous defender of the Kurds and other downtrodden minorities, needed no encouragement to bring their plight to her husband’s attention. When in late March 1991 the Iraqi counteroffensive gathered steam, she alerted specialists inside and outside the government to prepare contingency plans. She had been sensitized to the Kurds by, among others, Bernard Dorin, a diplomat who abruptly gave up his career to work for the Kurds without knowing much about them."[9]

Chirac (1995–2012)

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In an interview with L'essentiel in 2012, Kurdish President Massoud Barzani stated that Kurdistan Region had no direct relations with President Chirac, but had contacts to several ministers including Minister of the Interior Nicolas Sarkozy.[10]

Banner welcoming President Emmanuel Macron on the Erbil Citadel for his visit in August 2021.

Sarkozy (2007–2012)

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Under the presidency of Sarkozy, a French embassy office was opened in Erbil with the presence of French Foreign Minister Kouschner.[11] In 2010, Kouschner described Sarkozy's approachment to the Kurds as being a revitalizing of their relations.[12] In the same year, Massoud Barzani met with President Nicolas Sarkozy and Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner in Paris,[13] where they signed a protocol strengthening ties in various fields, including trade, education and culture. Sarkozy commented at the relations and stated that: "France is happy with its friendship with Kurdistan and attaches great importance to this friendship."[14]

Hollande (2012–2017)

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Kurdish President Massoud Barzani has met with French President François Hollande in Paris on three occasions; in 2014, 2015 and in 2016,[15][16][17] while Hollande visited Erbil in 2014 and 2017.[18][19] French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian met Kurdish officials twice in 2016, once at the Munich Security Conference and once in Erbil.[20][21]

Military aid

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In August 2014, France sent soldiers to Kurdistan Region to train Kurdish soldiers (Peshmerga). In January 2015, 40 more soldiers were sent to the region.[22] In August 2014, France also supplied Kurdish soldiers with an undisclosed amount of weapons and 20 tons of humanitarian aid.[23] In early February 2015, a Kurdish military delegation led by Minister of Peshmerga Sayid Qadir met with Hollande to discuss military cooperation.[24] French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian made an unannounced visit to Erbil in April 2016, where he stated that: "I also came here to meet with the Kurdistan Region President Masoud Barzani and Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani to reiterate the support of France to Peshmerga forces in the fight against Da’esh,” and furthermore that: “The Peshmerga plays an important role in this fight."[25] In June 2016, two shipments of military aid reached Kurdistan Region consisting of MM89 rockets, thousands of different types of ammunition, defense and attacking grenades and night-vision goggles.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ While Kurdistan Region refers to the autonomous Kurdish region in Northern Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan is a geographical term referring to the Kurdish area of Iraq
  2. ^ "Consulat Général de France à Erbil" (in French). Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  3. ^ "KRG Representation in the Republic of France". Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  4. ^ a b c "The Kurdish mother Danielle Mitterrand was a mountain to Kurds". Rudaw. 13 March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  5. ^ "IED Drone Kills Kurdish Soldiers, French Commandos". Popular Science. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  6. ^ "'France and Kurdistan Region have historic relations'". Kurdistan24. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  7. ^ Michel Joly (2014). "Danielle Mitterrand et les Kurdes : le rêve d'une Première dame". Hommes et migrations (in French). 1307: 134–135. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  8. ^ "Danielle Mitterrand dies; ex-first lady of France". Newsday. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  9. ^ "Danielle Mitterrand, long-term friend of the Kurds, has died". The Kurdistan Tribune. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  10. ^ "Interview with President Masoud Barzani". Kurdistan Regional Government. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  11. ^ "Minister Kouchner opens French Embassy Office in Erbil". Kurdistan Regional Government. 1 June 2008. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  12. ^ "Iraqi Kurdistan – President Barzani/France – French support". French embassy in the United States. 6 June 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  13. ^ "Sarkozy, Paris'te Barzani ile görüştü" (in Turkish). Hürrïyet. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  14. ^ "President Barzani meets President Sarkozy, signs protocol with French Government". 17 June 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  15. ^ "President Barzani Meets French President Hollande in Paris". Kurdistan Region Presidency. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2017.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ "Massoud Barzani à Paris pour plaider la cause de Kurdes". La Croix. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  17. ^ "President Barzani arrives in France". Kurdistan24. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  18. ^ "French President to visit Iraq, Kurdistan Region". Kurdistan24. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  19. ^ "Hollande Pledges Continued Military Support for Kurds". Rudaw. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  20. ^ "Barzani met with variety of world leaders in Munich". NRT. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2017.[permanent dead link]
  21. ^ "Peshmerga to receive weapons from France". Kurdistan24. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  22. ^ "France Is Sending More Troops to Help Iraq Fight the Islamic State". Vice News. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  23. ^ "France to send arms to Iraqi Kurds". Aljazeera. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  24. ^ "Kurdish Peshmerga minister lobbies France for advanced weapons". Rudaw. 4 February 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  25. ^ "Peshmerga to receive weapons from France". Kurdistan24. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  26. ^ "France sends new military aid shipments to Kurdistan". Kurdistan24. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.

Further reading

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