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Foreign relations of Mauritania

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Politics of Mauritania

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The foreign relations of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania have, since 1960, been dominated by the issues of the Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara or Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) and the recognition of its independence by its neighbours, particularly Morocco. Mauritania's foreign relations are handled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, who is currently Mohamed Salem Ould Merzoug.[1][2]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of the foreign relations of Mauritania

Previously a colony of France, Mauritania gained Independence in 1960, although this was disapproved of by the Arab League due to Morocco's claims on the Western Sahara. Mauritania applied to join the United Nations in 1960 but was vetoed by the Soviet Union, who voted the next year for Mauritania's admission in exchange for the admission of Mongolia.

Initially, Mauritania continued good relations with France to counterbalance Morocco's ambitions, but by 1962 the country turned away from wholesale support of France and began normalizing relations with its neighbours, eventually establishing diplomatic relations with Mali in 1963 through the Treaty of Kayes, and with Algeria and the United Arab Republic in 1964. In 1963, Mauritania joined the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which led to Morocco's resignation (Morocco did not recognize Mauritania until 1969). With the OAU's and Arab League's encouragement, Mauritania did not seek diplomatic relations with Portugal, Israel or apartheid South Africa; today, following the downfall of the Apartheid system and the decolonization of Portugal's empire, relations with these countries have been normalized.

Claims to Western Sahara territory

[edit]

In 1976, Mauritania officially annexed a third of the then Spanish Sahara following Spain's withdrawal from the region.[3] Algeria and Morocco responded by withdrawing their ambassadors from Mauritania; additionally, the rebel Polisario group began a guerilla war against both Mauritania and Morocco.[4]

Mauritania withdrew its claims and recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) as the territory's sovereign government in 1980, although this allowed Morocco to take control of the SADR.[5] Mauritania has since declared neutrality in the dispute, seeking a peaceful and expedient end to the conflict, while its diplomatic relations with Algeria and Morocco have resumed.[6]

African Union membership

[edit]

Mauritania joined the African Union (AU) in 1963.[7] Following a military coup d'état in 2005, Mauritania's membership was suspended "until the restoration of constitutional order in the country".[8][9] This left Mauritania diplomatically isolated within Africa, as it became the only country on the continent except Morocco without full membership in the AU.[10]

In March 2007 democratic rule was restored in Mauritania, with presidential elections declared "free and fair" by international observers.[11][12] However, its membership was suspended again following the 2008 coup.[13][14]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Mauritania maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United Kingdom 28 November 1960[15]
2  United States 28 November 1960[16]
3  Japan 29 November 1960[17]
4  France 6 December 1960[18]
5  Belgium 13 April 1961[19]
6  Spain 15 April 1961[20]
7  Brazil 17 May 1961[21]
8   Switzerland 26 May 1961[22]
9  Luxembourg 20 September 1961[23]
10  Netherlands 9 March 1962[24]
11  Senegal 4 May 1962[25]
12  Guinea 15 August 1962[26]
13  Ivory Coast 15 August 1962[27]
14  Italy 25 February 1963[28]
15  South Korea 30 July 1963[29]
16  Germany 8 August 1963[30]
17  Mali 1963[31]
18  Algeria 9 April 1964[32]
19  Serbia 12 June 1964[33]
20  Russia 12 July 1964[34]
21  North Korea 12 November 1964[35]
22  Romania 15 January 1965[36]
23  Czech Republic 9 March 1965[37]
24  Vietnam 15 March 1965[38]
25  China 19 July 1965[39]
26  Egypt 21 October 1965[40]
27  India 22 October 1965[41]
28  Cambodia 29 October 1965[42]
29  Hungary 1 December 1965[43]
30  Poland 3 December 1965[44]
31  Chile 10 December 1965[45]
32  Gambia 15 December 1965[46]
33  Bulgaria 28 December 1965[47]
34  Syria 11 June 1966[48]
35  Ethiopia 21 September 1966[49]
36  Liberia 13 March 1967[50]
37  Mongolia 30 June 1967[51]
38  Canada 12 December 1968[52]
39  Sudan 11 June 1969[53]
40  Iraq 1 September 1969[48]
41  Niger 4 December 1969[54]
42  Libya 9 January 1970[55]
43  Kuwait 17 March 1970[56]
44  Saudi Arabia 22 March 1970[57]
45  Turkey 14 April 1970[58]
46  Jordan 4 May 1970[59]
47  Morocco 6 June 1970[60]
48  Pakistan November 1970[61]
49  Sweden 14 December 1970[62]
50  Austria 1970[63][64]
51  Republic of the Congo 1970[65]
52  Zambia 30 April 1971[66]
53  Lebanon 10 June 1971[48]
54  Sierra Leone 21 October 1971[67]
55  Democratic Republic of the Congo May 1972[68]
56  Cuba 16 August 1972[69]
57  Greece 3 October 1972[70]
58  United Arab Emirates 16 March 1973[71]
59  Qatar 16 March 1973[72]
60  Bahrain 30 April 1973[73]
61  Iran 25 October 1973[74]
62  Guinea-Bissau 10 August 1974[75]
63  Portugal 3 March 1975[76]
64  Denmark 19 April 1975[77]
65  Mexico 24 June 1975[78]
66  Uganda 3 February 1976[79]
67  Nigeria June 1976[80]
68  Argentina 26 July 1976[81]
69  Afghanistan July 1976[82]
70  Thailand 24 August 1976[83]
71  Bangladesh 4 October 1976[84]
72  Myanmar 5 October 1976[85]
73  Cape Verde 18 January 1977[86]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 3 March 1977[87]
74  Albania 1977[88]
75  Oman 1977[89]
76  Finland 1 March 1979[90]
77  Norway 6 December 1983[91]
78  Rwanda 27 April 1985[92]
79  Colombia 1 July 1987[93]
80  Angola 2 December 1987[94]
—  State of Palestine 16 November 1988[95]
81  Uruguay 23 March 1989[96]
82  Maldives 16 October 1989[96]
83  Peru 19 June 1990[96]
84  Estonia 18 September 1991[96]
85  Latvia 18 September 1991[96]
86  Seychelles 10 January 1992[96]
87  Ukraine 30 September 1992[96]
88  Slovakia 1 January 1993[97]
89  Kazakhstan 28 April 1993[96]
90  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 November 1993[98]
91  Azerbaijan 29 October 1994[99]
92  South Africa 25 December 1994[100]
93  Slovenia 4 June 1996[101]
—  Israel (suspended) 28 October 1999[102]
94  Australia 13 December 2001[103]
95  Malaysia 2003[104]
96  Belarus 6 July 2004[105]
97  Kenya 20 July 2004[106]
98  Iceland 6 October 2004[96]
99  Croatia 24 November 2004[107]
100  North Macedonia 23 March 2005[96]
101  Botswana 9 May 2007[96]
102  Venezuela 28 September 2007[108]
103  San Marino 16 November 2007[109]
104  Armenia 30 January 2008[96]
105  Uzbekistan 2 July 2008[110]
106  Zimbabwe 25 July 2008[111]
107  Montenegro 16 December 2009[96]
108  Mozambique 15 August 2010[112]
—  Kosovo 14 September 2010[113]
109  Namibia 29 September 2010[114]
110  Mauritius 1 December 2010[115]
111  Georgia 16 June 2011[96]
112  Monaco 9 September 2011[116]
113  Indonesia 27 September 2011[117]
114  Solomon Islands 18 October 2011[96]
115  Fiji 19 December 2011[96]
116  Moldova 23 May 2012[96]
117  Paraguay 5 June 2012[118]
118  Tuvalu 13 June 2012[119]
119  Equatorial Guinea 6 October 2012[120]
120    Nepal 4 December 2012[96]
121  Sri Lanka 12 December 2012[96]
122  São Tomé and Príncipe 4 August 2013[121]
123  Andorra 16 September 2013[122]
124  Laos 19 September 2013[96]
125  Philippines 30 September 2013[123]
126  Central African Republic 8 October 2013[124]
127  Ecuador 28 September 2014[125]
128  Eritrea 16 August 2015[126]
129  Tanzania 1 September 2015[127]
130  New Zealand 2 September 2015[128]
131  Kyrgyzstan 30 September 2015[129]
132  Madagascar 11 November 2015[130]
133  Comoros 19 October 2016[131]
—  Holy See 9 December 2016[132]
134  Djibouti 15 February 2017[133]
135  Lesotho 9 March 2017[134]
136  South Sudan 3 July 2017[135]
137  Singapore 22 February 2018[136]
138  Eswatini 22 March 2018[137]
139  Somalia 27 March 2018[138]
140  Nicaragua 14 October 2019[139]
141  Honduras 4 August 2020[140]
142  Tajikistan 21 September 2021[141]
143  Burundi 26 July 2022[142]
144  Panama 22 September 2022[96]
145  Malawi 18 October 2022[143][144]
146  Ireland 1 December 2022[145]
147  Dominican Republic 19 September 2023[96]
148  Saint Lucia 5 December 2023[146]
149  Brunei Unknown
150  Burkina Faso Unknown
151  Cameroon Unknown
152  Chad Unknown
153  Cyprus Unknown
154  Gabon Unknown
155  Ghana Unknown
156  Malta Unknown
157  Togo Unknown
158  Tunisia Unknown
159  Yemen Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina 26 July 1976

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1976[147]

Argentina is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Tunis, Tunisia.[148][149]

 Austria
 People's Republic of China 19 July 1965 See China–Mauritania relations

The government of Mauritania enjoys close ties with the government of the People's Republic of China. Diplomatic relations were established on 19 July 1965,[155] and the governments remain on good terms. In recent years, they have signed a series of agreements and exchanged a series of diplomatic gestures that have strengthened their relationship.

The Chinese government has recently shown particular interest in Mauritania's oil deposits. Oil production in Mauritania began in February 2006, and by May of the same year the Chinese and Mauritanian governments signed an agreement on social and economic cooperation.[156] In October 2006, the state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation began drilling oil wells in Mauritania and has three other prospecting permits in Mauritania.[157] The Mauritanian government sees oil production as a significant means of boosting economic growth.

During the campaign for Mauritania's presidential elections in March 2007, candidate Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi praised Mauritania's growing ties with China, promising to "continue the path of strengthening the bilateral relations with all my efforts".[158]

 Cyprus
  • Cyprus is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Tripoli, Libya.[159]
  • Mauritania is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Rome.[160]
 Egypt 21 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1964 when UAR (Egypt) officially recognized the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.[161]
 Finland
  • Finland is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.
  • Mauritania is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
 France 6 December 1960 See France–Mauritania relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1960.[162]

The relations date back to the colonial era when Mauritania was part of French West Africa.

Most of Mauritania's developmental assistance in the 1980s was provided by France, which was also the major supplier of private direct investment. Bilateral accords signed with France in 1961 provided for economic, financial, technical, cultural, and military cooperation and aid. Although Mauritania opposed France on Algerian independence, nuclear testing in the Sahara, and French arms sales to South Africa, ties remained cordial through the Daddah term. French citizens worked in Mauritania as technical assistants in the government, administrators, teachers, and judges. Daddah frequently traveled to France, and French development aid flowed to Mauritania. The level of French involvement rose markedly following the outbreak of hostilities in the Western Sahara. Between 1976 and 1979, when Mauritania unilaterally declared peace and withdrew from combat, French aircraft provided air support for Mauritanian troops fighting Polisario forces, and French paratroops were stationed at Nouadhibou.[163]

Activity by Mauritanian dissidents living in France, together with Mauritania's gradual policy shift toward the Polisario, resulted in a growing coldness toward Paris. In May 1979, Mauritania asked France to remove all its troops from Nouadhibou. France continued to provide a high level of financial aid, although less than requested by the Haidalla government, and this curtailment further strained ties. Following alleged accusations of Moroccan support of a coup attempt in March 1981, Haidalla again turned to France to obtain guarantees of Mauritania's territorial integrity. President of France Georges Pompidou and Haidalla concluded an accord in 1981, as Morocco threatened to carry the struggle against Polisario guerrillas into Mauritanian territory. As Morocco's advancing sand walls increasingly obligated Polisario guerrillas to use Mauritania as a staging area, President Haidalla and, later, President Taya sought and received guarantees of French support in August 1984 and June 1987.[163]

 Germany 28 November 1960 See Germany–Mauritania relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1960 when has been accredited first Ambassador of FRG to Mauritania with residence in Dakar, Mr. Reichhold. On 6 May 1961 first Ambassador of Mauritania to FRG Mr. Mamadou Toure presented his credentials to President Lubke.[164]

 Greece
  • Greece is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.
  • Mauritania is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
 Hungary 1 December 1965

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1965.[165]

Hungary is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[166][167]

 Iceland 6 October 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 2004.[168]
 India 22 October 1965

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1965.[171]

India is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Bamako, Mali[172][173] and an honorary consulate in Nouakchott.[174]

 Indonesia 27 September 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2011.[175]
 Israel 28 October 1999[177]– 6 March 2009[178]

Mauritania declared war on Israel as a result of the 1967 Six-Day War,[179] following the Arab League's collective decision (Mauritania was not admitted to the League until November 1973),[180] and did not reverse that official declaration until at least 1991.[179] Until 1999, Israelis were seemingly oblivious to the ongoing state of war.[179] Mauritania did not abide by moves to recognize Israel's right to exist in the same way as most other Arab countries, after the earlier 1967 Khartoum Resolution.

Little public information exists as to the state of war,[181] and it has been inferred that the declaration of war has been reversed by:

  • behind the scenes meetings between Mauritania and Israel in 1995 and 1996 said to be at the instigation of Mauritania's President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya;[182]
  • the establishment of unofficial "interest sections" in the respective Spanish embassies of the two capital cities in 1996,[182] and;
  • the official exchange of diplomatic representatives in each other's countries from 27 October 1999.[183]

In 1999 Mauritania became one of three members of the 22-member Arab League to recognize Israel as a sovereign state (the others being Egypt and Jordan)[184] This recognition was given by former President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya along with his cooperation with United States anti-terrorism activities. The establishment of full diplomatic relations was signed in Washington D.C on 28 October 1999.

After the coup by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy in August 2005, recognition of Israel was kept and maintained.[185][186]

As a response to the conflict in the Gaza Strip, relations were frozen with Israel in January 2009.[187] In February 2009, Mauritania recalled its ambassador from Israel,[184] and on 6 March 2009 staff were evicted from the Israeli embassy in Nouakchott and given 48 hours to leave Mauritania.[188] Israel officially closed the embassy later in the day, according to an announcement by its Foreign Affairs Ministry.[189] By 21 March 2010 all diplomatic relations between the two states had officially ended.[190]

 Italy 25 February 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1963 when first Ambassador of Mauritania to Italy (resident in Paris) Mr. Bakar Ould Ahmedou presented his credentials to President Antonio Segni.[191]
  • Italy is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[192]
  • Mauritania has an embassy in Rome.[193]
 Japan 29 November 1960

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1960, Mauritania has a resident embassy in Tokyo, Japan.[194]

 Libya 9 January 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1970.[195]
 Mali July 1963

Since Mauritania negotiated a border dispute with Mali in 1963, ties between the two countries have been mostly cordial.[163] Mali and Mauritania have cooperated on several development projects, such as the OMVS[clarification needed] and a plan to improve roads between Nouakchott and Bamako.[163] This cooperation somewhat lessened Mali's dependence on Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire.[163] Although relations were warm with other black African states, since 1965 the orientation of Mauritania's foreign policy has been geared towards relations with North African countries.

 Mexico 24 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1975.[196]
  • Mauritania is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Mexico is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria and an honorary consulate in Nouakchott.
 Morocco 6 June 1970 See Mauritania–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1970.[197]

Prior to the December 1984 coup that brought Taya to power, the Mauritanian-Moroccan cooperation agency stated that relations between the two countries were on the mend in spite of alleged Moroccan complicity in a 1981 coup attempt and Mauritania's subsequent turn toward Algeria. Representatives from both sides initiated a series of low-level contacts that led to a resumption of diplomatic ties in April 1985. For Mauritania, the relaxation with Morocco promised to end the threat of Moroccan incursions, and it also removed the threat of Moroccan support for opposition groups formed during the Haidalla presidency. Through the agreement with Mauritania, Morocco sought to tighten its control over the Western Sahara by denying the Polisario one more avenue for infiltrating guerrillas into the disputed territory.[163]

Relations between Morocco and Mauritania continued to improve through 1986, reflecting President Taya's pragmatic, if unstated, view that only a Moroccan victory over the Polisario would end the guerrilla war in the Western Sahara. Taya made his first visit to Morocco in October 1985 (prior to visits to Algeria and Tunisia) in the wake of Moroccan claims that Polisario guerrillas were again traversing Mauritanian territory. The completion of a sixth berm just north of Mauritania's crucial rail link along the border with the Western Sahara, between Nouadhibou and the iron ore mines, complicated relations between Mauritania and Morocco. Polisario guerrillas in mid-1987 had to traverse Mauritanian territory to enter the Western Sahara, a situation that invited Morocco's accusations of Mauritanian complicity. Moreover, any engagements near the sixth berm would threaten to spill over into Mauritania and jeopardize the rail link.[163]

 Netherlands 9 March 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1962.[198]
  • Mauritania is accredited to The Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and an honorary consulate in Midwoud.[199]
  • The Netherlands is accredited to Mauritania from their embassy in Dakar, Senegal.[200]
 Pakistan November 1970

Both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1970[201]

Pakistan and Mauritania maintain friendly relations, Pakistan has always supported Mauritania and so did Mauritania in the UN. Pakistan has provided equipment and training to Mauritanian Armed Forces, and is one of Pakistan's biggest trading partners.

 Qatar 16 March 1973

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1973.[202]

During the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Mauritania on 6 June 2017 cut off all diplomatic relations with Qatar.[203] Relations were officially reestablished on 22 March 2021.[204][205]

 Poland
  • Mauritania is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.
 Senegal 4 May 1962 See Mauritania–Senegal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1962 when Permanent Representative of Mauritania to Senegal Mr. Mamadou Lamine Ba, presented his credentials to President Leopold Sedar Senghor.[206]

In the years following independence, Mauritania's principal ally in sub-Saharan Africa was Senegal, although the two countries have espoused different strategies for development.[163] The growing split between blacks and Moors in Mauritania has, however, affected ties with Senegal, which sees itself as championing the rights of Mauritania's black minority.[163] Under Taya, relations between the two countries were correct, even though each accused the other of harboring exiled dissidents.[163] In May 1987, Senegal extradited Captain Moulaye Asham Ould Ashen, a former black member of the Haidalla government accused of corruption, but only after veiled threats from Nouakchott that failure to do so would result in Mauritania's allowing Senegalese dissidents a platform from which to speak out against the government of President Abdou Diouf.[163] At the same time, Senegal and Mauritania have cooperated successfully with Mali under the Senegal River Development Office (Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal—OMVS), which was formed in 1972 as a flood control, irrigation, and agricultural development project.

 Serbia 12 June 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1964.[207]

Serbia is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[208]

 Singapore 22 February 2018
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 February 2018.[136]
  • Mauritania is accredited to Singapore from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.[136]
 South Africa 25 December 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 December 1994.[209]
  • Both countries are full members of the African Union.
 South Korea 30 July 1963

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1963.[210] But South Korea severed its ties with Mauritania on 5 December 1964.[211] Diplomatic relations were resumed on 19 December 1978[212]

Mauritania and South Korea have made several high-ranking visits to each other's countries, including the Ambassador for the Permanent Mission of Mauritania to Geneva, traveled to South Korea in October 2008, and the Ambassador of the Republic of Korea to the Kingdom of Morocco, Lee Tae Ho to Mauritania in February 2013.[213]

  Switzerland 26 May 1961
 Turkey 14 April 1970 See Mauritania–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1970.[215]

 Ukraine 30 September 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1992.[217]
  • Mauritania is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Ukraine is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[218][219]
 United Kingdom 28 November 1960

Mauritania established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 28 November 1960.[220]

  • Mauritania maintains an embassy in London.[221]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Mauritania through its embassy in Nouakchott.[222]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[223] and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[224]

The UK did not have an embassy in Mauritania until 2018: the British ambassador to Senegal was also accredited to Mauritania from 1960 to 1990 (Mauritania suspended relations with the UK following the Six-Day War and resumed them on 10 April 1968)[225] and the British ambassador to Morocco was also accredited to Mauritania from 1990 until 2018 when the UK upgraded its office in Nouakchott to an embassy and appointed a resident ambassador.[226]

 United States 28 November 1960 See Mauritania–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1960.[227]

Embassy of Mauritania in Washington, D.C.

The U.S. Government fully supports Mauritania's transition to democracy and congratulates Mauritania on the successful series of 2006–2007 parliamentary, local and presidential elections. The U.S. condemned the August 2005 coup and the unconstitutional assumption of power by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy, and called for a return to a "constitutional government through free and fair elections as soon as possible".

The United States provided election-related assistance for voting education, political party training, and democracy building. The U.S. now aims to work with the Mauritanian Government to expand bilateral cooperation in the areas of food security, health, education, security, strengthening democratic institutions, and counterterrorism.

See also

[edit]
  • Katsarova, Ivana. "EU-Mauritania fisheries agreements" (PDF). Library Briefing. Library of the European Parliament. Retrieved 17 June 2013.

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ "Mauritanie : 25 ministres dans le nouveau gouvernement". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  3. ^ "Aux termes de l'accord conclu entre Madrid, Rabat et Nouakchott La présence espagnole prendra fin le 28 février 1976". Le Monde.fr (in French). 17 November 1975. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  4. ^ "Le Maroc et la Mauritanie délimitent leur frontière au Sahara occidental". Le Monde.fr (in French). 16 April 1976. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  5. ^ "Le Maroc a annexé le territoire évacué par la Mauritanie". Le Monde.fr (in French). 16 August 1979. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
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  8. ^ African Union suspends Mauritania over coup, Reuters, 4 August 2005.
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  30. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  31. ^ Handloff, Robert E. "Relations with Other African States". In Mauritania: A Country Study (Robert E. Handloff, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (June 1988). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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