List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States
Appearance
(Redirected from First women lawyers in the United States)
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience.(June 2022) |
This list of the first women lawyers and judges in each state of the United States includes the years in which the women were admitted to practice law. Also included are women of other distinctions, such as the first in their states to graduate from law school.
Part of a series on |
Women in society |
---|
Firsts nationwide
[edit]Law school
[edit]- First female law graduate: Ada Kepley (1881) in 1870[1]
- First African American female law graduate: Charlotte E. Ray (1872)[2]
- First Native American (Chippewa) female law graduate: Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin in 1914[3][4]
- First Nisei female law graduate: Patsy Mink (1953) in 1951[5][6][7]
- First deaf African American female law graduate: Claudia L. Gordon (c. 2000)[8][9][10]
Lawyers
[edit]- First female to act as an attorney: Margaret Brent in 1648[11]
- First female without a formal legal education admitted to state bar: Arabella Mansfield (1869)[12][13]
- First African American female: Charlotte E. Ray (1872)[2]
- First Russian female: Alice Serber (1899)[14]
- First Native American (Wyandot) female: Lyda Conley (1902)[2]
- First blind female: Christine la Barraque (c. 1906)[15][16][17]
- First female admitted to argue cases before a U.S. Court of Appeals: Helen R. Carloss (c. 1923)[18]
- First Armenian American female: Norma M. Karaian[19]
- First Japanese American female: Elizabeth K. Ohi (1937)[20]
- First female prosecutor (international military tribunal): Grace Kanode Llewellyn (1931) in 1945[21]
- First Chinese American female: Emma Ping Lum (1947)[22][23]
- First Filipino American female: Ruby Carpio Bell (1964)[24][25]
- First openly lesbian: Renee C. Hanover (1969)[26]
- First Navajo female: Claudeen Arthur (1970)[27][28][29]
- First female solicitor for the U.S. Department of Labor: Carin Clauss (1963) in 1977[30][31]
- First quadriplegic female: Holly Caudill (1995)[32][33][34][35]
- First deaf African American female: Claudia L. Gordon (c. 2000)[8][9][10]
- First Marshallese female: Arsima A. Muller (2005)[36]
- First Qatari female admitted to practice law in the U.S.:[37] Farah Abdulrahman Al-Muftah (2011)
- First Air Force JAG Corps female officer permitted to wear hijab: Maysaa Ouza (2018)[38][39]
- First deaf Pakistani-American and Muslim female: Nida Din (2020)[40]
Lawyers and the U.S. Supreme Court
[edit]- First female to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court: Belva Ann Lockwood (1873) in 1880[41]
- First Native American (Wyandot) female to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court: Lyda Conley (1902) in 1909[2]
- First African American female to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court: Constance Baker Motley (1946) in 1954[42][43][44]
- First Asian American female to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court: Emma Ping Lum (1947) around 1958[22][23]
- First Latino American female to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court: Vilma Socorro Martínez (1967) in 1977[45][46]
- First Native American (Lumbee) female to win a U.S. Supreme Court case: Arlinda Locklear (1976) in 1983[47][48][49]
- First Muslim Arab American female to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court: Fadwa Hammoud in 2021[50]
Law clerks
[edit]- First female to clerk for the U.S. Court of Appeals: Carmel “Kim” Prashker Ebb in 1945[51][52]
- First female to clerk for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit: Doris Gray[53][54]
- First African American female to clerk for the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims: Janene D. Jackson[55]
See also Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
State judges
[edit]See Women in the United States judiciary
Federal judges
[edit]See Women in the United States judiciary
Attorneys General of the U.S.
[edit]See United States Attorney General
- First female: Janet Reno in 1993
Deputy Attorney General of the U.S.
[edit]- First female: Carol E. Dinkins (1971) in 1984[56]
Associate Attorney General of the U.S.
[edit]- First female: Rachel Brand from 2017-2018[57]
- First Asian American female: Vanita Gupta in 2021[58]
Solicitor General of the U.S.
[edit]- First female (acting): Barbara Underwood (1969) in 2001[59]
- First female: Elena Kagan (1986) from 2009-2010[60]
Deputy Solicitor General of the U.S.
[edit]- First (African American) female: Jewel Lafontant (1946) in 1973[61][62][63]
Assistant Attorney General of the U.S.
[edit]- First females: Annette Abbott Adams (1912)[64] and Mabel Walker Willebrandt (1917) from 1920-1921 and 1921-1929 respectively[65]
- First Asian American female: Rose Ochi in 1997[66][67]
State Attorneys General
[edit]- First female: Anne X. Alpern (1927) in 1959[68]
- First female (elected): Arlene Violet (1974) in 1985[69][70]
- First Mexican American female: Patricia A. Madrid (1973) in 1999[71][72][73]
- First African American female: Pamela Carter in 1993[74]
- First Asian American (female): Kamala Harris (1989) from 2011-2017[75]
- First openly lesbian female: Maura Healey (1998) in 2015[76]
State Solicitor General
[edit]- First Muslim Arab American (female): Fadwa Hammoud in 2019[50]
United States Attorney
[edit]- First female: Annette Abbott Adams (1912) from 1918-1920[64][77]
- First female to serve a full-term: Virginia Dill McCarty (1977) from 1977-1981[78]
- First openly lesbian female: Jenny Durkan (1986) in 2009[79][80]
- First Asian American female: Debra Wong Yang (1986) from 2002-2006[81]
- First Native American (Hopi) female Diane Humetewa (1993) in 2007[82][83][84][85]
- First Muslim (female): Saima Mohsin in 2021[86][87]
Assistant United States Attorney
[edit]- First female: Annette Abbott Adams (1912) from 1914-1918[64][77]
- First African American female: Jewel Lafontant (1946) from 1955-1958[61][62][63]
- First known quadriplegic female: Holly Caudill in 1995[32][33][34][35]
Special Assistant U.S. Attorney
[edit]- First female: Mary Grace Quackenbos Humiston (1904) in 1906[88][89]
State Assistant Attorney General
[edit]- First female: Ella Knowles Haskell (1888) in 1893[90][91][92]
- First African American female: Helen Elsie Austin (1930) in 1937[93]
State District Attorneys
[edit]- First female: Edna C. Plummer (1907) in 1918[94][95]
- First African American female: Anne Elise Thompson in 1975[96]
- First openly lesbian female: Bonnie Dumanis (1977) in 2002[97]
- First Dominican American (female): Camelia Valdes in 2009[98]
- First Korean American (female): Grace H. Park in 2013[99][100]
- First Puerto Rican female: Deborah González in 2020[101]
State Deputy District Attorney
[edit]- First female: Clara Shortridge Foltz (1878) in 1910[102]
Federal Bar Associations
[edit]- First (African American) female to co-found a coed national bar association: Gertrude Rush (1918) in 1925[103][104]
- First female president (Federal Bar Association): Marguerite Rawalt in 1943[105]
- First Asian American (female) president (Federal Bar Association):[55] Anh Le Kremer
- First female president (National Bar Association): Arnette Hubbard in 1981[106]
- First Jewish female admitted (American Bar Association): Clarice Baright (1905) in 1919[107][108]
- First African American female president (National Association of Women Lawyers): Mahala Ashley Dickerson in 1983[109]
See also List of presidents of the American Bar Association
State Bar Association
[edit]- First (African American) female to lead coed state bar: Gertrude Rush (1918) in 1921[103][104][110]
- First female president of voluntary state bar: Carole Bellows in 1977[111][112]
- First female president of mandatory/integrated state bar: Donna Willard-Jones from 1979-1980[113][114]
- First openly lesbian to serve as president of a statewide bar association: Joan Ellenbogen in 1980[115]
- First Latino American female president: Mary Torres in 2002[116]
- First Korean American female president: Esther H. Lim in 2018[117]
Firsts in individual states
[edit]- List of first women lawyers and judges in Alabama
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Alaska
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Arizona
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Arkansas
- List of first women lawyers and judges in California
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Colorado
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Connecticut
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Delaware
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Florida
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Georgia
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Hawaii
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Idaho
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Illinois
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Indiana
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Iowa
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Kansas
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Kentucky
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Louisiana
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Maine
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Maryland
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Massachusetts
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Michigan
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Minnesota
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Mississippi
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Missouri
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Montana
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Nebraska
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Nevada
- List of first women lawyers and judges in New Hampshire
- List of first women lawyers and judges in New Jersey
- List of first women lawyers and judges in New Mexico
- List of first women lawyers and judges in New York
- List of first women lawyers and judges in North Carolina
- List of first women lawyers and judges in North Dakota
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Ohio
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Oklahoma
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Oregon
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Pennsylvania
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Rhode Island
- List of first women lawyers and judges in South Carolina
- List of first women lawyers and judges in South Dakota
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Tennessee
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Texas
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Utah
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Vermont
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Virginia
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Washington
- List of first women lawyers and judges in West Virginia
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Wisconsin
- List of first women lawyers and judges in Wyoming
Firsts in Washington, D.C.
[edit]Firsts in the U.S. territories
[edit]See also
[edit]Other topics of interest
[edit]- List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States
- List of African American jurists
- List of Asian American jurists
- List of first women lawyers and judges by nationality (international)
- List of Hispanic and Latino American jurists
- List of Jewish American jurists
- List of LGBT jurists in the United States
- List of Native American jurists
References
[edit]- ^ Gorecki, Meg (October 1990). "Legal Pioneers: Four of Illinois First Women Lawyers" (PDF). Illinois Bar Journal: 510–515.
- ^ a b c d Parker, Monica R. (2010-01-01). What it Takes: How Women of Color Can Thrive Within the Practice of Law. American Bar Association. p. 6. ISBN 9781590319925.
first filipina to practice law in the united states.
- ^ Women Lawyers' Journal. National Association of Women Lawyers. 1911.
- ^ Cahill, Cathleen D. (2020-09-29). Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-1-4696-5933-6.
- ^ Robinson, Greg (2016-09-01). The Great Unknown: Japanese American Sketches. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 9781607324294.
- ^ Congressional Record, V. 148, PT. 13, September 20, 2002 to October 1, 2002. Government Printing Office. 2006. ISBN 9780160767746.
- ^ Zhao, Xiaojian (2009). Asian American Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34875-4.
- ^ a b Jones, Erika (2016-04-06). "The deaf women in Obama's White House". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
- ^ a b "Deaf Person of the Month: Claudia Gordon". www.deafpeople.com. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ a b Weekes, Princess (February 27, 2018). "Claudia Gordon, the First Deaf Black Woman to Become a Lawyer". www.themarysue.com. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ "Margaret Brent biography". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
- ^ Ford, Lynne E. (2010-05-12). Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438110325.
- ^ Myra Bradwell; denied admission to the bar in 1869 because she was a woman; admitted in Illinois in 1890 nunc pro tunc and backdated to 1869.
- ^ "The Gossip of Gotham [New York City] ... A Russian Girl's Feat". Los Angeles Herald. p. 3. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Christine la Barraque (1906)". The Indianapolis News. 1906-06-05. p. 5. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
- ^ Smith, Frank Charles; Proctor, Lucien Brock; Chapin, Heman Gerald; Harvey, Richard Selden (1896). The American Lawyer. Stumpf & Steurer.
- ^ "Blind Workers in Convention". Cullman Times Democrat Archives. September 5, 1907. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
- ^ Warren, Virginia Lee (March 28, 1934). "Woman Attorney Dashes About the Country Defending Government in Tax Cases" (PDF). Washington Post.
- ^ "Norma M. Karaian". Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly. February 7, 2005. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
- ^ Watson, Jonathan. "Legacy of American Female Attorneys (2016 rev.)" (PDF). Solano County Law Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
- ^ Pliley, Jessica R. (2024-05-29). "Perpetual banishment: The transcarceral crimmigration case of Mary Masako Akimoto". Gender & History. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12791. ISSN 0953-5233.
- ^ a b Kinnaird, Lawrence (1966). History of the Greater San Francisco Bay Region. Lewis Historical Publishing Company.
- ^ a b Francisco, Chinese Chamber of Commerce of San (1961). San Francisco Chinatown on Parade in Picture and Story.
- ^ "Member Directory Search". www.gabar.org. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
- ^ "236 S.E.2d 98 (Ga.App. 1977), 53677, Lexington Developers, Inc. v. O'neal Const. Co., Inc". vLex. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
- ^ "Renee Hanover ('69) Remembered as First 'Out' Lesbian Lawyer | University of Illinois Chicago School of Law News". news.law.uic.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- ^ "ABQjournal: Claudine Bates-Arthur First Woman on Navajo Court". www.abqjournal.com. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
- ^ "Navajo Chief Justice Claudeen B. Arthur, 62 (washingtonpost.com)". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
- ^ Robbins, Catherine C. (October 2011). All Indians Do Not Live in Teepees (or Casinos). U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803239739.
- ^ "Carin Clauss - Wisconsin Women Making History". Wisconsin Women Making History. 2015-03-04. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
- ^ "Carin Clauss | University of Wisconsin Law School". secure.law.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
- ^ a b "Quadriplegic An Inspiration To All She Meets | The Spokesman-Review". www.spokesman.com. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ a b "Obituaries". Los Angeles Times. 1999-05-28. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ a b "Obituaries in the News". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ a b "Judge J. Ben McInturff". Washington State Court of Appeals.
- ^ "Maryknoll School". www.maryknollschool.org. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ^ "Farah Abdulrahman Al-Muftah" (PDF). Scholars at Harvard.
- ^ "ACLU Client Makes History As First Air Force JAG Corps Officer to Wear Hijab". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
- ^ Miller, Kent (2019-03-26). "First Air Force JAG officer to wear hijab featured in short NBC documentary". Air Force Times. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
- ^ "First Deaf Pakistani-American, Muslim Lawyer: Nida Din". The Daily Moth. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
- ^ "Belva Lockwood". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
- ^ Inc, The Crisis Publishing Company (December 2005). The Crisis. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.
{{cite book}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Constance Baker Motley: Black History Month profile". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
- ^ Hoffman, Brian Gene. "Constance Baker Motley (1921-2005)". Retrieved 2021-02-10.
- ^ "The First Latina & Latino Lawyers To Argue Before Supreme Court - News Taco". newstaco.com. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
- ^ "FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
- ^ "Arlinda Locklear" (PDF). American Bar Association.
- ^ Dennis, Yvonne Wakim; Hirschfelder, Arlene; Flynn, Shannon Rothenberger (2016-04-18). Native American Almanac: More Than 50,000 Years of the Cultures and Histories of Indigenous Peoples. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578596072.
- ^ Hirschfelder, Arlene B.; Molin, Paulette Fairbanks (2012). The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810877092.
- ^ a b "First Arab-American Muslim Woman Argues at U.S. High Court (1)". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
- ^ Journal, A. B. A. "First female clerk to a federal appeals judge dies at 94". ABA Journal. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
- ^ Journal, A. B. A. "A life of legal firsts—including romance and marriage". ABA Journal. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
- ^ "Five Amazing Women Who Shattered The Glass Ceiling". www.ncbar.org. Retrieved 2019-07-07.
- ^ "Doris Bray | Carolina Law Oral History Project". oralhistoriesproject.law.unc.edu. Retrieved 2019-07-07.
- ^ a b "May/June 2022". Federal Bar Association. 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ "Reagan taps a woman for Justice post" (PDF). The Sunday Register. April 29, 1984.
- ^ Horwitz, Sari (2017-05-28). "Former Bush official Rachel Brand takes over No. 3 position at Justice Dept". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ^ Breslow, Jason (21 April 2021). "Civil Rights Attorney Vanita Gupta Confirmed As Associate Attorney General". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ^ "Obama Names Law School Dean Solicitor General | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
- ^ "Elena Kagan confirmed by U.S. Senate as first woman Solicitor General of the United States | Jewish Women's Archive". jwa.org. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
- ^ a b Dean, John W. (2015-06-02). The Nixon Defense: What He Knew and When He Knew It. Penguin. ISBN 9780143127383.
- ^ a b Chicago Woman Attorney Appointed UN Delegate. Johnson Publishing Company. 1972-09-21.
- ^ a b "Mankarious, Jewel Stradford Rogers Lafontant (1922-1997) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". blackpast.org. 28 March 2009. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
- ^ a b c Buchanan, Paul D. (2009). The American Women's Rights Movement: A Chronology of Events and of Opportunities from 1600 to 2008. Branden Books. ISBN 9780828321600.
- ^ "The Woman Assistant U.S. Attorney General and the Prisoner at Leavenworth, 1928-29". www.frederickcooksociety.org. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
- ^ "Rose Ochi '59". UCLA Alumni. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
- ^ "Rose Ochi, Japanese American trailblazer, dies at 81". Northwest Asian Weekly. 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
- ^ "Anne X. Alpern Is Dead; Ex-Pennsylvania Justice". The New York Times. 1981-02-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-10.
- ^ Weatherford, Doris (2012). Women in American Politics: History and Milestones. Los Angeles: CQ Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-60871-007-2.
- ^ Rutgers, Center for American Women And Politics (accessed 5/23/2007) Archived May 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "A Celebration of New Mexico's First Women Lawyers" (PDF). Presented by the New Mexico Women's Bar Association in Cooperation with the State Bar of New Mexico. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
- ^ Bullis, Don (2011-07-01). New Mexico Historical Biographies. BookBaby. ISBN 9781936744909.
- ^ García, Sonia R.; Martinez-Ebers, Valerie; Coronado, Irasema; Navarro, Sharon A.; Jaramillo, Patricia A. (2009-06-03). Políticas: Latina Public Officials in Texas. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292779983.
- ^ Ltd, Earl G. Graves (March 1993). Black Enterprise. Earl G. Graves, Ltd.
- ^ "Essential Politics: Archived stories from December 2016". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
- ^ "Maura Healey will be the nation's first openly gay AG - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ a b "Trump Announces Sixth Wave of United States Attorney Nominations, Faces Questions About Lack of Women Nominees". The National Law Review. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
- ^ "Virginia Dill McCaty Papers, 1824-2003". INPerspective. 24 (2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 14. March 2018.
- ^ "Jenny Durkan: Former U.S. attorney brings experience, high-powered allies, but also draws scrutiny". The Seattle Times. 2017-10-15. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
- ^ "Jenny Durkan elected as first lesbian mayor of Seattle". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
- ^ Zheng, Connie. "Chinese American Heroes - Attorneys" (PDF).
- ^ "First Native American woman confirmed as federal judge". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
- ^ Lynne Harlan (2007-11-23). "Native people gain a new role model". Asheville Citizen-Times. Retrieved 2008-02-22. [dead link]
- ^ "Do the right thing, Dems: Confirm Humetewa, now". East Valley Tribune. 2007-11-19. Archived from the original on 2007-06-24. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
- ^ "Humetewa, Diane Joyce – Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov.
- ^ Warikoo, Niraj. "Saima Mohsin to be 1st Muslim US attorney next month". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
- ^ "Saima Mohsin RLAW '94 to Become First Muslim U.S. Attorney". Rutgers Law. 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
- ^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (1906-11-22). "The Rising son. (Kansas City, Mo.) 1896-19??, November 22, 1906, Image 3". The Rising Son. ISSN 2165-929X. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ Abbott, Karen. ""Mrs. Sherlock Holmes" Takes on the NYPD". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ Wishart, David J. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803247877.
- ^ Godey's Magazine. Godey Company. 1896.
- ^ Wishart, David J. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803247871.
- ^ Smith, J. Clay Jr. (1999). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812216851.
- ^ Goodwin, Joanne; England, Kathleen J. (March 2011). "Pioneering Women in Nevada Law" (PDF). Nevada Lawyer.
- ^ Johnston, Robert (March 2011). "NEVADA'S FIRST LADIES OF LAW" (PDF). Nevada Lawyer: 18–27.
- ^ "Anne Thompson: Inspired by Parents, 'I Loved Every Job I Had' | United States Courts". www.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
- ^ "Five Things You Didn't Know About Gay San Diego - Out in San Diego - Winter-Spring 2010 - San Diego, Ca". www.sandiegomagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
- ^ "Women's History Month: Camelia Valdes breaks barriers as first Latina prosecutor in New Jersey, first woman to become Passaic County prosecutor". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
- ^ NJ.com, Jessica Remo | NJ Advance Media for (2017-09-09). "First woman, minority Union County prosecutor steps down". nj. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
- ^ "Grace H. Park". Council Korean Americans (CKA). Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- ^ "Deborah González Makes History in Georgia". Puerto Rico Report. 2020-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- ^ "Clara Foltz: California's First Woman Lawyer". California Courts Newsroom. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
- ^ a b "Gertrude Rush, first Black female lawyer in Iowa | African American Registry". www.aaregistry.org. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
- ^ a b Smith, John Clay (2000). Rebels in Law: Voices in History of Black Women Lawyers. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472086467.
- ^ Flora Davis (1999-05-12). Moving the Mountain. Internet Archive. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06782-2.
- ^ "First woman president of National Bar Association installed | African American Registry". 2015-08-02. Archived from the original on 2015-08-02. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
- ^ "Clarice Baright | Jewish Women's Archive". jwa.org. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ^ Women Lawyers' Journal. Women Lawyers' Club. 1919.
- ^ "Chris Dickerson, first Black Mr. America, dies at 82". TheGrio. 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ Rush became the President of the Iowa Colored Bar Association in 1921.
- ^ "Chief Judge Evans begins series of sweeping changes throughout the court system". Illinois Circuit Court of Cook County. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
- ^ Bellows was the President of the Illinois State Bar Association which is considered a voluntary bar association.
- ^ Carter, Terry (May 2003). Barrister in the Backwoods. American Bar Association.
- ^ Willard-Jones was the President of the Alaska Bar Association, which is considered a unified state bar (mandatory/integrated).
- ^ "History | NYWBA". www.nywba.org. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ Garcia, Elizabeth (August 2013). "Mary Torres: First Hispanic Secretary of the ABA" (PDF). New Mexico Lawyer.
- ^ "Esther Lim to Serve as D.C. Bar President-Elect". Finnegan | Leading Intellectual Property (IP) Law Firm. Retrieved 2019-01-06.