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Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence

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The Right Honourable
The Lady Pethick-Lawrence
Pethick-Lawrence, c. 1910s
Born
Emmeline Pethick

21 October 1867
Clifton, Bristol, England
Died11 March 1954(1954-03-11) (aged 86)
Gomshall, Surrey, England
Known forCampaign for women's suffrage, co-founder of Votes for Women.
Political partyWomen's Social and Political Union, United Suffragists
SpouseFrederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence

Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, Baroness Pethick-Lawrence (née Pethick; 21 October 1867 – 11 March 1954[1]) was a British women's rights activist and suffragette.

Early life

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Pethick-Lawrence was born in Bristol as Emmeline Pethick. Her father, Henry Pethick, was a businessman, a merchant of South American hide, who became owner of the Weston Gazette, and a Weston town commissioner. She was the second of 13 children, and was sent away to boarding school at the age of eight.[2] Her younger sister, Dorothy Pethick (the tenth child), was also a suffragette.[3]

Career and marriage

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From 1891 to 1895, Pethick worked as a "sister of the people" for the West London Methodist Mission at Cleveland Hall, near Fitzroy Square. She helped Mary Neal run a girls' club at the mission. In 1895, she and Mary Neal left the mission to co-found the Espérance Club, a club for young women and girls that would not be subject to the constraints of the mission, and could experiment with dance and drama.[4] Pethick also started Maison Espérance, a dressmaking cooperative with a minimum wage, an eight-hour day and a holiday scheme.

Pethick married Frederick Lawrence in 1901 after he changed his political views to be more Liberal. The couple took the joint name Pethick-Lawrence and kept separate bank accounts to give them autonomy.[5]

Activism

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Votes for Women, the suffragette newspaper founded by the Pethick-Lawrences
Pethick-Lawrence, left, with Women at the Hague in 1915, including Jane Addams and Annie E. Molloy

Pethick-Lawrence was a member of the Suffrage Society and was introduced to Emmeline Pankhurst in 1906. She became treasurer of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), which Pankurst had founded in 1903, and raised £134,000 over six years.[6]

Pethick-Lawrence attended a number of events with Pankhurst including the aborted visit to the Prime Minister in late June 1908, along with Jessie Stephenson, Florence Haig, Maud Joachim and Mary Phillips after which there was some violent treatment of women protestors, and a number of arrests.[7]

Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, 1921

Pethick-Lawrence founded the publication Votes for Women with her husband in 1907. The couple was arrested and imprisoned in 1912 for conspiracy following demonstrations that involved breaking windows, even though they had disagreed with that form of action.

In 1908, together with Beatrice Sanders and Mrs Knight, Pethick-Lawrence organised WSPU's first Week of Self-Denial, where supporters of the suffragette movement were asked to go without certain necessities for a week, donating the money saved to the WSPU.[8]

In April 1913, Frederick Pethick-Lawrence was made bankrupt after he refused to pay the £900 costs of the prosecutions of Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, himself and Emmeline Pankhurst in the Old Bailey for conspiracy to commit property damage. The Irish Times noted mordantly "This step does not mean that Mr Pethick-Lawrence is insolvent, because he is a wealthy man.[9]

After being released from prison, the Pethick-Lawrences were unceremoniously ousted from the WSPU by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel, because of their ongoing disagreement over the more radical forms of activism that the Pethick-Lawrences opposed. Her sister Dorothy Pethick also left the WSPU in protest at their treatment, having previously taken part and been imprisoned for militant action.[3] The Pethick-Lawrences then joined Agnes Harben and others starting the United Suffragists,[6] which took over the publication of Votes for Women and was open to women and men, militants and non-militants alike.[10]

In 1938 Pethick-Lawrence published her memoirs, which discuss the radicalization of the suffrage movement just before the First World War.[11] She was involved in the setting up of the Suffragette Fellowship with Edith How-Martyn to document the movement.[12]

In 1945, she became Lady Pethick-Lawrence when her husband was made a baron.[13]

Pethick-Lawrence died in 1954 following a heart attack.[14]

In 1976 the historian, Brian Harrison, conducted various interviews related to the Pethwick-Lawrence's as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews.[15] Elizabeth Kempster was employed as their housekeeper in 1945 following an interview at Lincoln's Inn, and worked at their home, Fourways, in Surrey, where Sylvia Pankhurst was a frequent visitor. She talks about Pethick-Lawrence's character, appearance, interests and frailty. Gladys Groom-Smith, interviewed in June and August 1976, was secretary to the Pethick-Lawrence's, working alongside Esther Knowles who trained her. She talks about Pethick-Lawrence's role as a speaker in the No More War Movement, and the Pethick-Lawrence's work and marriage, lifestyle and friendships, including with Henry Harben and Victor Duval. Harrison also interviewed the niece of Esther Knowles, who recalled her Aunt's relationship with the Pethick-Lawrence's and her work for them.

Posthumous recognition

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Pethick-Lawrence's name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018.[16][17][18]

A blue plaque was unveiled in Pethick-Lawrence's honour by Weston Town Council and Weston Civic Society in March 2020. It was placed on a wall Lewisham House, Weston-super-Mare (known as 'Trewartha' when she lived there for fourteen years as a child).[19]

Foundations, organisations and settlements

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence © Orlando Project". cambridge.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  2. ^ "Emmeline-Pethick-Lawrence · Weston-super-Mare Blue Plaques". wsm-tc.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Dorothy Pethick · Suffragette Stories". suffragettestories.omeka.net. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  4. ^ Judge, Roy (1989). "Mary Neal and the Espérance Morris" (PDF). Folk Music Journal. 5 (5): 548. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  5. ^ a b Brian Harrison, 'Lawrence, Emmeline Pethick-, Lady Pethick-Lawrence (1867–1954)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2006. Accessed 17 November 2007.
  6. ^ a b Uglow, Jennifer S. (1985). "Pethick-Lawrence, Emmeline". The International Dictionary of Women's Biography. New York: Continuum. pp. 370–371. ISBN 0-8264-0192-9.
  7. ^ Atkinson, Diane (105). Rise up, women!: the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781408844045. OCLC 1016848621.
  8. ^ "Women paint the country red". Dundee Courier. Dundee, UK. 12 February 1931. p. 3.
  9. ^ Irish Times 3 May 1913
  10. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (1999). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928. UCL Press. pp. 269–271. ISBN 978-1-84142-031-8.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence (1938). My Part in a Changing World. London.
  12. ^ "Museum of London | Free museum in London". collections.museumoflondon.org.uk. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  13. ^ Rappaport, Helen (2001). "Pethick-Lawrence, Emmeline". Encyclopedia of women social reformers. 1. [A – L]. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 548. ISBN 978-1-57607-101-4.
  14. ^ London School of Economics and Political Science. "The Suffrage Interviews". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  15. ^ London School of Economics and Political Science. "The Suffrage Interviews". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  16. ^ "Historic statue of suffragist leader Millicent Fawcett unveiled in Parliament Square". Gov.uk. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  17. ^ Topping, Alexandra (24 April 2018). "First statue of a woman in Parliament Square unveiled". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  18. ^ "Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth". iNews. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  19. ^ Woodsford, Henry (12 March 2020). "Blue plaque unveiled to honour leading suffragist". Weston Mercury. Retrieved 12 March 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
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