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Electoral history of the Labour Party (UK)

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Clement Attlee, who led the Labour Party's first majority government

The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Formed in 1900, it is one of the two main political parties along with the Conservative Party. In all general elections since 1918, Labour has been either the governing party or the Official Opposition. Since the 2010 general election, Labour was the second largest party in the UK for 14 years until the 2024 United Kingdom General election. Since 1918, Labour have formed 13 governments.

This article encompasses detailed results of previous UK general elections, devolved national elections in Scotland and Wales, devolved London elections and European Parliament elections which the Labour Party have participated in.

Background

[edit]
Main article: Labour Party (UK)
Keir Hardie, a founder of the Labour Party and its first parliamentary leader

The Labour Party was founded at a conference in February 1900 in London as the Labour Representation Committee (LRC).[1] The party was formed as an alliance between trade unions, ethical socialists and state socialists.[1] Following the 1906 general election, the LRC became the current Labour Party.[2]

Labour are one of the two main political parties in the United Kingdom, along with the Conservative Party. The Labour Party sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum.[8] In all general elections since 1918, Labour has been either the governing party or the Official Opposition.[9] There have been six Labour prime ministers.[7] Since 1918, Labour have formed 12 governments, compared to 13 for the Conservatives within this period.[10]

National results

[edit]

UK general elections

[edit]
1918 Labour Party election poster
A graph showing the percentage of the popular vote received by major parties in general elections (1832–2005)

The voting system for general elections in the UK is the first past the post system.[11] The first general election the party faced, then the Labour Representation Committee, was only six months after the inauguration of the party.[12] Fifteen LRC candidates were put forward for the election, two of which were elected in 1900.[12] In 1903, the Secretary of the LRC Ramsay MacDonald and the Liberal Party's Chief Whip Herbert Gladstone formed a secret electoral pact between the two parties.[13] The party continued to grow over the following decade and by the December 1910 general election, Labour had 42 MPs.[14][15]

Following the 1918 general election, Labour became the Official Opposition after the Conservatives went into coalition with the Liberal Party.[9] Labour's first minority governments came following the 1923 and 1929 general elections, the latter being the first time Labour were the largest party in parliament by seats won.[9] They formed their first majority government following the 1945 general election.[9] However, after winning the 1950 general election, Labour would lose the following election in 1951 to the Conservatives despite gaining their highest share of votes to date at 48.8%.[9] During the 1983 election, Labour posted their worst vote share in the post-war period at 27.6%.[9] In 1997, a party record of 418 Labour MPs were elected.[9] After losing power after the 2010 general election, Labour lost four consecutive general elections.[16][9] At the 2019 general election, 202 Labour MPs were elected, the lowest for the party since 1935.[9] At the 2024 general election, Labour returned to power after winning the election with a 174 seat majority.[17]

See also: Elections in the United Kingdom § General elections
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Election Leader[18] Votes Seats Position Result Ref
No. Share No. ± Share
1900 Keir Hardie 62,698 1.8
2 / 670
 Increase 2 0.3 4th Conservative–Liberal Unionist [19]
1906 321,663 5.7
29 / 670
 Increase 27 4.3 Steady 4th Liberal [20]
January 1910 Arthur Henderson 505,657 7.6
40 / 670
 Increase 11 6.0 Steady 4th Liberal minority [21]
December 1910 George Nicoll Barnes 371,802 7.1
42 / 670
 Increase 2 6.3 Steady 4th Liberal minority [15]
1918[a] William Adamson 2,245,777 20.8
57 / 707
 Increase 15 8.1 Steady 4th Coalition Liberal–Conservative [25]
1922 J. R. Clynes 4,237,349 29.7
142 / 615
 Increase 85 23.1 Increase 2nd Conservative [27]
1923 Ramsay MacDonald 4,439,780 30.7
191 / 615
 Increase 49 30.1 Steady 2nd Labour minority [29]
1924 5,489,087 33.3
151 / 615
 Decrease 40 24.6 Steady 2nd Conservative [31]
1929[b] 8,370,417 37.1
287 / 615
 Increase 136 47.0 Increase 1st Labour minority [34]
1931 Arthur Henderson 6,649,630 30.9
52 / 615
 Decrease 235 8.5 Decrease 2nd Conservative–Liberal–National Labour [36]
1935 Clement Attlee 8,325,491 38.0
154 / 615
 Increase 102 25.0 Steady 2nd Conservative–Liberal National–National Labour [38]
1945 11,967,746 48.0
393 / 640
 Increase 239 61.0 Increase 1st Labour [23]
1950 13,266,176 46.1
315 / 625
 Decrease 78 50.4 Steady 1st Labour [23]
1951 13,948,883 48.8
295 / 625
 Decrease 20 47.2 Decrease 2nd Conservative [23]
1955 12,405,254 46.4
277 / 630
 Decrease 18 44.0 Steady 2nd Conservative [23]
1959 Hugh Gaitskell 12,216,172 43.8
258 / 630
 Decrease 19 40.1 Steady 2nd Conservative [23]
1964 Harold Wilson 12,205,808 44.1
317 / 630
 Increase 59 50.3 Increase 1st Labour [23]
1966 13,096,629 48.0
364 / 630
 Increase 47 57.8 Steady 1st Labour [23]
1970[c] 12,208,758 43.1
288 / 630
 Decrease 76 45.7 Decrease 2nd Conservative [23]
February 1974 11,645,616 37.2
301 / 635
 Increase 13 47.4 Increase 1st Labour minority [23]
October 1974 11,457,079 39.3
319 / 635
 Increase 18 50.2 Steady 1st Labour [23]
1979 James Callaghan 11,532,218 36.9
269 / 635
 Decrease 50 42.4 Decrease 2nd Conservative [23]
1983 Michael Foot 8,456,934 27.6
209 / 650
 Decrease 60 32.2 Steady 2nd Conservative [40]
1987 Neil Kinnock 10,029,807 30.8
229 / 650
 Increase 20 35.2 Steady 2nd Conservative [41]
1992 11,560,484 34.4
271 / 651
 Increase 42 41.6 Steady 2nd Conservative [42]
1997 Tony Blair 13,518,167 43.2
418 / 659
 Increase 145 63.6 Increase 1st Labour [43]
2001 10,724,953 40.7
412 / 659
 Decrease 6 62.7 Steady 1st Labour [44]
2005 9,552,436 35.2
355 / 646
 Decrease 47 55.0 Steady 1st Labour [45]
2010 Gordon Brown 8,606,517 29.0
258 / 650
 Decrease 90 40.0 Decrease 2nd Conservative–Liberal Democrats[46] [47]
2015 Ed Miliband 9,347,324 30.4
232 / 650
 Decrease 26 35.7 Steady 2nd Conservative [50]
2017 Jeremy Corbyn 12,877,918 40.0
262 / 650
 Increase 30 40.3 Steady 2nd Conservative minority
(with DUP confidence and supply)[51] 		[52]
2019 10,269,051 32.1
202 / 650
 Decrease 60 31.1 Steady 2nd Conservative [53]
2024 Keir Starmer 9,704,655 33.7
411 / 650
 Increase 209 63.2 Increase 1st Labour [54]
Note
  1. ^ The first election held under the Representation of the People Act 1918 in which all men over 21, and most women over the age of 30 could vote, and therefore a much larger electorate.[22]
  2. ^ First election held under the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 which gave all women aged over 21 the vote.[32]
  3. ^ Franchise extended to all 18- to 20-year-olds under the Representation of the People Act 1969.[39]

Devolved national elections

[edit]

Scottish Parliament elections

[edit]
See also: Scottish Parliament and Scottish Labour

Following a referendum on devolution in September 1997, the Scottish people voted 'Yes' leading to the Scotland Act 1998.[55][56] This act led to the formation of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.[57] After Scotland voted 'No' in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, additional powers were devolved to the Scottish Parliament after the Scotland Act 2016 reached royal assent.[56] Elections to determine the composition of the Parliament take place once every five years under the additional member system.[57] Overall, there are 73 constituency members (MSPs) and 56 regional members elected.[57] Before 2016, elections were held every four years.[57]

In the inaugural two elections, Labour were the largest party and formed a coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats on both occasions.[57] However, Labour narrowly lost the 2007 election to the Scottish National Party (SNP).[57] By seats won, Labour have been the third largest party in the Scottish Parliament behind the SNP and Conservatives since 2016.[57] In the most recent election in 2021, Labour suffered their worst defeat in Holyrood after returning 22 MSPs.[58]

Year Leader Votes % share of votes
(constituency) 		% share of votes
(list) 		Seats Change Position Resulting government Ref
1999 Donald Dewar 908,346 38.8 33.6
56 / 129
 — 1st Labour–Liberal Democrats [57]
2003 Jack McConnell 663,585 34.6 29.3
50 / 129
 Decrease 6 Steady 1st Labour–Liberal Democrats [57]
2007 648,374 32.1 29.2
46 / 129
 Decrease 4 Decrease 2nd SNP minority [57]
2011 Iain Gray 630,461 31.7 26.3
37 / 129
 Decrease 9 Steady 2nd SNP majority [57]
2016 Kezia Dugdale 514,261 22.6 19.1
24 / 129
 Decrease 13 Decrease 3rd SNP minority [57]
2021 Anas Sarwar 584,392 21.7 18.9
22 / 129
 Decrease 2 Steady 3rd SNP minority[a] [57]
  1. ^ From 2021 to 2024, there was a cooperation agreement between the incumbent SNP and the Scottish Greens.[59]

Senedd elections

[edit]
See also: Senedd and Welsh Labour

As part of Labour's 1997 winning UK general election manifesto, Labour committed to devolving power to Wales and Scotland subject to public consent from referendums.[60] In July 1997, Labour released its white paper for devolution in Wales.[60] This devolution deal would include 60 elected members who would take responsibility for £7 billion of funding.[60] Furthermore, this new Assembly would have the right to pass secondary legislation in order to modify already existing laws.[60] The devolution plans were endorsed by the public in the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum by 50.3% of the vote.[60] The Government of Wales Act 1998 would receive royal assent with the Assembly to be formed following the first election in May 1999.[60]

In 1999, the Welsh Assembly or Senedd Cymru was founded.[61] From 1999 until 2011, Welsh Assembly elections were held once every four years, they are now held every five years.[61] 40 Constituency Assembly Members (AMs) and 20 regional Assembly Members are elected at each election.[61] The current voting system is the additional member system.[61]

At every Senedd election, Labour has received the most votes and seats at each election, but has never formed a clear majority of seats.[61] Labour formed a coalition with the Welsh Liberal Democrats from 2000 to 2003.[61] From 2003 to 2007, Labour governed alone as a minority administration before serving in coalition with Plaid Cymru from 2007 to 2011.[61] Labour have governed alone as a minority administration since 2011.[61] Since 2021, Labour have had a formal cooperation agreement with Plaid Cymru to help pass budgets and to work together on several policy areas.[62]

Year Leader[60][63] % share of votes
(constituency)		 % share of votes
(list)		 Seats won Change Position Resulting government Ref
1999 Alun Michael 37.6 35.4
28 / 60
 — 1st Labour–Liberal Democrats[a] [61]
2003 Rhodri Morgan 40.0 36.6
30 / 60
 Increase 2 Steady 1st Labour minority [61]
2007 32.2 29.6
26 / 60
 Decrease 4 Steady 1st Labour–Plaid Cymru [61]
2011 Carwyn Jones 42.3 36.9
30 / 60
 Increase 4 Steady 1st Labour minority [61]
2016 34.7 31.5
29 / 60
 Decrease 1 Steady 1st Labour minority [61]
2021 Mark Drakeford 39.9 36.2
30 / 60
 Increase 1 Steady 1st Labour minority [61]
  1. ^ Following the 1999 election, Labour initially formed a minority administration, however, by 2000 Labour had formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats.

Devolved regional elections

[edit]

London Assembly elections

[edit]
See also: London Assembly and London Labour Party

London Assembly elections are held every four years.[64] Overall, there are 14 constituency members and 11 London-wide members who are elected by a party-list system.[64] The voting system is the additional member system.[64][65] The assembly holds the mayor of London to account through London Assembly committees and also votes on the mayor's budget.[65] The first London Assembly election was held in 2000.[64] Labour gained the most seats out of all of the parties in 2012 (12), 2016 (12), 2021 (11) and 2024 (11).[64][66]

Year Assembly leader % share of votes
(constituency) 		% share of votes
(list) 		Seats Change Position Ref
2000 Toby Harris 31.6 30.3
9 / 25
 — 1st [64]
2004 24.7 25.0
7 / 25
 Decrease 2 Decrease 2nd [64]
2008 Len Duvall 28.0 27.6
8 / 25
 Increase 1 Steady 2nd [64]
2012 42.3 41.1
12 / 25
 Increase 4 Increase 1st [64]
2016 42.3 41.1
12 / 25
 Steady Steady 1st [64]
2021[a] 41.7 38.1
11 / 25
 Decrease 1 Steady 1st [64]
2024 39.8 38.4
11 / 25
 Steady Steady 1st [66]
  1. ^ This election was originally due to be held in 2020 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[64]

London mayoral elections

[edit]
See also: Mayor of London
Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London since 2016

Elections to decide the Mayor of London have taken place since 2000.[67] Ken Livingstone won the inaugural mayoral election as an independent candidate, ahead of the Conservative Party in second place and the Labour Party in third. He would later become the candidate for Labour in 2004, 2008 and 2012.[67] Livingstone won for Labour in 2004 before losing to the Conservative candidate, Boris Johnson in both 2008 and 2012.[67] These elections take place every four years with the incumbent mayor being Sadiq Khan of the Labour Party since 2016.[67] The voting system for the mayoral elections from 2000 until 2021 was the supplementary vote system.[67] However, for the election in 2024, the first past the post system was used instead.[67] In 2024, Khan won a third successive term.[68]

Year Mayoral candidate Vote total Vote share (%) Mayoralty Ref
2000 Frank Dobson – – ✗ [67]
2004 Ken Livingstone 828,390 55.4 ✓ [67]
2008 1,029,406 46.8 ✗ [67]
2012 992,273 48.5 ✗ [67]
2016 Sadiq Khan 1,310,143 56.8 ✓ [67]
2021[a] 1,206,034 55.2 ✓ [67]
2024 1,088,225 43.8 ✓ [69]
  1. ^ This election was originally due to be held in 2020 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[67]

Combined authority elections

[edit]

The first 'combined authority elections' took place in 2017 to determine six elected mayors (Metro-mayors) of different combined authorities in England.[70] These elections stemmed from the 'devolution deals' policy announced by George Osborne in 2014.[70] Combined authorities are local government institutions formed by two or more local councils.[71]

The system of voting for these elections was originally the supplementary vote system.[70] Ahead of the 2023 local elections, the first past the post system replaced the supplementary vote system for future combined authority elections.[72] As of August 2024, there are ten Labour Party Metro Mayors in: Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, Greater Manchester, East Midlands, Liverpool City region, North-East, Sheffield City region, West Midlands, West of England, West Yorkshire and York and North Yorkshire.[73] Comparatively, there is one Conservative Party Metro Mayor which is in the Tees Valley region.[73]

Year Mayoralties won Change Ref
2017
2 / 6
 Increase 2 [74]
2018
1 / 1
 Decrease 1 [75]
2019
1 / 1
 Steady 1 [76]
2021
5 / 7
 Increase 2 [77]
2022
1 / 1
 Increase 1 [78]
2024
8 / 9
 Increase 1 [79]

European

[edit]

European Parliament elections

[edit]
See also: European Parliament and Elections to the European Parliament

During the UK's membership of the European Union (1973–2020), the UK participated in European Parliament elections, held every five years from 1979 until 2019.[80] Elections to the European Parliament began in 1979, and were held under the first past the post system until the 1994 election.[80] From 1999 onwards, a regional list system of proportional representation system was used.[80]

Labour's best result was the 1994 election in terms of numbers of MEPs elected (62/87) and vote share (44%).[80] The party earned more votes in 2004 than in 1999 but their vote share fell due to a higher turnout.[80] In 2009, Labour finished behind the Conservatives and UKIP.[80]

Year Leader[18] Votes % share of votes Seats Change Position Ref
1979 James Callaghan 4,253,207 33
17 / 81
 — 2nd [80]
1984 Neil Kinnock 4,865,261 37
32 / 81
 Increase 15 Steady 2nd [80]
1989 6,153,661 40
45 / 81
 Increase 13 Increase 1st [80]
1994 Margaret Beckett[a] 6,753,881 44
62 / 87
 Increase 17 Steady 1st [80]
1999[b][80] Tony Blair 2,803,820 28.0[81]
29 / 87
 Decrease 33 Decrease 2nd [80]
2004 3,718,683 22.6[82]
19 / 78
 Decrease 10 Steady 2nd [80]
2009 Gordon Brown 2,381,760 15.7[83]
13 / 72
 Decrease 6 Decrease 3rd [80]
2014 Ed Miliband 4,020,646 25.4[84]
20 / 73
 Increase 7 Increase 2nd [80]
2019 Jeremy Corbyn 2,347,255 14.1[85]
10 / 73
 Decrease 10 Decrease 3rd [80]
  1. ^ Margaret Beckett was leader ad interim.
  2. ^ Electoral system changed from first past the post to proportional representation.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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