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Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Greater Antilles

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Hurricane Ivan
Satellite image of Hurricane Ivan passing south of Jamaica, its clouds covering Jamaica and southern Cuba
Category 5 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds165 mph (270 km/h)
Lowest pressure910 mbar (hPa); 26.87 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities24 direct
Damage$4.42 billion (2004 USD)
Areas affectedPuerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Cuba
Part of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season
History

Effects

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From September 8 to 14, 2004, Hurricane Ivan moved through the Caribbean Sea, affecting all of the Greater Antilles. Reaching peak winds of 165 mph (266 km/h), Ivan attained Category 5 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, the strongest possible category, on three times in the Caribbean. It first lashed the southern coasts of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola with high waves, killing five people in the Dominican Republic and Haiti; in the latter country, two others drowned due to storm flooding. The effects in Jamaica were among the worst from a tropical cyclone in the island's recorded history. The storm caused severe damage which left 18,000 people homeless. An estimated 17 people on the island were killed by Ivan.

Preparations

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On September 8, Hurricane Ivan crossed Grenada into the eastern Caribbean Sea. It vacillated in intensity, ultimately reaching peak winds of 165 mph (266 km/h), which is a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. That day, a tropical storm watch was issued for the southern Dominican Republic from Santo Domingo to the country's border with Haiti. A hurricane watch also issued for the southern Haiti coastline, as well as for Jamaica. On September 9, a hurricane warning was issued for Jamaica and the Cayman Islands, a tropical storm warning was issued for western Haiti, and a hurricane watch was issued for southwestern Dominican Republic. Hurricane Ivan passed just south of Jamaica on September 11 and just south of the Cayman Islands on the next day. By September 11, all of western Cuba, including Isla de la Juventud, was under a hurricane warning, and Ivan passed just southwest of the western tip of Cuba on September 14.[1]

The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization distributed four emergency kits to southern Haiti due to Ivan's threat, capable of covering basic needs for 10,000 people each.[2] One flight from Port-au-Prince to Miami was canceled because of the storm,[3] and shelters were opened in Nippes,[4] housing 4,000 people.[5]

About 500,000 Jamaicans were told to evacuate from coastal areas.[6] Jamaican Prime Minister P.J. Patterson declared a public emergency,[7] saying that the nation had to "prepare for the worst-case scenario".[8] Schools and churches were converted into shelters, and the national blood bank requested residents to donate blood, in anticipation of potential injuries.[8] By September 10, over 1,000 individual shelters were set up throughout the country.[9] The Jamaican Government urged off-duty corrections officers to report to work.[8] Air Jamaica canceled all flights to and from the island, as well as inter-island flights; aircraft were transported to the United States until the storm passed.[10] The Mennonite Central Committee designated the equivalence of US$20,000 for assisting with potential damage.[11] Businesses in Kingston were closed, and fishermen secured their boats to trees.[12] Workers boarded up windows, and grocery stores remained open later than normal to allow for residents to purchase supplies.[13]

Officials in the Cayman Islands coordinated the distribution of information about Ivan with the media, the Meteorological Service, and the National Hurricane Committee of the Cayman. As a result, people evacuated the territory or sought refuge in emergency shelters. Cuban media broadcast weather bulletins directly from the Cuban National Forecasting Centre. President Fidel Castro appeared in TV programming about the storm. Nationwide, 2,266,068 people evacuated due to the threat from Hurricane Ivan, about 60% of whom to the houses of relatives. The extensive preparations was credited for the zero death toll during the hurricane.[14]

Puerto Rico and Hispaniola

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On September 8, Hurricane Ivan bypassed Puerto Rico about 300 mi (480 km) to the south. It generated high waves that washed rocks and debris ashore southern Puerto Rico near Salinas. A portion of Highway 109 was closed for 12 hours at Las Ochenta due to debris.[15] Along the southern coast of the Dominican Republic, high waves killed four people.[16] Strong surf also affected the southern coast of Haiti, causing damage to the port and wrecking three houses at Jacmel.[3] High waves killed one person, while two people drowned in floodwaters after refusing to evacuate their house.[5] Heavy storm rainfall, which reached 72 mm (2.8 in) at Les Cayes,[3] flooded irrigation channels along the Artibonite River in Haiti.[17] Throughout Haiti, Ivan damaged or destroyed the houses of 2,500 people, mostly on the Tiburon Peninsula.[5]

Jamaica

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On September 11 and into the following day, the center of Ivan passed just 23 mi (37 km) south of Portland Point – the southernmost point in Jamaica. The storm turned westward before affecting the island, and an eyewall replacement cycle weakened the intensity slightly, keeping the strongest Category 4 winds offshore. On Pedro Bank, located southwest of Jamaica, an anemometer recorded winds of 133 mph (214 km/h) averaged over ten minutes, before the instrument stopped reporting. Doppler weather radar suggested winds of 112 mph (180 km/h) in Jamaica's mountainous peaks. Ivan dropped torrential rainfall across the island that damaged rain gauges in southern Jamaica. The highest total was 28.37 in (721 mm) in Ritchies, located in northwestern Clarendon Parish.[1]

Throughout Jamaica, Hurricane Ivan killed 17 people and left $575 million in damage. Hurricane-force winds affected the entire island, while heavy rainfall triggered mudslides and flooding.[14] The storm destroyed 5,600 houses and damaged another 41,400, and most of the island's utilities were damaged.[1]

The storm was described as one of the most intense hurricanes in Jamaica's recorded history.[18] Ivan caused severe damage, damaging and destroying houses, and triggering mudslides that washed out roads. In Kingston, the winds downed trees and poles and caused flooding.[19] In Montego Bay, the Barnett River overflowed its banks; businesses were flooded with up to 4 feet (1.2 m) of water. Roads suffered flooding, and part of the A1 Road, the primary northern coastal highway, was washed away.[20] Along the coast, 23 ft (7.0 m) were reported, and in Kingston, several large trees were brought down. Tiles on the Jamaica Pegasus Hotel were blown off and broken,[21] and waves flooded a causeway to an airport near Kingston that was closed and evacuated.[22]

Due to a shift Ivan's track, the capital city of Kingston was spared from extreme damage.[23] However, flooding in the city was deemed a "major catastrophe".[24] Some roads throughout the region were left impassible due to downed trees and utility poles.[25] The majority of tourism and resort areas suffered "mainly cosmetic damage and all structures remained primarily intact".[26] In the aftermath of the storm, looters were reported roaming the streets of Jamaica's capital city, Kingston, robbing emergency workers at gunpoint.[27] Overall, Ivan left 18,000 people homeless as a result of the flood waters and high winds.[1]

Cayman Islands

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As a Category 5 hurricane, Ivan passed just 25 mi (40 km) southwest of George Town, the capital of the Cayman Islands, on September 12. Sustained winds there reached 150 mph (240 km/h), with gusts to 171 mph (275 km/h). The 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m) storm surge, in addition to waves 20 to 30 ft (6.1 to 9.1 m) waves, submerged nearly all of Grand Cayman, except for the extreme northeastern portion of the island. Owen Roberts International Airport and several homes were inundated by the floodwaters from the surge. Rainfall also reached 12.14 in (308 mm) on Grand Cayman. On Cayman Brac to the northeast of Grand Cayman, Ivan produced wind gusts of 67 mph (108 km/h) and 4.92 in (125 mm) of rainfall.[1]

During the storm, meteorologists from Jamaica used satellite telephones to take over issuing warnings for the Cayman Islands, after the archipelago was severely damaged. The extensive storm preparations was credited with a low death toll of two people, despite the intense winds and flooding. Damage in the territory was estimated at $3.5 billion.[14] Despite building codes similar to southern Florida, the strong winds damaged or destroyed 95% of buildings.[1]

Cuba

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Satellite image of Hurricane Ivan passing through the Yucatán Channel between Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula

Although the center of Ivan had pass through the Yucatán Channel as a Category 5 hurricane, its core approached within 17 mi (27 km) of Cape San Antonio, the westernmost point of Cuba,[1] which briefly experienced the edge of the eyewall.[14] A station there recorded sustained winds of 110 mph (180 km/h), with gusts to 119 mph (192 km/h), before the instrument failed; peak gusts at the location were estimated at 168 mph (270 km/h).[1][14] Winds of major hurricane-force, reaching over 115 mph (185 km/h), occurred about 10 mi (16 km) from the westernmost point in Cuba, which is where the heaviest damage occurred. Hurricane-force spread 56 mi (90 km) east of Cape San Antonio across western Pinar del Río Province, affecting the municipalities of Sandino and Mantua. Tropical storm-force winds extended 140 mi (230 km) from Cape San Antonio into Artemisa Province and Isla de la Juventud, lasting 47 hours at the latter location while the hurricane passed 110 mi (180 km) to the southwest.[14] A 6 to 12 ft (1.8 to 3.7 m) storm surge washed ashore the southern coast,[1] causing flooding along the coast and in low-lying areas. The surge first affected Granma and Santiago de Cuba provinces while Ivan was south of Jamaica. The offshore island of Cayo Largo del Sur recorded 16 ft (5 m) during the storm.[14] During Ivan, rainfall reached 13.33 inches (339 mm) in Isabel Rubio, and several areas recorded over 4 inches (100 mm).[14]

Throughout Cuba, Hurricane Ivan left $1.223 billion in damage, but no deaths. The storm caused widespread damage to crops, power systems, and homes. In Santiago de Cuba in the eastern portion of the country, heavy rainfall caused landslides.[14] In western Pinar del Río Province, Ivan's strong winds shredded the roofs of several homes. The heavy rainfall flooded houses and farms, causing mudslides that cut off two houses.[1]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stacy R. Stewart. Hurricane Ivan Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  2. ^ "UN agencies hurry relief preparations as deadly Hurricane Ivan crosses Caribbean". ReliefWeb. United Nations News Agency. September 8, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c Hurricane Ivan Situation Report #5: 10 Sep 2004. Pan American Health Organization (Report). ReliefWeb. September 10, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  4. ^ Caribbean: Hurricane Ivan Preliminary Appeal No. 21/04 Operations Update No. 2. International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (Report). ReliefWeb. September 11, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c Hurricane Ivan kills three in Haiti (Report). ReliefWeb. September 13, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2016 – via Agence France-Presse.
  6. ^ Jamaica Observer (September 10, 2004). "500,000 to evacuate". Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  7. ^ Staff Writer (2004-09-11). "Ivan Rages Across Jamaica". CBS News. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  8. ^ a b c Manuel Roig-Franzia and Catharine Skipp (2004-09-10). "Jamaicans Hurriedly Brace For Fury of Hurricane Ivan". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  9. ^ Agence France-Presse (2004). "Half-million Jamaicans may be evacuated". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 2006-04-17. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  10. ^ Agence France-Presse (2004). "Jamaica in cross hairs of deadly Hurricane Ivan". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 2006-04-17. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  11. ^ Mennonite Central Committee (2004). "MCC prepares response to hurricane in Jamaica". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  12. ^ Horace Helps (2004). "Ferocious Hurricane Ivan begins to lash Jamaica". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  13. ^ "Jamaicans ordered to flee direct hit from hurricane Ivan". IOL. 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-09.[permanent dead link‍]
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Informes Sobre Huracanes, Tormentas Tropicales, Perturbaciones Tropicales e Inundaciones Asociadas con esos Fenómenos Durante 2004" (PDF). RA IV Hurricane Committee Twenty-Seventh Session, Final Report (Report) (in Spanish). World Meteorological Organization. 2005. page 7-8, 12, Appendix IV pages 11–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2012.
  15. ^ "High Surf Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  16. ^ "Four killed in Dominican Republic in Ivan's rough waters". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. September 9, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  17. ^ MINUSTAH and the Haitian Govt work together to identify damages caused by Hurricane Ivan. United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (Report). September 11, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  18. ^ Staff Writer (2004-09-11). "Jamaica counts cost of hurricane". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  19. ^ "Hurricane Ivan wrecks Jamaica". TrinidadandTobagoNews. 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  20. ^ "Hurricane Ivan Pounds Jamaica". Fox News. Associated Press. 2004-09-11. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  21. ^ "Hurricane Ivan Pummels Jamaica; 39 Dead". redOrbit.com. Associated Press. 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  22. ^ Carol J. Williams (2004-09-11). "A Deadly Hurricane Ivan Slams Into Jamaica". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  23. ^ Scott Simon (2004). "Hurricane Ivan Pounds Jamaica". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  24. ^ "Ivan's Rains Pound Jamaica". Washington Post. 2004-09-11. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
  25. ^ Jeremy Collymore; et al. (2004). "SITREP #04JM – Effects of Hurricane Ivan on Jamaica". Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  26. ^ "Jamaica's Tourism Industry Looks to the Future as Eye of Hurricane Ivan Skirts the Island". Caribbean Edge Magazine. 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
  27. ^ United States Department of State. U.S. Gives Jamaica $450,000 for School Equipment and Supplies. Archived 2005-05-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2005-02-16.
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