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Effects of Hurricane Georges in Haiti

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Hurricane Georges
Georges at landfall in the Dominican Republic as a Category 3 hurricane
Category 1 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds75 mph (120 km/h)
Lowest pressure990 mbar (hPa); 29.23 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities209
Damage$200 million (1998 USD)
Areas affectedHaiti
Part of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season
History

Effects

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The effects of Hurricane Georges in Haiti included about $200 million (1998 USD) in damages and 209 fatalities. Georges impacted the country at Category 1 strength.

Background

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Main articles: Hurricane Georges and Meteorological history of Hurricane Georges
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Georges began as a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa during mid-September 1998. Tracking westward, the wave spawned an area of low pressure two days later, which quickly strengthened into a tropical depression. On September 16, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Georges, and to Hurricane Georges the next day. The storm reached its peak intensity on September 20 with winds of 155 mph (249 km/h), just below Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[1]

Over the following five days, the hurricane tracked through the Greater Antilles, causing over 600 fatalities, mainly in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. By September 25, Georges entered the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane. The storm made landfall three days later near Biloxi, Mississippi with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h). Upon landfall, the hurricane's forward motion slowed to an eastward drift. Georges continued to diminish until it completely died down on October 1 near the Atlantic coast of Florida.[1]

Preparations

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A hurricane warning was first issued on September 21, and ended on September 23.[1] Haiti declared a state of alert on September 22, with businesses and schools being closed down and schools being used for possible shelters.[2][3]

Impact

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Georges was already a weakened hurricane upon reaching Haiti, but cities and other areas of low elevation were still in danger of high winds, mudslides, and flooding. Haiti's capital received minimal damage, although there was flooding in low-lying areas and the main commercial port was damaged.[4] The rest of the country, however, experienced a significant number of flash floods due to deforestation along the mountains.[5] Mudslides destroyed or severely damaged many houses, leaving 167,332 homeless.[1] Floods left the greatest impact along the northern coastline from Cap-Haïtien to Gonaïves.[5] On the southern coast, the head of a U.S.-based medical team, stranded for several days by flooding in the remote town of Belle-Anse, anticipated a rise in malnutrition, disease, homelessness and poverty.[6] Hurricane Georges caused citizens to have no access to clean water, which added to the already unsanitary conditions from dirty flood water and rampant diseases.[7] In all, there were 209 fatalities, although there could be more.[1] The cause of deaths was mainly due to the poor infrastructure in the country and the spread of diseases along with malnutrition.[8]

Like in the Dominican Republic, the agricultural sector suffered extreme damage. After a severe drought in 1997, severe flooding from the hurricane stopped any chances of recovering quickly. Most of the country's significant crop land, including Artibonite Valley, suffered total losses. Up to 80% of banana plantations were lost, while vegetable, roots, tubers, and other food crops were destroyed. In addition, thousands of livestock were missing.[9] Total agricultural losses amounted to $179 million (1998 USD, $281 million 2019 USD).[10]

Aftermath

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The country requested food assistance in the aftermath of the hurricane to alleviate the serious losses.[9] Organizations such as the BHR/OFDA offered monetary assistance and provided limited amounts of resources such as blankets, water, and plastic sheeting.[11] CWS sent some of its members to Haiti to scope the extent of aid needed and provided kits containing cleaning supplies and toiletries.[12] CWS and FEMA partnered together to gather volunteers and oversee rebuilding efforts.[13] Cuba provided medical assistance and gave additional training to Haitian doctors through an agreement made with Haiti.[14]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e John L. Guiney (January 5, 1999). "Hurricane Georges Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  2. ^ "Hurricane Georges strikes Dominican Republic; Haiti alert". September 24, 1998. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  3. ^ "Georges tears across Dominican Republic". CNN. September 22, 1998. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  4. ^ "ReliefWeb: Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Haiti – Hurricane Georges Fact Sheet #2". 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  5. ^ a b "Haiti: Hurricane Death Toll Hits 147". 2007-10-11. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  6. ^ "The Impact of Hurricane Georges on Haiti" (PDF). September 27, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
  7. ^ "ReliefWeb: Impact Situation Report – Hurricane Georges – Republic of Haiti". 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  8. ^ "Haiti's Hurricane History | Weather Underground". www.wunderground.com. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  9. ^ a b Economic and Social Development Department (October 13, 1998). "Hurricane "Georges" Causes Extensive Crop Damage in Caribbean Countries". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  10. ^ Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (October 8, 1998). "Eastern Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Haiti - Hurricane Georges Fact Sheet #9, Fiscal Year (FY) 1999". United States Agency for International Development. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
  11. ^ "Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Haiti – Hurricane Georges Fact Sheet #9". ReliefWeb. October 8, 1998. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  12. ^ "Expanded emergency appeal : Hurricane Georges – Cuba". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
  13. ^ "NCC/CWS Channels Aid to Caribbean Following Hurricane Georges". www.ncccusa.org. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  14. ^ Kirk, Emily; Kirk, John (2010). "One of the World's Best Kept Secrets: Cuban Medical Aid to Haiti". Cuban Studies. 41. University of Pittsburgh Press: 166–172. ISBN 9780822944010.
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