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Economy of Kerala

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Economy of Kerala
Aerial view of Cochin Shipyard
CurrencyIndian Rupee ₹
1 April – 31 March
Statistics
GDP₹11.6 lakh crore (US$140 billion) (2023-24 est.)[1]
GDP rank11th
GDP growth
6.6% (2022–23)[1]
GDP per capita
₹281,001 (US$3,400) (2023–24)[1]
GDP per capita rank
8th
GDP by sector
Agriculture 12%
Industry 23%
Services 66% (2021-22)[2]
Population below poverty line
Positive decrease 0.71% in poverty (2015–16)[3]
Decrease 0.752 high (2021) (1st)
UnemploymentPositive decrease 5.8%(May 2022)[4]
Main industries
Shipping, IT, Tea manufacturing Tourism, fishing and Retail etc.
Public finances
36.9% of GSDP (2023–24 est.)[1]
₹−39,662 crore (US$−4.8 billion) (3.5% of GSDP) (2023–24 est.)[2]
Revenues₹1.36 lakh crore (US$16 billion) (2023–24 est.)[2]
Expenses₹1.76 lakh crore (US$21 billion) (2023–24 est.)[1]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Kerala is the 9th largest in India, with an annual gross state product (GSP) of ₹9.78 lakh crore (US$131.98 billion) in 2020–2021.[2] Per-capita GSP of Kerala during the same period is ₹257,711 (US$3,100), the sixth largest in India.[1] In 2019–20, the tertiary sector contributed around 63% of the state's GSVA, compared to 28% by secondary sector, and 8% by primary sector.[5]

Kerala's high GDP and productivity figures with higher development figures is often dubbed the "Kerala Phenomenon" or the "Kerala Model" of development by economists, political scientists, and sociologists. This phenomenon arises mainly from Kerala's land reforms, social upliftment of entire communities initiated from the first democratic government of Kerala led by E. M. S. Namboodiripad and subsequently implemented by various governments ruled the state.[6] Kerala's economy is based on a social democratic welfare state.[7] Some, such as Financial Express, use the term "Money Order Economy".[8] Kerala is the second-most urbanised major state in the country with 47.7% urban population according to the 2011 Census of India, and has tried to maintain a pan-state economy rather than concentrating in some selected cities to develop.[9] Kerala is the second-least impoverished state in India according to the Annual Report of Reserve Bank of India published in 2013, only behind Goa.[10][11]

Kerala, which accounts for 2.8% of India's population and 1.2% of its land area, contributes more than 4% to the GDP of India. Thus, the southern state's per capita income is 60% higher than India's average. This has fuelled internal migration to Kerala for low-end jobs, even as Keralites have emigrated—mostly to the Gulf countries—in search of better-paying jobs. Around 3,000,000 Keralites are working abroad, mainly in Persian Gulf; to where migration started with the Gulf Boom. The Kerala Economy is therefore largely dependent on trade in services and resulted remittances.[12][13][14] In 2012, the state was the highest receiver of overall remittances to India which stood at Rs. 49,965 Crore (31.2% of the State's GDP), followed by Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.[15] The Migrant labourers in Kerala are a significant workforce in industrial and agricultural sectors of state. Kerala's economy was gradually shifting from an agrarian economy into a service-based one during the period between 1960 and 2020.

With 12.5% of the labour force unemployed in 2016, Kerala sank from being the 11th in unemployment in India in the year before to being 3rd in the country.[16] The 'Report on Fifth Annual Employment - Unemployment Survey for 2015-16' prepared by the Labour Bureau of the Union ministry of Labour and Employment indicates that Tripura had the highest unemployment rate of 19.7% in India, followed by Sikkim (18.1%) and Kerala (12.5%). In 2020 with unemployment rate around 5%, Kerala has managed to turn its fate around despite the COVID-19 pandemic affecting all sectors of the economy.[4] The state's poverty rate is exceptionally lowest in the country at 0.71%; and it houses the Kottayam district which is the only one in the country with zero poor residents.[17]

Macro-economic trend

[edit]
Marine Drive, Kochi
The city of Kochi is the largest financial, commercial, and industrial hub in Kerala, with the highest GDP as well as the highest GDP per capita in the state.[18][19]

The following table shows the annual growth in nominal GSDP for the financial years 2001–02 to 2021–22, from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.[20]

Nominal GSDP of Kerala from 2021–22 to 2001–02 in ₹ millions
Year GSDP (₹ millions) Change
2021-22 9,324,700 Increase 20.83%
2020-21 7,717,240 Decrease 5.07%
2019-20 8,129,350 Increase 3.13%
2018-19 7,882,860 Increase 12.36%
2017-18 7,015,880 Increase 10.51%
2016-17 6,348,860 Increase 12.97%
2015-16 5,619,940 Increase 9.64%
2014-15 5,125,640 Increase 10.22%
2013-14 4,650,410 Increase 12.79%
2012-13 4,123,130 Increase 13.26%
2011-12 3,640,480 Increase 38.02%
2010-11 2,637,730 Increase 13.70%
2009-10 2,319,990 Increase 14.41%
2008-09 2,027,830 Increase 15.79%
2007-08 1,751,410 Increase 13.91%
2006-07 1,537,580 Increase 12.36%
2005-16 1,368,420 Increase 14.74%
2004-05 1,192,640 Increase 23.34%
2003-04 966,980 Increase 11.28%
2002-03 868,950 Increase 11.52%
2001-02 779,240 -

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Kerala at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in crores (1,00,00,000) of Indian Rupees. Kerala had recorded a growth rate of 6.49 per cent in 2013, which was above the national average (4.04) and the second highest among South Indian States. The state's growth rate was above that of Karnataka (5.79 per cent) and Andhra Pradesh (5.97 per cent). During the period between 1960 and 2020, Kerala's economy was gradually shifting from an agrarian economy into a service-based economy as shown below:

Kerala: GSDP - At Constant Prices (1960–2020)[5][21]
Year GSDP - At constant prices
(in ₹Crore) 		Primary Sector
(in ₹Crore) 		Secondary Sector
(in ₹Crore) 		Tertiary Sector
(in ₹Crore) 		Per Capita Income
At constant prices (in ₹)
1960–61 462 241 (52.16%) 68 (14.72%) 153 (33.12%) 276
1970–71 1,255 653 (52.03%) 163 (12.99%) 439 (34.98%) 594
1980–81 3,823 1,682 (44.00%) 841 (22.00%) 1,300 (34.00%) 1,508
1990–91 12,195 4,756 (39.00%) 3,171 (26.00%) 4,268 (35.00%) 4,207
2000–01 63,715 14,017 (22.00%) 14,017 (22.00%) 35,680 (56.00%) 19,951
2009–10 180,812 15,966 (8.83%) 38,249 (21.15%) 126,597 (70.02%) 47,360
2015–16 467,243 49,206 (11.58%) 111,177 (26.17%) 264,408 (62.25%) 136,811
2017–18 516,190 47,619 (10.34%) 129,866 (28.18%) 283,269 (61.48%) 149,650
2018–19 549,673 46,004 (9.40%) 138,034 (28.21%) 305,304 (62.39%) 158,564
2019–20 568,636 42,374 (8.44%) 141,806 (28.25%) 317,781 (63.31%) 163,216

Sources: Economic Review, Kerala (2016 and 2020)

Technopark at Thiruvananthapuram, the first and largest information technology (IT) park in India
Vallarpadam Terminal at Kochi, the first transshipment terminal in India
A Shopping mall at Kozhikode
Mappila Bay harbour at Kannur

In 2009, Kerala was the 8th greatest debt burden in India.[22] In 2013, the state's debt was estimated at 35.53 per cent of GSP.[23] State's debt liability recorded an increase of 14.4 per cent and rose from ₹124,081 crore (US$20.33 billion) in 2013–14 to ₹141,947 crore (US$22.13 billion) in 2014–15. This liability as a percentage of GSDP was 31.4 per cent, which is higher than the target of 29.8 per cent fixed in the Kerala Fiscal Responsibility Act.[24]

The GDP growth rate that continuously stood above the national average, began to show a declining trend from 2012 to 2013, and it further slid to 8.59% in 2015–16, when the national average stood at 9.94%. The tax growth rate, which was 23.24% in 2010–11, fell to 10.68% in 2015–16.[25]

Sectors

[edit]

The state's service sector which accounts for around 65% of its revenue is mainly based upon its Hospitality industry, Tourism, Ayurveda and Medical Services, Pilgrimage, Information technology, Transportation, Financial sector, and Education.[26] Major initiatives under the industrial sector include Cochin Shipyard, Oil refinery, Shipbuilding, Software Industry, Coastal mineral industries,[27] food processing, marine products processing, and Rubber based products. The primary sector of the state is mainly based upon Cash crops.[28] Kerala produces a significant amount of national output of the cash crops such as coconut, tea, coffee, pepper, natural rubber, cardamom, and cashew in India.[28] The cultivation of food crops began to reduce since the 1950s.[28] The Migrant labourers in Kerala are a significant workforce in its industrial and agricultural sectors. Being home to only 1.18% of the total land area of India and 2.75% of its population, Kerala contributes more than 4% to the Gross Domestic Product of India.

Information Technology

[edit]
Infopark, Kochi

Kerala has focused more attention towards growth of Information Technology sector with formation of Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram which is one of the largest IT employer in Kerala. It was the first technology park in India[29][30] and with the inauguration of the Thejaswini complex on 22 February 2007, Technopark became the largest IT Park in India.[31] Software giants like Infosys, Oracle, Tata Consultancy Services, Capgemini, HCL, UST Global, NeST and Suntec have offices in the state. The state has a second major IT hub, the Infopark centred in Kochi with "spokes"(it acts as the "hub") in Thrissur and Cherthala, Alappuzha. As of 2014, Infopark generates one-third of total IT Revenues of the state[32][33] with key offices of IT majors like Tata Consultancy Services, Cognizant, Wipro, UST Global, IBS Software Services etc. and Multinational corporations like IBM, KPMG, Ernst & Young, EXL Service, Etisalat DB Telecom, Nielsen Audio, Xerox ACS, Tata ELXSI etc. Kochi also has another major project SmartCity under construction, built in partnership with Dubai Government. A third major IT Hub is under construction centred around Kozhikode known as Cyberpark.[34][35][36] Kerala is the first Indian state to make Internet access a basic right.[5] As of 2019, Kerala's Internet penetration rate is the second-highest in India, only behind Delhi.[5]

Tourism

[edit]
Muzhappilangad Beach near Thalassery is the longest Drive-in beach in Asia
A houseboat view from Vembanad Lake
Main article: Tourism in Kerala

Kerala is an established tourist destination for both Indians and non-Indians alike. Tourism contributes to nearly 10% of the state's GDP. Tourists mostly visit the hill stations of Munnar, Nelliampathi, Wayanad and Ponmudi Beaches at Varkala, Kovalam, Cherai, Kozhikode Historical centers at Fort Kochi, Kappad and national parks and wildlife sanctuaries such as Periyar and Eravikulam National Park. The "backwaters" region – an extensive network of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that center on Ashtamudi, Alleppey, Kumarakom, Veli, Vembanad and Punnamada – also see heavy tourist traffic. Examples of Keralite architecture, such as the Padmanabhapuram Palace, Malik Deenar Mosque Kasaragod, Paradesi Synagogue are also visited. cities like Kozhikode (Land of Zamorins) and Alappuzha(called the "Venice of the East") are also popular destinations. Tourism plays an important role in the state's economy. Kerala is also a preferred destination for night dwellers and the nightlife districts in Trivandrum, Kovalam, Kochi, Kozhikode and Varkala are the major centres. Along with tourism there is also a new trend of domestic pilgrimage tourism visible in Kerala in recent years during the annual Sabarimala pilgrimage season and round the year to temples such as Guruvayur Temple Thrissur, Padmanabhaswamy Temple Thiruvananthapuram, Vadakkunatha Temple, Parasseni kadavu temple in Kannur etc.

Education

[edit]
Main article: Education in Kerala

Around 18% of the total employees in the organised sector of state, both public and private, are employed in the Educational sector as in March 2020.[5] Kerala is also one of the Indian states which spend a larger proportion of its revenue for human resource development including educational and healthcare uplifting.[5] According to the first economic census, conducted in 1977, 99.7% of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), 98.6% had a middle school within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and 96.7% had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[37]: 62  In 1991, Kerala became the first state in India to be recognised as completely literate, although the effective literacy rate at that time was only 90%.[38] In 2006–2007, the state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) of the 21 major states in India.[39] As of 2007, enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other states in India, educational opportunity was almost equally distributed among sexes, social groups, and regions.[40] According to the 2011 census, Kerala has a 93.9% literacy, compared to the national literacy rate of 74.0%.[41] In January 2016, Kerala became the first Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its Athulyam literacy programme.[42] Though the cost of education is generally considered low in Kerala,[43] according to the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households was reported to be ₹41 (49¢ US) for Kerala, more than twice the national average. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[44] The KITE Kerala is a state owned special purpose company under education department of the Government of Kerala.[45][46] It was developed to support ICT enabled education for schools in the state. The erstwhile IT@School Project was transformed into KITE for extending its scope of operations in August 2017.[47][48] Kerala is the first Indian state to have ICT-enabled education with hi-tech classrooms in all public schools.[49][50] Kerala topped in the School Education Quality Index published by NITI Aayog in 2019.[51]

Ship building

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INS Vikrant being built at Cochin Shipyard in 2017

The Cochin Shipyard in Kochi is the biggest ship building facility in India. Cochin Shipyard was incorporated in the year 1972 as a fully owned Government of India company. In the last three decades the company has emerged as a forerunner in the Indian shipbuilding & Shiprepair industry. This yard can build and repair the largest vessels in India. It can build ships up to 1,100,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT) and repair ships up to 1,250,000 DWT. The yard has delivered two of India's largest double hull Aframax tankers each of 95,000 DWT. CSL has secured shipbuilding orders from internationally renowned companies from Europe & Middle East and is nominated to build the country's first indigenously built Air Defence Ship. The Cochin Shipyard also builds ships for the Indian Navy.

Shipyard commenced ship repair operations in the year 1982 and has undertaken repairs of all types of ships including upgradation of ships of oil exploration industry as well as periodical lay up repairs and life extension of ships of Navy, UTL, Coast Guard, Fisheries and Port Trust besides merchant ships of SCI & ONGC. The yard has, over the years, developed adequate capabilities to handle complex and sophisticated repair jobs. Recently Cochin Shipyard won a major repair orders from ONGC. The order for major repairs of three rigs viz Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) Sagar Vijay, Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) Sagar Bhushan and Jack Up Rig (JUR) Sagar Kiran was secured by CSL against very stiff international competition.

Infrastructure

[edit]
See also: Roads in Kerala
Kollam Bypass near Thrikkadavoor
A highway at Thiruvananthapuram

Kerala has 331,904 kilometres (206,236 mi) of roads, which accounts for 5.6% of India's total.[5][52] This translates to about 9.94 kilometres (6.18 mi) of road per one thousand people, compared to an average of 4.87 kilometres (3.03 mi) in the country.[5][52] Roads in Kerala include:

  • 1,812 kilometres (1,126 mi) of national highway, 1.6% of the nation's total,
  • 4,342 kilometres (2,698 mi) of state highway, 2.5% of the nation's total,
  • 27,470 kilometres (17,070 mi) of district roads, 4.7% of the nation's total,
  • 33,201 kilometres (20,630 mi) of urban (municipal) roads, 6.3% of the nation's total, and
  • 158,775 kilometres (98,658 mi) of rural roads, 3.8% of the nation's total.[53]

Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through the NH 66 (previously NH 17 and 47); and the eastern side is accessible through state highways.[54] New projects for hill and coastal highways were recently announced under Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board KIIFB.[55] Virtually all of Kerala's villages are connected by road. Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Total road length in Kerala increased by 5% between 2003 and 2004. The road density in Kerala is nearly four times the national average, and is a reflection of Kerala's unique settlement patterns. India's national highway network includes a Kerala-wide total of 1,524 km, which is only 2.6% of the national total. There are eight designated national highways in the state. Upgrading and maintenance of 1,600 km of state highways and major district roads has been taken up under the Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the GIS-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS).

The Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board is a government owned financial institution in the state to mobilize funds for infrastructure development from outside the state revenue, aiming at overall infrastructure development of the state.[56][57]

Energy

[edit]

Renewable energy sources constitute the bulk of electricity generated in Kerala. KSEB Ltd has 31 hydro-electric projects, 11 solar projects, 2 diesel power plants & 7 wind farms. Power generation is also undertaken by Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects & Co-generation mode projects other than KSEBL.[58]

Oil refining and petrochemicals

[edit]
The SPM facility at offshore (Kochi Refineries)

The Kochi Refinery is a public crude oil refinery in the city of Kochi. It is the largest state owned refinery in India with a production capacity of 15.5 million tons per annum.[59] Formerly known as Cochin Refineries Limited and later renamed as Kochi Refineries Limited, it was acquired by Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited in the year 2006. Today Kochi Refinery is a frontline entity as the unit of the Fortune 500 company, BPCL. With a turnover of around US$2500 million, the refinery aims to strengthen its presence in refining and marketing of petroleum products and further grow into the energy and petrochemical sectors.

Kochi Refinery is engaged in Refining and marketing of petroleum products. Beginning with a capacity of 50,000 barrels per day, today the Refinery has a refining capacity of 310,000 bbl/d. The Company entered the petrochemical sector with benzene and toluene in 1989. The oil and gas industry is a critical sector that plays a vital role in the global economy. Kochi, located in the southern state of Kerala in India, is home to several institutions that offer courses in oil and gas-related subjects.

Solar Power

[edit]
The Cochin International Airport is the first airport in the world to be fully powered by solar energy
  • India's largest floating solar power plant is set up on the Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad, Kerala. It is a 500 kWp (kilowatt peak) solar plant. It belongs to the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB). It floats on 1.25 acres of water at the Banasura Sagar reservoir.[60]
  • India's first solar ferry used for public transport, "Aditya", operates in Kerala.[61]
  • The Kochi Metro is planning 78 solar-electric ferry boats for the city, which will be the largest integrated water transport system in the world.[63]

Finance

[edit]

As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3,341 local bank branches: each branch served 10,000 people, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.[64] On 1 October 2011, Kerala became the first state in the country to have at least one banking facility in every village.[65] Around 8% of the total number of employees in the organized sector of the state are employed in the financial and insurance industries as of March 2020.[5]

Traditional Industries

[edit]

Traditional industries manufacturing items; coir, handlooms, and handicrafts employ around one million people.[66] Kerala supplies 60% of the total global produce of white coir fibre. India's first coir factory was set up in Alleppey in 1859–60.[67] The Central Coir Research Institute was established there in 1959. As per the 2006–2007 census by SIDBI, there are 1,468,104 micro, small and medium enterprises in Kerala employing 3,031,272 people.[68][69] The KSIDC has promoted more than 650 medium and large manufacturing firms in Kerala, creating employment for 72,500 people.[70] A mining sector of 0.3% of GSDP involves extraction of ilmenite, kaolin, bauxite, silica, quartz, rutile, zircon, and sillimanite.[71]

Agriculture and livestock

[edit]
Palakkad district is known as The Granary of Kerala

Agricultural sector contributes only 7% to the GSDP of Kerala.[5] Kerala produces 97% of national output of pepper, and accounts for 85% of the area under natural rubber in the country.[72] Coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, and spices — including cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg — comprise a critical agricultural sector. Around 90% of the total cardamom produced in India is from Kerala.[5] India is the second-largest producer of cardamom in world.[5] A key agricultural staple is rice, with some six hundred varieties grown in Kerala's extensive paddy fields.[73] Nevertheless, home gardens comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector. Related animal husbandry is also important, and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalised, and the landless. Feeding, milking, breeding, management, health care, and concomitant micro-enterprises all provide work for around 3.2 million of Kerala's 5.5 million households.[citation needed] The state government seeks to promote such activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as Sunandini. About 20% of the total coffee produced in India are from Kerala.[28]

Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Kerala based on 2011 prices[74]

Segment National Share %
Palmyra 100.0
Nutmeg 99.8
Clove 95.6
Rubber 84.1
Cardamom 70.2
Pepper 64.8
Tapioca 48.3
Coconut 35.8
Tamarind 27.4
Jackfruit 18.8
Arecanut 16.9
Cocoa 15.5
Pineapple 12.7
Condiments and spices 9.7
Marine fish 8.3
Fuel wood 5.3
Banana 5.2
Coffee 5.2
Meat 5.1

The most essential or the staple crop is the rice or paddy. About 600 varieties of rice are grown in the sprawling paddy fields of Kerala. In fact the Kuttanad region of the district of Kerala is known as the 'rice bowl of the state' and enjoys a significant status in the production of rice. Next to rice is Tapioca and is cultivated mainly in the drier regions. Tapioca is a major food of the Keralites. Besides production of the main crop, Kerala is also a major producer of spices that form the cash crops of the state. The important spices are cardamom, cinnamon, clove, turmeric, nutmeg and vanilla. Other cash crops that constitute the agricultural sector include tea, coffee cashew, pulses, areca nut, ginger and coconut. In fact coconut provides the principal source of income in Kerala- from coir industry to coconut shell artifacts. Cashew is also an essential cash crop. Kottayam district has extensive areas producing and processing rubber. Apart from rubber, other plantation crop likes plantains or bananas are also grown in plenty. In 1960–61, Kerala contributed to nearly 70% of the country's coconut production. In 2011–12, it was at 42%. It dropped further by 2.3% points the next year. According to the State Planning Board (2011) data, the state is producing only about 12% of its total requirement for rice. In 1960-61 Kerala produced more than 10 lakh tons of rice. By 2012-13 rice production was down to 5.08 lakh tons. By 2012–13, in just a single year, area under rice cultivation had declined by 5.2%, and the production itself dropped by 10.2%.

Fisheries

[edit]
Cheena vala (Chinese fishing net)

With 590 kilometres (370 miles) of coastal belt,[75] 400,000 hectares of inland water resources[76] and approximately 220,000 active fishermen,[77] Kerala is one of the leading producers of fish in India.[78] According to 2003–04 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 608,000 tons in 2003–04.[79] This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, around 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala.[80] During the southwest monsoon, a suspended mud bank develops along the shore, which in turn leads to calm ocean water, peaking the output of the fishing industry. This phenomenon is locally called chakara.[81][82] The waters provide a large variety of fish: pelagic species; 59%, demersal species; 23%, crustaceans, molluscs and others for 18%.[80] Around 1.050 million fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes as of a 1999–2000 estimate; 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590-kilometre (370-mile) coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland.

Background radiation levels

[edit]

Minerals including Ilmenite, Monazite, Thorium, and Titanium, are found in the coastal belt of Kerala.[27] Kerala's coastal belt of Karunagappally is known for high background radiation from thorium-containing monazite sand. In some coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 mGy/yr and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.[83]

Alcohol

[edit]
Per capita & Consumption of alcoholic beverages in Kerala for the year of 2010

The government enforces state monopoly over liquor sale in the state, after the state banned foreign liquor shops, through the government owned Kerala State Beverages Corporation (KSBC). Every year, liquor sales have been rising and the total sales of liquor and beer during 2010-11 fiscal year was expected to be about Rs. 67 billion.[84]

The government applies the highest state tax on liquor (around 247%). Rum and brandy are the preferred drinks in Kerala in a country where whisky outsells every other liquor. Taxes on alcohol was a major source of revenue for the state government, but of late, it has been showing a declining trend. Only 4.2% of revenues for its annual budget come from liquor sales. Revenues from alcohol to the state's exchequer have registered a 100% rise over the past four years.[85]

Liquor sales stood at 201 lakh cases worth Rs. 11,577 crore during 2015–16, down from 220 lakh cases worth Rs. 10,013 crore during the previous year. Gross sales during the first three months of 2016 were around Rs. 4,000 crore.[86]

Numbers from the Kerala State Beverages Corporation analyzed by the Alcohol and Drug Information Center (AIDIC), show that alcohol consumption dropped by 20.27 per cent since April 2014, this in a market that registered an annual growth of 12 per cent to 67 per cent for the last 30 years.[87] In 2018–19, the turnover from the sale of liquor in Kerala stood at over Rs 14,500 crore and the revenue earned by way of tax was in excess of Rs 12,400 crore.[88]

Another source of income for the Kerala Government is lotteries. In 2020-21, the revenue from lottery sales was Rs.4911.52 crores, resulting in a profit of Rs 472.70 crores.

Foreign remittances

[edit]
See also: Kerala Gulf diaspora

1.6 million Keralites work overseas out of a population of 32 million.[89] As of 2008, the Keralites in the Gulf countries send home a sum of USD 9.25 billion annually,[90] which is about 10% of Remittance to India. Large numbers work in construction. High literacy allows Keralites to secure administrative employment & white-collar jobs. Migrants' families are three times as likely as those of nonmigrants to live in superior housing, and about twice as likely to have telephones, refrigerators, and cars.[91] Malappuram district has the largest proportion of emigrant households in state.[5] Pathanamthitta and Thrissur districts have on an average one member from each household a non-resident Indian.

Of the $71 billion in remittances sent to India in 2012, Kerala still received the highest among the states: $11.3 billion, which is nearly 20%.[92] The foreign remittances in 2014 were estimated to be ₹711 billion (US$8.5 billion), which dropped to ₹633 billion (US$7.6 billion) in 2016. The annual remittance received by the state in 2017 was estimated as ₹900 billion (US$11 billion), which constituted 35% of the state's total income in the year.[93] In 2018, there were 2.1 million emigrants from the state who made a remittance of ₹851 billion (US$10 billion). There was a decline of about 3 lakh emigrants from the state during 2013–18. However, the overall remittances showed an increase compared to those of the previous years.[94]

There is also another interesting observation made by Kerala Migration Survey in its previous studies, which is, there is a steady rise in migration of highly qualified women professionals from Kerala from the 1990s to 2004. These women migrants were more educated and skilled and are earning more compared to unskilled migrants.[95] There was a diversification of source and destinations among female migrants their migration isn't entirely Middle East oriented and they are predominantly hailing from Central Kerala compared to male migrants who are overwhelmingly from Malabar region and migrate to GCC. There is also more permanent nature of employment for female migrants compared to male migrants. This diversification provided a cushioning from both increasing naturalisation of West Asian countries and tightened immigration laws of Western countries in the 2010s this helped to sustain remittance inflow. The women migrants are mainly trained in Nursing.

According to a study commissioned by the Kerala State Planning Board, the state should look for other reliable sources instead of relying on remittances to finance its expenditure.[96]

Other

[edit]

Kerala is the single largest originator of education loans for the country as a whole. Total disbursal of education loans amount to Rs. 60 billion.[97]

Aluva is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. There are more than 247 industries viz. Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore (FACT), Travancore Cochin Chemicals, Indian Rare Earths Limited, Hindustan Insecticides Limited and many others manufacturing a range of products like chemical and petrochemical products, pesticides, rare-earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilizers, zinc/chromium compounds and leather products.

Publicly-listed companies from Kerala

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Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, Tirunavaya, Malappuram. The tile factory at Kodakkal, started in 1887, is the second tile-manufacturing industry in India. The first tile factory was also in the state, located at Feroke

The following companies headquartered in or primarily operating from Kerala are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange:

  1. Muthoot Capital Services Limited
  2. Geojit Financial Services
  3. V-Guard Industries Ltd
  4. Federal Bank
  5. Dhanlaxmi Bank
  6. South Indian Bank
  7. Cochin Minerals and Rutile Limited
  8. Manappuram Finance Limited
  9. Muthoot Finance
  10. Harrisons Malayalam
  11. Accel Transmatic Limited
  12. GTN Textiles Limited
  13. Kitex Garments
  14. Nitta Gelatin India Ltd
  15. Eastern Treads Limited
  16. Rubfila International LTD
  17. Kerala Ayurveda Ltd
  18. Vertex Securities Ltd
  19. Sree Sakthi Paper Mills
  20. AVT Natural Products
  21. Victory Paper and Boards (India) Limited
  22. Cochin Shipyard Limited
  23. Aster DM Healthcare Limited
  24. Wonderla Holidays Ltd
  25. Catholic Syrian bank
  26. TCM Ltd (Formerly Travancore Chemical & Manufacturing Company Ltd)

The structure of unemployment and job seekers in the southwestern state of Kerala varies significantly from the rest of India. K. P. Kannan, a development economist in Kerala, calls it as Educated Unemployment, in which a person can't find desired job according to his educational qualification.[98] Other varying factor of Kerala with respect to rest of India is the higher number of female job seekers with respect to its male counterpart. More than 60% of the total job seekers in Kerala are women, with most of them are well-educated.[99] It is also seen that the unemployment rate among the women job seekers is much higher than that among the male job seekers.[100] Around 25% of the Postgraduates are unemployed while nearly 17% of each of those who have attained either a technical degree or vocational training are unemployed.[100] The labour force utilized for the primary and secondary sectors of the state are mainly the Migrant labourers in Kerala, who come from other states of India, for higher wages.[98][101][102][103] A portion of the male workforce of the state have emigrated—mostly to the Gulf countries—in search of better-paying jobs, known as Kerala Gulf diaspora. However the female work force doesn't do so resulting in higher unemployment rate among the women, who are more than 60% of the total job seekers in Kerala.[98][100]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Kerala Budget Analysis 2023-24" (PDF). PRS Legislative Research. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d "Kerala Budget Analysis 2022-23". PRS Legislative Research. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  3. ^ "Multidimensional Poverty Index, India". The Hindu. 26 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Unemployment Rate in India". Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy. p. 1. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Economic Review 2020 - Volume I (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala State Planning Board. 2021.
  6. ^ . 2 November 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131102151358/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Singh.Kerala.World%20Development.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ Heller, Patrick (18 April 2020). "A virus, social democracy, and dividends for Kerala". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  8. ^ "Cashing out of the money order economy". 23 November 2007.
  9. ^ "Level of Urbanisation in Indian States". mohua.gov.in. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
  10. ^ "Table 162, Number and Population Below Poverty Line". Reserve Bank of India, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017.
  11. ^ "SDGs India Index". 31 December 2019.
  12. ^ Deparle, Jason (7 September 2007). "Jobs Abroad Support 'Model' State in India". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  13. ^ K.P. Kannan, K.S. Hari (2002). "Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972-2000". Centre for Development Studies, Trivendrum Working Papers.
  14. ^ S Irudaya Rajan, K.C. Zachariah (2007). "Remittances and its impact on the Kerala Economy and Society" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  15. ^ "NRIs beat FDI, keep the money coming". Hindustan Times. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  16. ^ "Indian Economy at a Glance [Infographic] - Quickonomics". Quickonomics. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  17. ^ "Kottayam Only District With Zero Poverty: NITI Aayog's Poverty Index Report". news.abplive.com. 27 November 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022. In the overall index, Kerala recorded the least 0.71% of poverty followed by Goa (3.76%), Sikkim (3.82%) and Tamil Nadu (4.89%).
  18. ^ "National and State Income". Kerala State Planning Board. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  19. ^ "Top 5 districts of Kerala on the basis of GDP at current price from 2004-05 to 2012-13". Government of India. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  20. ^ "State Domestic Product and other aggregates, 2004–05 series". Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  21. ^ Economic Review 2016 - Volume I. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala State Planning Board. 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  22. ^ "Kerala economy climbs to $23b by 2005". rediff.com. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  23. ^ Nandakumar, T (10 July 2014). "Kerala can bear rising debt burden: Mani". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  24. ^ "Kerala has failed to meet fiscal deficit targets: CAG". Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  25. ^ "Kerala's growth rate falls below national average". Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  26. ^ "Economy of Kerala - 2016". slbckerala.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  27. ^ a b Chandran 2018, p. 343.
  28. ^ a b c d Chandran 2018, p. 409.
  29. ^ "Official site of Kerala IT". Department of IT, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  30. ^ "Technopark aims to be among top 5 IT investment locations". The Economic Times. 27 July 2010.
  31. ^ Rajeevpi (3 March 2007). "God's own country to house largest IT park". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  32. ^ "Symbols akin to Indus valley culture discovered in Kerala". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 29 September 2009.
  33. ^ "Infopark's IT exports climb 53% in FY14". The Times of India. Kochi, India. 14 November 2014.
  34. ^ "Cyberpark to place Kozhikode on IT map". The Hindu. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  35. ^ "Now, Cyberpark puts Kozhikode on the IT map". The Times of India. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  36. ^ Govind, Biju (24 February 2016). "UL CyberPark marks a first in IT sector". The Hindu.
  37. ^ Chattopadhyay, Srikumar; Franke, Richard W. (2006). Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-294-9.
  38. ^ Mookkiah Soundarapandian (2000). Literacy Campaign in India. Discovery Publishing House. p. 21. ISBN 978-8171415533.
  39. ^ D Suresh Kumar (13 October 2008). "Kerala tops primary education index". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  40. ^ Planning Commission, India (2007). Kerala Development Report. Academic Foundation. pp. 255–58. ISBN 978-8171885947. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  41. ^ "Tripura tops literacy rate with 94.65 per cent, leaves behind Kerala". IBNLive. 9 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  42. ^ "Kerala becomes 1st Indian state to achieve 100% primary education". International Business Times. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  43. ^ Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", Economic and Political Weekly, 10 October 2009, vol. XLIV, no. 41, page 55
  44. ^ Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", Economic and Political Weekly, 10 October 2009, vol. XLIV, no. 41, page 56
  45. ^ "Kerala's 'IT@school' project now a government company 'KITE'". indianexpress.com. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  46. ^ "Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education". Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education about us page. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  47. ^ "Kerala's IT@school project now a govt company". www.thehindubusinessline.com. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  48. ^ S, Shihaubudeen Kunju (7 August 2017). "Kerala Government's IT@school Project Formed Into Government Company". NDTV. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  49. ^ "Kerala becomes first state to have hitech classrooms in all public schools". Financial Express. 12 October 2020.
  50. ^ "Kerala becomes first state to have hitech classrooms in all public schools, says CM". NDTV. 12 October 2020.
  51. ^ Bakshi, Gorki (30 September 2019). "Niti Aayog's School Education Quality Index: Kerala tops, UP worst performer". Jagranjosh. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  52. ^ a b Ministry Annual Report (2019-20) (PDF). New Delhi: Ministry of Road Transport & Highways Transport Research Wing, Government of India. 2020.
  53. ^ Basic Road Statistics of India (2016–17) (PDF). New Delhi: Ministry of Road Transport & Highways Transport Research Wing, Government of India. 2019. pp. 7–18.
  54. ^ "National Highways in Kerala". Kerala Public Works Department. Government of Kerala.[permanent dead link‍]
  55. ^ "Coastal, Hill Highways to become a reality". The Hindu. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  56. ^ "Big push for infrastructure in Budget". The Hindu. 3 March 2017 – via www.thehindu.com.
  57. ^ "Kerala Budget: Infrastructure projects get a major fillip". The New Indian Express.
  58. ^ "Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Generation".
  59. ^ "Integrated expansion project boosts bpcl Kochi". India Today. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  60. ^ Manoj, E. M. (21 January 2021). "Floating solar project in Wayanad on solid ground". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  61. ^ Paul, John L. (6 June 2020). "India's first solar ferry sails into global contest". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  62. ^ "CIAL generates 312 million units of solar power, cuts two lakh tonnes of emissions". The Hindu. 9 September 2024. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  63. ^ Paul, John L. (27 April 2023). "Explained | How the Kochi Water Metro will improve islanders' socio-economic status, boost tourism". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  64. ^ "State/Union Territory-Wise Number of Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks and Average Population Per Bank Branch" (PDF). Reserve Bank of India. March 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
  65. ^ "Now, you can bank on every village in Kerala". The Times of India. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  66. ^ S. Rajitha Kumar; University of Kerala (2007). Traditional Industries of India in the Globalised World. University of Kerala. p. 223. ISBN 978-8177081435.
  67. ^ "Indian Coir Industry". Indian Mirror. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  68. ^ SIDBI Report on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Sector, 2010. Small Industries Development Bank of India. 2010.
  69. ^ N. Rajeevan (March 2012). "A Study on the Position of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kerala vis a vis the National Scenario". International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics and Management. 2 (3).
  70. ^ "Functions, KSIDC, Thiruvananthapuram". Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  71. ^ Government of Kerala (2005). "Kerala at a Glance". Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 18 January 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2006.
  72. ^ www.kerala.gov.in https://web.archive.org/web/20100327074723/http://www.kerala.gov.in/economy/agri.htm. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  73. ^ (Sreedharan 2004, p. 5).
  74. ^ 2015 agricultural output of Kerala based on 2011 prices
  75. ^ "Kerala: Natural Resources". Government of India. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  76. ^ "Kerala: April 2012" (PDF). Indian Brand Equity Fund. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  77. ^ India. Planning Commission (1961). Third five year plan. Manager of Publications. p. 359. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  78. ^ Government of India Planning Commission (2008). Kerala Development Report. Academic Foundation. p. 51. ISBN 978-8171885947. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  79. ^ Planning Commission, India (2007). Kerala Development Report. Academic Foundation. p. 51. ISBN 978-8171885947. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  80. ^ a b R. Quentin Grafton; Ray Hilborn; Dale Squires (2009). Handbook of Marine Fisheries Conservation and Management. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–12. ISBN 978-0195370287.
  81. ^ Leela Gulati (1984). Fisherwomen on the Kerala Coast: Demographic and Socio-Economic Impact of a Fisheries Development Project. International Labour Organization. p. 103. ISBN 978-9221036265. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  82. ^ Journal of Kerala Studies. University of Kerala. 1987. p. 201. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  83. ^ Nair RR, Rajan B, Akiba S, Jayalekshmi P, Nair MK, Gangadharan P, Koga T, Morishima H, Nakamura S, Sugahara T (January 2009). "Background radiation and cancer incidence in Kerala, India-Karanagappally cohort study". Health Physics. PMID 19066487.
  84. ^ "Bevco pockets Rs. 600 crore in December". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 5 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011.
  85. ^ "Official web site of Kerala State Beverages Corporation Limited". Ksbc.kerala.gov.in. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  86. ^ Martin, K. a (19 August 2016). "Just click to clink: Kerala takes liquor sales online". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 April 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
  87. ^ "Just click to clink: Kerala sets a record by reducing alcohol consumption". India Today. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  88. ^ "Kerala's double standards towards alcohol sale and liquor consumption".
  89. ^ "State survey finds only 16.25 lakh NoRKs". The Hindu. 31 October 2013. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  90. ^ GCC residency cap may force lakhs to return by Biju Govind; The Hindu - Tuesday, 19 August 2008
  91. ^ (DeParle 2007)
  92. ^ "Remittances: Kerala drives dollar flows to India". Yahoo! Finance. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  93. ^ "Remittances to Kerala set to decline". The Times of India. 12 January 2018.
  94. ^ "New Evidences from the Kerala Migration Survey, 2018". Economic and Political Weekly. 55 (4): 7–8. 5 June 2015.
  95. ^ "The Promised Land: Kerala's female emigrants key reason behind the rise in remittances - Long-reads News, Firstpost". Firstpost. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  96. ^ "High time Kerala looked beyond remittance income, says study". Deccan Chronicle. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  97. ^ "Business Line : Others / States : Kerala largest originator of education loans". Thehindubusinessline.com. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  98. ^ a b c Kuttappan, Rejimon (17 February 2021). "Kerala's unemployment rate among youth rises to 40.5%: Here's why". The News Minute. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  99. ^ "Employment statistics". employment.kerala.gov.in. Government of Kerala.
  100. ^ a b c "Human Resources- Employment (2017)". spb.kerala.gov.in. Kerala State Planning Board, Thiruvananthapuram.
  101. ^ K, Rejimon (1 May 2017). "Left-led Kerala govt will be first in country to provide insurance, free medical treatment for migrant workers". Firstpost. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  102. ^ Peter, Benoy; Narendran, Vishnu (November 2017). "God's Own Workforce: Unravelling Labour Migration to Kerela" (PDF). Centre for Migration and Inclusive Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2018.
  103. ^ "Election 2016: Can Kerala learn to respect its non-resident millionaires and Bengali immigrants equally? — Quartz". Qz.com. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.

References

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Further reading

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Kerala.
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