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Draft:Mughal–Maratha conflicts

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Mughal–Maratha conflicts
Part of Decline of the Mughal Empire
Date1657-1803
Location
Indian Subcontinent
Belligerents
Maratha Confederacy Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders

Mughal Commanders:

The Mughal-Maratha conflicts were a series of conflicts between the Mughal Empire and the Maratha confederacy between 1657 and 1803.[1][2][3]

Early Conflicts

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Until 1657, The Marathas maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to then prince Aurangzeb. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.[4]

Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat

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Main articles: Battle of Chakan and Battle of Surat
A 20th century depiction of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by M.V. Dhurandhar

Aurangzeb, sent Shaista Khan, in 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army. Khan established his residence at Shivaji's palace of Lal Mahal.[5][6]

On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Khan's camp.[7] He, along with 400 men, attacked Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers.[8][9] Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune.[10] In 1664 Shivaji sacked the port city of Surat, a wealthy Mughal trading centre.[11]

Treaty of Purandar

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Main article: Treaty of Purandar (1665)
Raja Jai Singh of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the Treaty of Purandar

In 1665 Aurangzeb sent Jai Singh I besieging Shivaji's forts.[12] Shivaji was later forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.[12] In the Treaty of Purandar, signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold hun to the Mughals.[13] Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a mansabdar.[14][15]

In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to Agra along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb planned to send Shivaji to Kandahar to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, Shivaji refused[16] and was placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son.[17] Meanwhile, Shivaji sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son. He surrendered to Mughal forces.[18][19] Eventually Shivaji escaped and left Agra.[20][21][22][a]

Later conflicts

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After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with the Mughal sardar Jaswant Singhfor new peace proposals.[24] Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji, with general Prataprao Gujar, to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam. Sambhaji was also granted territory in Berar for revenue collection.[25]

The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam and took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier.[26][27] In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals.[28] Shivaji later sacked Surat for a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack in the Battle of Vani-Dindori.[29]

Notes

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  1. ^ As per Stewart Gordon, there is no proof for this, and Shivaji probably bribed the guards. But other Maratha Historians including A. R. Kulkarni and G. B. Mehendale disagree with Gordon. Jadunath Sarkar probed more deeply into this and put forth a large volume of evidence from Rajasthani letters and Persian Akhbars. With the help of this new material, Sarkar presented a graphic account of Shivajï's visit to Aurangzeb at Agra and his escape. Kulkarni agrees with Sarkar.[23]

References

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  1. ^ Clingingsmith, David; Williamson, Jeffrey G. (2017-12-13). "Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th Century India: Mughal Decline, Climate Shocks and British Industrial Ascent". dx.doi.org. doi:10.31235/osf.io/jy7u8. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  2. ^ Ali, M. Athar (May 1975). "The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (3): 385–396. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00005825. ISSN 0026-749X.
  3. ^ "From Medieval to Modern", A History of Christianity in India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 50–67, 1984-02-09, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511520556.006, ISBN 978-0-521-24351-3, retrieved 2024-05-04
  4. ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, pp. 55–56.
  5. ^ Aanand Aadeesh (2011). Shivaji the Great Liberator. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 69. ISBN 978-81-8430-102-1.
  6. ^ Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings. Superintendent Government Printing, India. 1929. p. 44.
  7. ^ Gordon 2007, p. 71.
  8. ^ Mahmud, Sayyid Fayyaz; Mahmud, S. F. (1988). A Concise History of Indo-Pakistan. Oxford University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-19-577385-9.
  9. ^ Richards, John F. (1993). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
  10. ^ Mehta 2009, p. 543.
  11. ^ Mehta 2005, p. 491.
  12. ^ a b Gordon 1993, pp. 1, 3–4, 50–55, 59, 71–75, 114, 115–125, 133, 138–139
  13. ^ Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960, p. 258.
  14. ^ Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920, p. 77.
  15. ^ Gordon 1993, p. 74.
  16. ^ Gordon 1993, p. 78.
  17. ^ Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India They Saw (Vol. 3). Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 299, 300. ISBN 978-81-8430-108-3.
  18. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-0333-5.
  19. ^ Mehta, Jl. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 547. ISBN 978-81-207-1015-3.
  20. ^ Kulkarni, A. R. (2008). The Marathas. Diamond Publications. p. 34. ISBN 978-81-8483-073-6.
  21. ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2000). Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-318-9.
  22. ^ SarDesai, D. R. (2018). India: The Definitive History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-97950-7.
  23. ^ Kulkarni, A. R. (1996). Marathas And The Maratha Country: Vol. I: Medieval Maharashtra: Vol. II: Medieval Maratha Country: Vol. III: The Marathas (1600–1648) (3 Vols.). Books & Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-81-85016-51-1.
  24. ^ Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920, p. 98.
  25. ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, p. 185.
  26. ^ Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920, pp. 173–174.
  27. ^ Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari (1973). Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War. Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal. p. 138.
  28. ^ Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920, p. 175.
  29. ^ Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920, p. 189.
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