Draft:K-factor (electrical engineering)
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Last edited by MtPenguinMonster (talk | contribs) 17 days ago. (Update) |
In electrical engineering, the K-factor of a power transformer is a measure of how well it can handle harmonic distortion. Transformers which are designed to handle harmonic distortion are referred to as K-rated transformers.[1][2][3]
Background
[edit]In an alternating current power system, electrical energy is ideally transmitted as a pure sine wave, typically at a fundamental frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. However, distortion in the power system can result in a non-sinusoidal waveform. This deviation from a pure sinusoidal waveform is measured using harmonics. The nth harmonic is a waveform at an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. For example, a wave transmitted with a fundamental frequency of 60 Hz would have its 2nd harmonic at 120 Hz, its 3rd harmonic at 180 Hz, its 4th harmonic at 240 Hz, and so on.[4]
Calculation
[edit]The following formula is used to calculate the K-factor of a transformer:[5]
Where:
- K is the K-factor
- h is the harmonic order
- Ih is the per-unit current at the hth harmonic order
Typical Values
[edit]The following table lists typical K-factors used depending on the harmonics produced by the loads:[5]
K-factor | Load description | Harmonic activity |
---|---|---|
1 | Standard, general-purpose transformer | <15% of loads generate harmonics |
4 | Induction heating, AC drives | Up to 35% of loads generate harmonics |
13 | Institutional electronically controlled lighting | 35-75% of loads generate harmonics |
20 | Data processing equipment, computer servers | 60-100% of loads generate harmonics |
30-50 | Loads consistently generate harmonics | 100% of loads generate harmonics |
Transformers with a larger K-factor are more expensive
References
[edit]- ^ https://canadatransformers.com/k-factor
- ^ https://www.electricalclassroom.com/k-factor-rated-transformers/
- ^ https://www.rexpowermagnetics.com/products/dry-type-low-voltage-transformers/k-rated-transformers
- ^ https://www.maddoxtransformer.com/resources/articles/guide-to-transformer-harmonics-and-k-factor
- ^ a b https://library.e.abb.com/public/53968e937e084cfea172fa33adb40ac2/20230429_ABB_1TQC194900E0001_K-factor%20ELSB%20LVDTT%20Tech%20Paper.pdf