Draft:Golyad language
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Last edited by Spino-Soar-Us (talk | contribs) 13 hours ago. (Update) |
| Golyad | |
|---|---|
| East Galindian | |
| Region | Protva basin |
| Extinct | 12th century AD[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xgl Language codes are the same as West Galindian. |
xgl | |
 Eastern Europe in 7–8th century with Baltic tribes shown in dark purple and Golyad people being shown in the isolated pocket within Slavic territory. | |
Golyad or East Galindian (Russian: Голя́дский язык) is a poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Balts living in the Protva basin in present-day Russia.[2]The Golyad people are believed to have descended from the Moshchiny culture and are only known ethnonyn for the Dnieper-Oka language. The language went extinct in the 12th century due to Slavic conquest.[1]
Phonology
[edit]Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:[3][4]
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | nʲ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʲ | tʃ | k |
| voiced | b | d | dʲ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | |||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | |||
| Trill | r | rʲ | ||||
| Approximant | l | lʲ | j | |||
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | i | iː | u | uː | ||
| Mid | eː | oː | ||||
| Mid-low | ɛ | |||||
| Low | a | aː | ||||
Lexicon
[edit]There are some Russian words from the Portva Basin region suspected to be Baltisms:[5]
| Russian | Transliteration | Translation | Proposed Baltic cognates |
|---|---|---|---|
| алáня | alánja | 'beer' | Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš |
| кромсáть | kromsát' | 'to break something into pieces' | Lithuanian: kramseti, Latvian: kramstīt |
| нóрот | nórot | 'fishing gear' | Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink' |
| пикýлька | pikúl'ka | 'type of weed' | Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium' |
It is also believed that the majority of the names for the Churilikha have origins as the Lithuanian word for narrow, while the other names are directly originated from the Golyad's.[6]
Proposed relation with Galindian
[edit]Golyad and Galindian have been proposed by scientists to have had a common origin that is based on two ancient authors using the common name of Galindian for both of them.[7][8] In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/Galindian and Golyad.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Балтийские языки". lingvarium.org (in Russian). Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ^ Dini (2014), p. 307.
- ^ Dini (2014), p. 311-312.
- ^ Лекомцева, Маргарита Ивановна (1983). "Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache" [On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language]. Baltistica (in German). 19 (2). Vilnius: Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai: 114–119. doi:10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591.
- ^ Dini (2014), p. 312.
- ^ "В поисках реки Голедянки" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ^ Dini (2014), p. 309.
- ^ Otrębski, Jan Szczepan (1958). "Zagadnienie Galindów" [The Galindian question]. In Gieysztor, Aleksander (ed.). Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego [Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 37–41.
- ^ Dini (2014), p. 309-310.
Bibliography
[edit]- Dini, Pietro U. (2014), Foundations of Baltic languages, translated by Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E., Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas, ISBN 978-609-437-263-6