Diaspididae
| Diaspididae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Three species of armored scales | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Superfamily: | Coccoidea |
| Family: | Diaspididae Maskell, 1878 |
Diaspididae is the largest family of scale insects with over 2650 described species in around 400 genera. As with all scale insects, the female produces a waxy protective scale beneath which it feeds on its host plant. Diaspidid scales are far more substantial than those of most other families, incorporating the exuviae from the first two nymphal instars and sometimes faecal matter and fragments of the host plant.[1] These can be complex and extremely waterproof structures rather resembling a suit of armor. For this reason these insects are commonly referred to as armored scale insects. As it is so robust and firmly attached to the host plant, the scale often persists long after the insect has died.
Some African Diaspididae are attended by ants of genus Melissotarsus. The ants appear to consume the armored scales because Diaspididae are completely naked when ant-attended; the ant nest itself remains completely hidden under the bark of the tree.[2]
Selected species
[edit]Notable species include:
- Abgrallaspis cyanophylli, the cyanophyllum scale
- Aonidiella aurantii, the California red scale
- Aonidomytilus crookiae the St. John's Wort scale
- Aulacaspis yasumatsui, the cycad aulacaspis scale
- Carulaspis minima, the minute cypress scale
- Diaspidiotus perniciosus, the San Jose scale
- Hemiberlesia lataniae, the latania or palm scale
- Lepidosaphes beckii, the citrus mussel scale
- Lepidosaphes ulmi, the oystershell scale
- Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae, the walnut scale
Subfamilies
[edit]The classification of the subfamilies and tribes of Diaspididae has varied in recent years. Research published in 2019 classified the subfamilies and tribes of Diaspididae as follows:[3][4]
- Subfamily Ancepaspidinae (New World, 6 genera)
- Subfamily Aspidiotinae
- Tribe Aonidiini (Old World, mostly Australasian and Oriental, 36 genera)
- Tribe Aspidiotini (cosmopolitan, 88 genera)
- Tribe Gymnaspidini (Neotropical, 3 genera)
- Tribe Leucaspidini (almost exclusively Old World, 11 genera)
- Tribe Odonaspidini (mostly Oriental, 5 genera)
- Tribe Parlatoriini (mostly Oriental, 25 genera)
- Tribe Smilacicolini (Oriental, 1 genus)
- Subfamily Diaspidinae
- Tribe Lepidosaphidini (cosmopolitan, 103 genera)
- Tribe Diaspidini
- Subtribe Chionaspidina (cosmopolitan except South America, 48 genera)
- Subtribe Diaspidina (cosmopolitan except Australasia, 13 genera)
- Subtribe Fioriniina (almost exclusively Old World, 64 genera)
- Subfamily Furcaspidinae (Pantropical, 1 genus)
See Also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Miller, Douglass R.; Davidson, John A. (2005). Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs (Hemiptera : Diaspididae). Cornell University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8014-4279-6.
- ^ Delabie, J.H.C. (2001). "Trophobiosis between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an overview". Neotropical Entomology. 30 (4): 501–516. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2001000400001.
- ^ García Morales, M.; Denno, B. D.; Miller, D. R.; Miller, G. L.; et al. "ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics". doi:10.1093/database/bav118. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
- ^ "Catalogue of Life, Diaspididae Targioni Tozzetti 1868". Retrieved 2025-01-20.
- Борхсениус (Borchsenius), Н. С. (N. S.) (1966). Каталог щитовок (Диаспидоидеа) мировой фауны (A catalogue of the armoured scale insects (Diaspidoidea) of the world) (in Russian). Moscow: Академия наук СССР – Зоологический институт (Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences).
- Howard, Forrest D. (2001). "Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha". In Howard, Forrest D.; et al. (eds.). Insects on Palms. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing. pp. 161–226. ISBN 978-0-85199-326-3.
- Takagi, Sadao (2002). "One new subfamily and two new tribes of the Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea)" (PDF). Insecta Matsumurana. 59: 55–100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
External links
[edit]- Citizen science observations for Diaspididae at iNaturalist
Media related to Diaspididae at Wikimedia Commons- Diaspididae at ScaleNet
- Aulacaspis yasumatsui, cycad aulacaspis scale
- Comstockiella sabalis, palmetto scale
- Diaspis boisduvalii, boisduval scale
- Fiorinia theae, tea scale
- Ischnaspis longirostris, black thread scale
- Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli, false oleander scale
- Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, white peach scale
Data related to Diaspididae at Wikispecies
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