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Daquq

Coordinates: 35°8′18″N 44°26′55″E / 35.13833°N 44.44861°E / 35.13833; 44.44861
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Dāqūq
Town
Dāqūq is located in Iraq
Dāqūq
Dāqūq
Location in Iraq
Coordinates: 35°8′18″N 44°26′55″E / 35.13833°N 44.44861°E / 35.13833; 44.44861
Country Iraq
GovernorateKirkuk Governorate
DistrictDaquq District

Daquq (Arabic: داقوق, romanized: Dāqūq, [1] alternatively Ṭawūq or Ṭa’ūq,[2] Kurdish: داقووق, romanized: Daqûq,[3][4] Turkish: Dakuk or Tavuk[5][6]), also known as Daqouq,[7] is the central town of Daquq District in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. The town is ethnically diverse, with a Kurdish majority[8] and Arab and Turkmen minority.[9] It is part of the disputed territories of Northern Iraq.[10] The town is a major agricultural area.[11]

Early history

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Daquq was first mentioned under the name Diquqina in Aramaic texts of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 7th century BCE.[12] The Assyriologist Ariel M. Bagg mentions that Ṭāwūq (another name of Daquq) is the location of either Diquqina or another town called Lubdu, the latter of which could also be at the site of Tall Buldağ.[13] The historian Michael Astour also identified Diquqina with modern Daquq in 1987, calling it an attested provincial center in the Neo-Assyrian period. He also argued that Lubdu, in his text written as Lubda, was another provincial center south of Arrapḫa in a certain distance to Diquqina, but with the exact location unknown.[2]

A clay tablet from 622 BCE written in Akkadian language in Neo-Assyrian script mentions Diquqina. In the record, the treasurer Šumma-ilani purchases the enslaved woman Nanaya-da from the priest Remanni-ilu, a transaction witnessed by 5 people from Diquqina.[14] In another mention of Diquqina from the 7th century BCE, Dadī, a servant of the Assyrian king reports to his ruler that the town of Diquqina hasn't delivered the two cows and 20 sheep required as sacrifice to the king. He continues, that they haven't delivered the sacrifice for years (the exact number was not readable) and requests military action against the town.[15] The sources do not mention an etymology of the name Diquqina.

Abul-Fath Mohammad bin Annaz, the founder of the Annazid dynasty, temporarily seized Daquq from Banu Oqayl in 998 AD.[16] In the Middle Ages, the city became known in Arabic as Daqūq and Daqūqā.[2] Idris Bitlisi mentioned the town in his work Sharafnama from 1597 as a town being a source of naphtha.[17]

Modern history

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Ottoman Midhat Pasha built the famous and intact Daquq bridge in 1883 making it easier for the Ottomans to travel southward.[18] In 1906, the town had about 1,000 people.[19]

In 1925, Daquq's population was predominantly Turkmen.[20]

60% of the population was Kurdish in the 1947 census out of a population of 14,600.[21]

It experienced Arabization during the Saddam era in which Kurdish and Turkmen land was seized for Arab settlers.[11][22] After the fall of the Saddam regime, Kurds forced the Arab settlers out.[23]

In 2011, an estimated 7.3% of Daquq residents lived below the poverty line.[24]

On 21 October 2016, the International Coalition bombed a Muharram shrine, where 28 Turkmen civilians (25 woman and 3 children) were killed.[25]

Religion

[edit]

Many of the Kurds are Kaka'i, while the Turkmen population is Shia.[22] The Kaka'i population experiences harassment and intimidation from the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) which has been controlling the town since 2017. On 21 March 2018, the Kaka'i shrine in the town was destroyed which the local Kaka'is blamed the PMF on.[26]

References

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  1. ^ ""داقوق"... بلدة تزدحم فيها صور الزعامات العراقية والإيرانية" (in Arabic). 15 August 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Astour, Michael C. (1987). Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians - Volume 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. p. 51f. ISBN 978-0-931464-08-9. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  3. ^ "داقووق.. هێرشێكی داعش بۆ سه‌ر یاریگایه‌ك ژماره‌یه‌ك كوژراو و برینداری لێكه‌وته‌وه‌". Peyam (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  4. ^ "Tabeleya Partiya Komunîst a 'Kurdistan' hat daxistin". Peyama Kurd (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  5. ^ "The Turkmen of Iraq". Al-Bab. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  6. ^ Yıldız, Tunahan (2016). "An ethnic group embedded in multiple identities: the case of Iraqi Turkmens in Turkey" (PDF) (in Turkish). Middle East Technical University: 219. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Halawa, Hafsa (16 March 2020). "The Forgotten Iraq". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  8. ^ Sean, Kane (2011). "Iraq's disputed territories" (PDF). p. 28. Finally, Kirkuk's three remaining major urban centers outside of Hawija—namely, Dibis center, Daquq center, and Kirkuk center—generally returned Kurdish majorities, albeit in the 50 percent to 60 percent range in 2010, indicating that they are not only geographically, but also politically, in between the southwest and northeast of the province.
  9. ^ Rasoul, Rasoul Muhammed (2017). "History of Kirkuk from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until Becoming Part of the Iraqi Monarchy in 1925" (PDF). University of Erfurt: 5. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ "Two 'senior' ISIS militants killed in Daquq dawn raid: Iraqi counter terrorism forces". Rûdaw. 7 September 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  11. ^ a b Sean, Kane (2011). "Iraq's disputed territories" (PDF). p. 30.
  12. ^ Lipinski, Edward (2019). "Quittances et titres de propriété araméens du VIIe siècle av.n.è." Rocznik Orientalistyczny. LXXII (I): 91. doi:10.24425/ro.2019.129440. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  13. ^ Bagg, Ariel M. (2015). "Reviewed Work: Siedlungsgeschichte im mittleren Osttigrisgebiet. Vom Neolithikum bis in die neuassyrische Zeit (= Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 28)". Archiv für Orientforschung. 53: 431. JSTOR 44810859. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  14. ^ "saao/saa14 qpn-x-ethnic Glossary". oracc.museum.upenn.edu/. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  15. ^ Maul, Stefan M. (2013). "Die tägliche Speisung des Assur (ginā'u) und deren politische Bedeutung" (PDF). Time and History in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 56th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Barcelona 26-30 July 2010: 574. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  16. ^ "ANNAZIDS". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  17. ^ Chèref-Nâmeh ou Fastes de la Nation kourde (in French). Eggers et Cie. 1868. p. 207.
  18. ^ "كركوك.. جسر "داقوق" العثماني صامد منذ 137 عاما". Anadolu Agency (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  19. ^ Rasoul, Rasoul Muhammed (2017). "History of Kirkuk from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until Becoming Part of the Iraqi Monarchy in 1925" (PDF). University of Erfurt: 5. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ Question of the Frontier between Turkey and Iraq - League of Nations. 1925. p. 38.
  21. ^ C. J. Edmonds (1957). Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press. p. 438. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  22. ^ a b Derzsi-Horváth, András (2017). "Iraq after ISIL: Kirkuk". GPPi. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  23. ^ "Chronology of Events in Iraq, June 2003*" (PDF). UNCHR. 16 February 2004. p. 1. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  24. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ "داقوق، مجزرة اخرى ضد التركمان بغطاء دولي وتواطيء محلي". SotIraq (in Arabic). 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Iraq 2018 - International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). US State Department. pp. 9 & 18. The Kaka'i community in Daquq, Kirkuk Governorate, continued to suffer harassment and intimidation...
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