Convincing Ground massacre
| Location | Portland, Victoria, Australia |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 38°16′42″S 141°39′34″E / 38.2784°S 141.6595°E |
| Participants | Whalers Kilcarer gundidj clan |
| Casualties | |
| Whalers: Unknown | |
| Kilcarer gundidj: 60–200; All but 2 young men killed | |
The Convincing Ground Massacre was a massacre of the Indigenous Gunditjmara people Kilcarer gundidj clan by British settler whalers based at Portland Bay in South-Eastern Australia. It was part of the wider Eumeralla Wars between the British colonisers and Gunditjmara. Tensions between the two groups had been building since the establishment of the town as a whaling station some five years previously, however, around 1833 or 1834, a dispute over a beached whale caused events to escalate.[1]
The massacre has been recognised by academics and state officials as a significant event in the state's history, with Professor Lynette Russell from Australian Indigenous Studies at Monash University saying that the "Convincing Ground is probably the first recorded massacre site for Victoria."[2] The Convincing Ground, site of the massacre, which lies in Portland Bay close to the town in the Shire of Glenelg has been listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.[3]
Causes
[edit]The dispute appears to have arisen over the ownership of a beached whale.[1] While reports are varied on casualties, it is clear that Gunditjmara people were determined to assert their right to the whale as traditional food and when challenged by the whalers, were aggressive in return.
Massacre
[edit]According to Edward Henty and Police Magistrate James Blair in conversation with George Augustus Robinson, the Protector of Aborigines in 1841, the whalers withdrew to the head station only to return with their firearms. Robinson's journal entry says "And the whalers then let fly, to use his expression, right and left upon the natives. He said the natives did not go away but got behind trees and threw spears and stones. They, however, did not much molest them after that." No mention was made in the conversation as to casualties. Later reports arising from a meeting in 1842 that Robinson had with Gunditjmara people stated only two members survived the massacre.[4]
The reason for this uncertainty over casualties and the actual date of the massacre appears to stem from the fact that the incident was reported and documented only several years after its occurrence. The earliest documented mention of the Convincing Ground locality is in an entry of Edward Henty's diary dated 18 October 1835.[4]
George Augustus Robinson visited the site of the massacre in 1841 and talked with local squatters and made the following official report (although he made more extensive notes in his journal):
Among the remarkable places on the coast, is the "Convincing Ground", originating in a severe conflict which took place in a few years previous between the Aborigines and the Whalers on which occasion a large number of the former were slain. The circumstances are that a whale had come on shore and the Natives who fed on the carcass claimed it was their own. The whalers said they would "convince them" and had recourse to firearms. On this spot a fishery is now established.[4]
Robinson was briefed by Aborigines on the massacre only when 30 men and women from various clans of the Gunditjmara people met with him on 23 March 1842 at Campbell's station on the Merri River and told him that all but two men of the Kilcarer gundidj clan were slain in the massacre. The two survivors were called Pollikeunnuc and Yarereryarerer and were adopted by the Cart Gundidj clan of Mount Clay. The Cart Gundidj would not allow any member of the clan to go near the settlement of Portland following the massacre, although in May 1842 Cart Gundidj resistance leader Partpoaermin was captured at the Convincing Ground after a violent struggle.[4]
Historian Richard Broome estimated that about 60 were killed at the Convincing Ground massacre.[5] Bruce Pascoe, in his book published in 2007 titled Convincing Ground – Learning to Fall in love with your country, said: "The Gundidjmara were beaten in that battle but never convinced of its legitimacy".[6]
Origin of 'Convincing Ground'
[edit]There has also been debate over the origin of the term, Convincing Ground, with three different European based accounts:
- Edward Henty and Police Magistrate Jim Blair's account of a violent altercation to "convince" the Aborigines of European "rights" to land and resources which led Robinson to write that a large number of people were slain;
- that it was a place where whalers settled disputes between themselves; and
- a popular account that the site was named by explorer Thomas Mitchell when he visited in August 1836, was still being promoted in 2008 by Portland Rotary Club.[7]
Henty's diary entry referring to the Convincing Ground by name in October 1835 precedes the visit of Mitchell so logically invalidates this account.[citation needed] Historian Professor Ian D. Clark wrote that the account by Henty and Blair as told to Robinson is the most likely source of origin.[4]
A fourth account – the oral tradition and reports by the Gunditjmara people – was that a massacre took place almost wiping out an entire clan to "convince them" of white rights to the land."[6]
Professor Clark told Message Stick documentary in 2007:
If we deny the history that goes with the Convincing Ground – and that is both the very good documentary evidence that we have, plus the very good oral history that we have from the Gunditjmara people, we are denying Aboriginal people their history, and if we deny Aboriginal people their history, we are denying a major part of the history of Australia.[8]
Historical skepticism
[edit]Stuart Rintoul, in a 2007 newspaper article about the Federal Court decision granting Gunditjmara people native title to land including the Convincing Ground site, wrote that Keith Windschuttle and writer Michael Connor dispute that a massacre took place and allege that the story of the massacre is "myth-making" and "very dubious".[9] In reply, Ian Clark argued this was based on an inaccurate reading of the history.[10]
2005–2007 controversy
[edit]In 2005 a developer was granted the right to build homes on the site. This caused a dispute between the Western Victorian Glenelg Shire Council and the local Koorie community on whether or not the location should be protected.[1]
Kilcarer clan traditional owner Walter Saunders, a descendant of one of the two massacre survivors, explained the cultural importance of the site on ABC Local Radio:
It stands on the same level as the Eureka Stockade and Gallipoli from our perspective. It is the first recorded massacre in the state. This is where Aboriginal people and non-Aboriginal people fought over the resources of this great country and they happened to kill a large number of my relatives and my mother's relatives.[11]
As a result of a confidential agreement in 2007, some development would occur but the "Convincing Ground" would become a public reservation.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Martin Boulton, "Anger over plans to build on massacre site", The Age, 28 January 2005. Accessed 26 November 2008
- ^ The Convincing Ground Pt 1 Archived 8 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV Message Stick Broadcast 19 February 2007. Accessed 27 November 2008
- ^ Convincing Ground, Victorian Heritage Database. Accessed 27 November 2008
- ^ a b c d e Ian D. Clark, pp17-22, Scars on the Landscape. A Register of Massacre sites in Western Victoria 1803-1859, Aboriginal Studies Press, 1995. ISBN 0-85575-281-5. Excerpt also published on Museum Victoria website Archived 5 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 26 November 2008
- ^ Richard Broome, pp81, Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800, Allen & Unwin, 2005, ISBN 1-74114-569-4, ISBN 978-1-74114-569-4
- ^ a b Pascoe, Bruce (2007). Convincing Ground: Learning to fall in love with your country. Canberra, Australia: Aboriginal Studies Press, AIATSIS. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-85575-549-2. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ^ Portland About, Rotary Club of Portland website. Accessed 27 November 2008. This account says "Surveyor and explorer Thomas Mitchell visited Portland Bay during his search for good pasturage south of the Murray River in August 1836. He was amazed to find the settlement in existence. Indeed when an Aboriginal guide asserted that he could see houses and a ship at anchor Mitchell was disbelieving. However, when a boot print and broken bottle were found in the sand, and cattle tracks nearby, he was convinced and so named the beach area the 'Convincing Ground', by which name it is still known today."
- ^ The Convincing Ground Pt 2 Archived 10 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV Message Stick Broadcast 26 February 2007. Accessed 27 November 2008
- ^ Stuart Rintoul, Native title granted on massacre lands, The Australian, 31 March 2007. Accessed 22 Feb. 2013[dead link]
- ^ Clark, Ian D (1 November 2011). "The Convincing Ground Aboriginal massacre at Portland Bay, Victoria: fact or fiction?". Aboriginal History. 35. doi:10.22459/ah.35.2011.04. ISSN 0314-8769.
- ^ Reporter: Freya Michie, The site where Aboriginal history is clashing with commercial development, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Stateline Radio News, Transcript, 21 October 2005. Accessed 27 November 2008
- ^ Media Release, Media - Parties Agree on Convincing Ground Archived 1 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Glenelg Shire Council 29 January 2007. Accessed 27 November 2008
Further reading
[edit]- Razik, Naveen (11 July 2020). "Victoria to introduce Australia's first truth-telling process to address Indigenous injustices". SBS News. Special Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
- Thorne, Leonie (11 July 2020). "Victoria to establish truth and justice process as part of Aboriginal treaty process". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
External links
[edit]- "Convincing Ground". Victorian Heritage Database. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- "Encounters: Convincing Ground". Museum Victoria. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- "Convincing Ground: a history" (PDF). Michael Connor: Against the Grain. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- "The Convincing Ground Pt 1". Message Stick. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 February 2007. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- "The Convincing Grounds Pt 2". Message Stick. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 February 2007. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2021.