Jump to content

Climate movement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Climate change activism)
Banner "System change, not climate change" at Ende Gelände 2017 in Germany

The climate movement is a global social movement focused on pressuring governments and industry to take action (also called "climate action") addressing the causes and impacts of climate change. Environmental non-profit organizations have engaged in significant climate activism since the late 1980s and early 1990s, as they sought to influence the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).[1] Climate activism has become increasingly prominent over time, gaining significant momentum during the 2009 Copenhagen Summit and particularly following the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2016.[2]

Environmental organizations take various actions such as Peoples Climate Marches. A major event was the global climate strike in September 2019 organized by Fridays For Future and Earth Strike.[3] The target was to influence the climate action summit organized by the UN on 23 September.[4] According to the organizers four million people participated in the strike on 20 September.[5] Youth activism and involvement has played an important part in the evolution of the movement after the growth of the Fridays For Future strikes started by Greta Thunberg in 2019.[2] In 2019, Extinction Rebellion organized large protests demanding to "reduce carbon emissions to zero by 2025, and create a citizens' assembly to oversee progress", including blocking roads.[6]

History

[edit]

Since the early 1970s, climate activists have called for more effective political action regarding climate change and other environmental issues. In 1970, Earth Day was the first large-scale environmental movement that called for the protection of all life on earth.[7] The Friends of Earth organisation was also founded in 1970.[8]

Activism related to climate change continued in the late 1980s,[9] when major environmental organizations became involved in the discussions about climate, mainly in the UNFCCC framework. Whereas environmental organizations had previously primarily been engaged at the domestic level, they began to increasingly engage in international campaigning.[9]

The largest transnational climate change coalition, Climate Action Network, was founded in 1992.[10] Its major members include Greenpeace, WWF, Oxfam and Friends of the Earth.[10] Climate Justice Now! and Climate Justice Action, two major coalitions, were founded in the lead-up to the 2009 Copenhagen Summit.[10]

Between 2006 and 2009, the Campaign against Climate Change and other British organisations staged a series of demonstrations to encourage governments to make more serious attempts to address climate change.[8]

The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen was the first UNFCCC summit in which the climate movement started showing its mobilization power at a large scale. According to Jennifer Hadden, the number of new NGOs registered with the UNFCCC surged in 2009 in the lead-up to the Copenhagen summit.[1] Between 40,000 and 100,000 people attended a march in Copenhagen on December 12 calling for a global agreement on climate.[11] Activism went beyond Copenhagen, with more than 5,400 rallies and demonstrations took place around the world simultaneously.[12]

In 2019, activists, most of whom were young people, participated in a global climate strike to criticise the lack of international and political action to address the worsening impacts of climate change.[13] Greta Thunberg, a 19-year-old activist from Sweden, became a figurehead for the movement.[13]

Methods

[edit]

Climate activists are sometimes depicted as dangerous radicals, but the truly dangerous radicals are the countries that are increasing the production of fossil fuels.

António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, 2022[14]

Presenting data and other facts is less effective in motivating people to act to mitigate climate change, than financial incentives and social pressure involved in showing people climate-related actions of other people.[15]
The strongest factors in self-reported changes in opinion about global warming were Republican party identification, seeing others experience impacts of global warming, and learning more about global warming.[16]

These are several approaches that have been used in the past by climate advocates and advocacy campaigns:

  • the provision of information,
  • framing of information about aspects of global climate change, and
  • challenging the terms of political debates.

All three of these methods have been implemented in climate campaigns aimed at the general public.[17] The information about the impacts of global climate change plays a role in forming climatic beliefs, attitudes, and behavior, while the effects of other approaches (e.g. provision of information about solutions to GCC, consensus framing, use of mechanistic information) is yet mostly unknown.[18] The third approach is to create space for discussions that move beyond questions of economic interests that often dominate political debates to emphasize ecological values and grass-roots democracy. This has been argued to be crucial to bringing about more significant structural change.[19] Some politicians, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger with the slogan "terminate pollution", say that activists should generate optimism by focusing on the health co-benefits of climate action.[20]

Climate disobedience

[edit]
See also: Ende Gelände 2016, Ende Gelände 2017, Ende Gelände 2018, Ende Gelände 2019, and Extinction Rebellion

Climate disobedience is a form of civil disobedience, deliberate action intended to critique government climate policy. In 2008, American climate activist Tim DeChristopher posed as a bidder at an auction of US Bureau of Land Management oil and gas leases of public land in Utah, won the auction, reneged on payment, and was imprisoned for 21 months. In September 2015, five climate activists known as the Delta 5 obstructed an oil train in Everett, Washington. At trial, the Delta 5 were allowed the necessity defense, that is, breaking a law in the service of preventing a greater harm. After testimony, the judge determined the grounds for the necessity defense were not met and instructed the jury to disregard testimony admitted under the necessity defense. The Delta 5 were fined for trespassing but were acquitted of more serious charges.[21][22][23][24]

The first example of a judge accepting the climate necessity defense was on March 27, 2018 when Judge Mary Ann Driscoll acquitted all 13 defendants of civil charges from a protest held in 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts.[25]

Declaring emergency state

[edit]
Further information: Climate emergency declaration
Artwork of a distressed polar bear stranded on the tip of an iceberg, morphing into the Earth below the waterline. The Earth submerged in a pot of boiling water above the flames of a gas stove.

Enacting a state of emergency may be composed of two elements: declaring a state of emergency that has formulated real-world i.e. legal effects and the associated enabling or ensuring of rapid complementary large-scale changes in human activity for the articulated purposes. To date, many governments have acknowledged, sometimes in the form of tentative text-form "declarations", that humanity is essentially in a state of climate emergency.

In November 2021 Greta Thunberg with other climate activists begun filing a petition to the United Nation calling it to declare a level 3 global climate emergency. This should lead to the creation of a special team that will coordinate the response to the climate crisis in the international level. The response should be at least as strong as the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[26]

It has been proposed that the national security sector could play a unique role in the development of a global climate-emergency mobilisation of labour and resources to build a zero-emission economy and enact decarbonization.[27]

Commentators and The Climate Mobilization have suggested mobilisation of resources on the scale of a war economy and other related exceptional or effective measures.[28][29][30][31][32]

Focus on climate justice

[edit]
Main article: Climate justice

Shifting away from a focus on impacts on the natural environment, in recent years people have called on decision-makers to move towards equitable mitigation strategies for all people.[33][34] Climate justice acknowledges that some regions and populations are more vulnerable to climate change than others,[35] and that in addressing climate solutions we must consider "existing vulnerabilities, resources and capabilities."[36] A study of 800 websites and documents from Australian environmental groups identified six different dimensions of climate justice including Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice, Recognition Justice, Relational Justice, Intergenerational Justice, and Transformative Justice.[37]

In the United States, organizations such as the Climate Justice Alliance work towards the goal of resilient economies and communities, placing "race, gender and class at the center of the solutions" by working to unite the voices of frontline communities.[38]

[edit]
Main article: Climate change litigation
Zero Hour Climate March in Pittsburgh! In the words of the organizers of this event: "On July 21, youth all over the United States will march for the demands that were delivered to our leaders in Washington D.C. This is a call to our politicians to stand with us and with our future".

In some countries, those affected by climate change may be able to sue major greenhouse gas emitters. Litigation has been attempted by entire countries and peoples, such as Palau[39] and the Inuit,[40] as well as non-governmental organizations such as the Sierra Club.[41] Investor-owned coal, oil, and gas corporations could be legally and morally liable for climate-related human rights violations.[42][43] Litigations are often carried out via collective pooling of effort and resources such as via organizations like Greenpeace,[44] which sued a Polish coal utility[44] and a German car manufacturer.[45]

Proving that some weather events are due specifically to global warming is now possible, and methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of other events caused by global warming.[46]

For a legal action for negligence (or similar) to succeed,[clarification needed] "Plaintiffs ... must show that, more probably than not, their individual injuries were caused by the risk factor in question, as opposed to any other cause. This has sometimes been translated to a requirement of a relative risk of at least two."[47] Another route (though with little legal bite) is the World Heritage Convention, if it can be shown that climate change is affecting World Heritage Sites like Mount Everest.[48][49]

Of countries' governments

[edit]

Besides countries suing one another, there are also cases where people in a country have taken legal steps against their own government.[50]

In the Netherlands and Belgium, organisations such as the foundation Urgenda and the Klimaatzaak[51] in Belgium have also sued their governments as they believe their governments are not meeting the emission reductions they agreed to. Urgenda have already won their case against the Dutch government.[52]

In 2021, Germany's supreme constitutional court ruled that the government's climate protection measures are insufficient to protect future generations and that the government had until the end of 2022 to improve its Climate Protection Act.[53]

Held v. Montana was the first constitutional law climate lawsuit to go to trial in the United States, on June 12, 2023.[54] The case was filed in March 2020 by sixteen youth residents of Montana, then aged 2 through 18,[55] who argued that the state's support of the fossil fuel industry had worsened the effects of climate change on their lives, thus denying their right to a "clean and healthful environment in Montana for present and future generations"[56]:Art. IX, § 1 as required by the Constitution of Montana.[57] On August 14, 2023, the trial court judge ruled in the youth plaintiffs' favor, though the state indicated it would appeal the decision.[58] Montana's Supreme Court heard oral arguments on July 10, 2024, its seven justices taking the case under advisement.[59]

Of companies

[edit]

In May 2021, in Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell, the district court of The Hague ordered Royal Dutch Shell to cut its global carbon emissions by 45% by the end of 2030 compared to 2019 levels.[60]

Fossil fuel divestment

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Fossil fuel divestment.[edit]

Fossil fuel divestment or fossil fuel divestment and investment in climate solutions is an attempt to reduce climate change by exerting social, political, and economic pressure for the institutional divestment of assets including stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments connected to companies involved in extracting fossil fuels.[61]

Fossil fuel divestment campaigns emerged on college and university campuses in the United States in 2011 with students urging their administrations to turn endowment investments in the fossil fuel industry into investments in clean energy and communities most impacted by climate change.[62] In 2012, Unity College in Maine became the first institution of higher learning to divest[63] its endowment from fossil fuels.
Students at Tufts University "marched forth on March 4th" coinciding with dozens of student-led rallies around the United States. The marches had the objective of pressuring universities to reduce and eventually eliminate investments in fossil-fuel related ventures. Organized nationally through WeArePowerShift.org, these rallies included speeches, singing, and chanting of slogans such as "Divestment is a Tactic; Justice is the Goal."
Harvard fossil fuel divestment petition

The divestment movement against fossil fuels has shed a different light on conversations surrounding fossil fuel finance. Banks and investors have been increasingly questioning the viability of the fossil fuel sector in the long-term. This is because this disinvestment movement is stigmatizing fossil fuels and is raising uncertainty around continued use of fossil fuels, thus reducing the financial desirability of fossil fuel assets. Because the extraction, exploration, and mining of fossil fuels are all capital-intensive activities, uncertainty around their financial risks can reduce investment. If there is a reduction in the supply of capital or a rise in the costs of capital, fossil fuel projects will end up being uneconomical. This will make the valuation of fossil fuel companies go down making them to go out of the market.[64]      

The main argument behind fossil fuel divestment campaigns is that earning profits from investments in activities associated with fossil fuels is unethical as fossil fuel emissions are the primary drivers responsible for global climate change.[65] Fossil Fuel divestment campaigns such as the Go Fossil Free campaign by 350.org are pleading with the investors to divest by immediately freezing any new investments that they might make in any fossil fuel companies and to divest from any direct ownership and commingled funds, such as fossil fuels public equities together with corporate bonds, in the next five years.[65]

Fossil fuel divestment campaign have three primary aims. One of them is to pressure government across the globe to put legislation in place including carbon tax or banning any further drilling of fossil fuels. The second aim is to pressure fossil fuel companies to enact transformative change in their companies by switching to forms of energy supply that are less carbon-intensive in nature. The third aim is to ensure transparency when it comes to the carbon exposure that is caused by fossil fuel companies and also to put pressure on governments across the globe to play an active role in restricting the extraction of fossil fuels.[65]  

Fossil fuel divestment campaigns thus seek to cut everything that would be required for the growth and survival of the fossil fuel industry.[66] These include the social license that this industry requires to operate, the political license that the fossil fuel industry needs to grow and to survive, and the financial investments that support its existence, survival, and growth.[67] These campaigns also seek to pressure governments to play their role in trying to limit emissions. In these campaigns, campaigners demand so see that the public institutions server their ties that they have always had with this fossil fuel industry for the main purpose of tarnishing the reputation of the fossil fuel industry and to challenge the power that the industry has.[68] By doing these, these campaigners thus want to starve fossil fuel companies of the badly needed capital and to remove both the infrastructure and the influence that this industry has.[69]

Divestment campaigns have been used for a variety of social justice issues in the past. For example, divestment campaigns have been launched to end investment in South Africa during apartheid, Israel, and Sudan, and against the tobacco industry. Most recently, divestment campaigns have focused on private prisons and the fossil fuel industry. These divestment calls have received a lot of attention with varying outcomes.[70]  

The good news for the fossil fuel divestment campaigns is that their strategy could be effective. This owes to the fact that there has been an increase in the fossil fuel divestment commitments since 2000. These divestment commitments have resulted in reductions in the flow of capital into the gas and oil sector, as experienced in 33 countries across the globe between the years 2000 and 2015. Research has found that increasing gas and oil divestment pledges in various countries has also been influenced by divestment campaigns. More stringent environmental policies have also been enacted by regimes that recognize climate change as a threat to their country.[71]

Fossil fuel divestment has indeed gained remarkable traction over the last few years. It has transformed from being a fringe idea to becoming a movement currently valued at around $14.5 trillion. It has over one thousand endowments, pension plans, and major investors committed. It has made many of today’s retail investors and institutional investors channeling their money towards environmentally conscious funds.[64]  

Hunger striking

[edit]

Sustained hunger striking, although used in several social justice campaigns in the 19th and 20th centuries, was (possibly) first[citation needed] employed as a climate tactic in Berlin, Germany in 2024 under the banner of Starve until you are honest.[citation needed]

Public environmental activism

[edit]
Al Gore Pelosi 2017 -Combatting Climate Change Congresswoman Pelosi meets with former Vice President Al Gore where they discussed the urgent need for action on climate change, and Governor Brown’s leadership in continuing California’s commitment to the Paris Climate Agreement.

This type of citizen activism is important to creating a path to systemic change that will benefit the environment. This change can be assisted through government involvement by way of making more environmentally-conscious policies and all-encompassing changes that will be needed to make substantial environmental change. Different strategies, actions, and systems are used by citizen environmental activists for the purpose of supporting and in some cases demanding these environmental changes. There are however, issues that this type of activism faces. Issues such as potential decline in favorability and participation in environmental movements in BRIC countries, barriers to environmental citizen involvement and mobilization, and divergence in goals between environmental movements.

Creating change

[edit]
Changes in interest in climate change, as measured by use of "climate change" as a Google search term

Individual, voluntary activism is not enough to make a substantial difference in prominent climate change issues, systematic change is.[72] Carol Booth puts forward that the harm in "bystanding to inadequate laws, policies and programs warrant greater moral concern" than individual harm by way of personal emissions and similar negative actions contributing to climate change (pg. 412).[72] In order for emissions reduction, one of many climate change issues, to occur at a scale that has positive environmental effects government action will be needed.[72] Overall, environmental reform is best supported and advanced by activism and movements.[73] Frederick Buttel theorizes that the reasons for this are that environmental activism and movements fight back against countermovement groups and that they ensure responsibility in regards to environmental protection.[73]

Government systems can both shape and constrain what public activists are able to do, particularly systems found in countries like the U.S and European Union.[74] Constraints come from institutional aspects of the government systems that make it difficult to produce legislation and other prominent changes that fight against climate change issues.[74] The progression of mobilization in some cases depends on activists to find ways to move past barriers found in these government systems.[74] The general public has influence over certain outcomes. "...[L]atent civic behavior, attitudes towards society, and historical patterns of expectations for institutional performance can exert surprisingly important influence on political, and even economic outcomes(pg. 33).[75] When looking at Californian policy, it was found that the influence of citizen activism leads to systematic choices that are favorable to the environment from influential and powerful members, like policy and community figureheads.[75]

A 2023 review study published in One Earth stated that opinion polls show that most people perceive climate change as occurring now and close by.[76] The study concluded that seeing climate change as more distant does not necessarily result in less climate action, and reducing psychological distancing does not reliably increase climate action.[76]

Systems and actions in public activism

[edit]

Different strategies, systems, and actions are utilized in public environmental activism. Certain actions may be unavailable to different types of public activists depending on economic standpoint.

Erik Wright's theories of social transformation were used to analyze environmental movements and in part the actions that these movements took in their activism that connected to Wright's "transformational strategies".[77] This includes "interstitial strategies", which are strategies that try to alter or challenge the current system, are seen in citizens actions like buying more efficient appliances and other environmentally-friendly focused consumer actions.[77] "Ruptural strategies" "smash the current system through confrontation".[77] Strategies like these connect to the practice in environmental movement to hold protests and resistance demonstrations.[77] Lastly, "symbiotic strategies" are focused on collaboration through social reformation such as promoting and reforming policy to prioritize the climate's health as opposed to profit.[77] Other types of strategies that citizen activists take are "awareness building, alliance building, and network foundation."[74] "Conservation behavior", the public's willingness to life more environmentally-sustainable lifestyles, has been seen to become increasingly more popular both in developed and "developing democracies."[78] In an examination of the BRIC countries, of which they are still considered developing, it is posited that if work being done by environmentalists in these countries is seen as not enough, citizens may take it upon themselves to "turn their efforts to lifestyle adjustments as an alternative form of contribution."[79]

The United States' "citizen suit provision" is a type of system that is accessible for the use in public environmental activism.[80] These are used in many major U.S environmental laws, are important to environmental enforcement, and deter noncompliance from agencies at fault as well as demonstrate public interest and demand.[80] Another environmental system is "China's environmental complaint system".[80] This system takes in citizen's reports of violations in regards to environmental issues and is used typically for the public to voice "concerns and frustrations with environmental problems and has been successful in promoting environmental awareness and engaging the public"(pg 330).[80] The study suggested that "the role of public participation is greatly dependent on the broader governance [system] within which it is embedded, and that channeling environmental activism into [government] can significantly influence its effectiveness"(pg 326).[80]

Obstacles

[edit]
In this 2022 Pew survey, respondents from almost half the countries ranked climate change as being highest of five threats in the survey.[81]
In a UNDP survey covering 77 countries, most respondents from top fossil fuel-producing countries favored a quick transition away from fossil fuels.[82]

Public activism faces challenges due to differences in economic development as well as differences in government and law. There have been "signs of declining confidence and membership in environmental [organizations]"[79] in the BRIC countries as well as "barriers to public involvement and social [mobilization] due to close monitoring and censorship, notably in China and Russia.[79] Issues facing more long-term environmental discourse are feelings of unconcern and helplessness are cited as obstacles that public activist groups face in trying to promote change.[77] In addition, mainstream environmental movements are "increasingly being challenged by environmental counter-movements"(pg 309).[73] There are also many different goals and gaps between these types of movements, as well as barriers to producing an effective, influential message to inspire other to enact change.[73] This prevents a solid, widespread message and specific goal from all environmental groups being produced.

Targeting of activists

[edit]

The United States government through its domestic intelligence services targeted, as "domestic terrorists," environmental activists and climate change organizations, including by investigating them, questioning them, and placing them on national "watchlists" that makes it more difficult for them to board airplanes and that could instigate local law enforcement monitoring.[83] Unknown actors also secretly hired professional hackers to launch phishing hacking attacks against climate activists who were organizing the #ExxonKnew campaign.[84] On September 16, 2022, over fifty climate protesters were arrested and jailed in the U.K. for blocking roads, with many of them going through court hearings, and some being released on bail. Alice Reid, a spokesperson for the group Rebels in Prison Support, claims that many of these protestors are young adults with no connection to the judicial system before becoming activists.[85] Since the late 2010s individual activists in Australia have been targeted by corporate strategic lawsuits against public participation and most states have increased penalties for business interference or trespassing as well as criminalised the use of specific devices used to attach protesters to infrastructure or equipment. In some situations courts have dismissed cases brought under the new laws or freed prisoners upon appeal.[86]

Activities

[edit]

2014 People’s Climate March

[edit]
See also: People's Climate March (2014), Global Climate March, and People's Climate March (2017)
The People's Climate March 2014 brought together hundreds of thousands of people for strong action on climate change.

The climate movement convened its largest single event on 21 September 2014, when it mobilized 400,000 activists in New York during the People’s Climate March (plus several thousand more in other cities), organized by the People's Climate Movement, to demand climate action from the global leaders gathered for the 2014 UN Climate Summit.[87][88]

Institutional Climate Activism

[edit]

There have been coalitions of institutional investors that have promulgated climate activism.[89] These initiatives have sometimes included expansive group efforts, such as Climate Action 100+ - a coalition over 300 institutional investors (including some of the largest greenhouse emitters).[90] Institutional activism is not uncommon, despite the common assumption that shareholder interests would be averse to such action.[89] However, industry-wide efforts to mitigate climate risks is often in the interest of heavily diversified firms, as climate change can have a strong effect on the global economy.[89]

Climate Mobilization

[edit]
Main article: The Climate Mobilization

Since 2014, growing portions of the climate movement, especially in the United States have been organizing for an international economic response to climate change on the scale of the mobilization of the American home front during World War II, with the goal of rapidly slashing carbon emissions and transitioning to 100% clean energy faster than the free market is likely to allow. Throughout 2015 and 2016, The Climate Mobilization led grassroots campaigns in the U.S. for this scale of ambition, and in July 2016, activists succeeded in getting text adopted into the Democratic Party's national platform calling for WWII-scale climate mobilization.[91] In August 2015, environmentalist Bill McKibben published an article in the New Republic rallying Americans to "declare war on climate change."[92]

School strikes for climate

[edit]
A school strike for climate in Berlin (2018)
This section is an excerpt from Fridays for Future.[edit]
Maximum number of school strikers per country:
  1000 
  1000+ 
  10000+ 
  100000+ 
  1000000+


Fridays for Future (FFF), also known as the School strike for climate (Swedish: Skolstrejk för klimatet), is an international movement of school students who skip Friday classes to participate in demonstrations to demand action from political leaders to prevent climate change and for the fossil fuel industry to transition to renewable energy.

Publicity and widespread organising began after Swedish pupil Greta Thunberg staged a protest in August 2018 outside of the Swedish Riksdag (parliament), holding a sign that read "Skolstrejk för klimatet" ("School strike for climate").[93][94]

A global strike on 15 March 2019 gathered more than one million strikers in 2,200 strikes organised in 125 countries.[95][96][97][98] On 24 May 2019, in the second global strike, 1,600 protests across 150 countries drew hundreds of thousands of strikers. The May protests were timed to coincide with the 2019 European Parliament election.[97][99][100][101]

The 2019 Global Week for Future was a series of 4,500 strikes across over 150 countries, focused around Friday 20 September and Friday 27 September. Likely the largest climate strikes in world history, the 20 September strikes gathered roughly 4 million protesters, many of them schoolchildren, including 1.4 million in Germany.[102] On 27 September, an estimated two million people participated in demonstrations worldwide, including over one million protesters in Italy and several hundred thousand protesters in Canada.[103][104][105]

Youth Climate Movement

[edit]

Youth all over the world have been striking, advocating, and volunteering for climate solutions. Youth climate action groups such as SustainUS, Fridays for Future, and the Sunrise Movement have called on young people to hold leaders accountable, whether through attending conferences,[106] striking from school and pressuring politicians to listen to scientists,[107]  or calling for greater green jobs and consolidating voting power.[108]

In 2020 the United Nations Secretary General launched the global Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change, selecting seven members who meet to represent the changes youth are demanding globally.[109][110]

Youth involvement in pro-climate action movements has increased significantly in the 21st century, and has intensified over the past few years.[111] Youth climate activists have used social media platforms as a vehicle to engage and protest with the current environmental issue. After Greta Thunberg started the youth movement "Strikes for Climate" by protesting outside the Swedish Parliament in 2018, she documented her journey on Twitter, where she built a network to promote her cause and call people to action.[112] The youth climate movement starts shifting from the traditional way to the social media platforms and it will continue in the future.

Younger generations are paying more attention to global events, particularly climate change. Research shows that climate change is of greater concern among younger people than older people. Over 70% of Americans aged 18 to 34 worry about global warming compared with 62% of those 35 to 54 and 56% who are 55 or older.[113] Corner claims that across European countries, young people tend to have similar or higher levels of concern than adults and have a higher sense of risk perception.[113] Younger generations are more likely to have learned through general education about climate change in their schooling, and to be aware of the negative effects that climate change has brought to the Earth. In addition, they also see climate change as a more serious global event that is relevant to themselves because they will be more impacted, and thus should take the lead on addressing climate change.

When the pandemic hit, most school strikes movements around the world continued to be held, but moved more onto social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, etc), resulting in lower participation rates. However, participation in youth climate movement on social media continued to rise. Social media provided an outlet for youth to share their concerns, generate knowledge, and be more politically active since they are not yet able to vote and face logistical limitations in face-to-face participation.[114][115]

The research found that activists in their study created a sense of connection to other young people and other climate change activists.[116] They usually post their activist identities on their social media account profile. (For example, @GretaThunberg, a young climate activist #climatechange#climatestrike #youthmovement). What they share in common is that they try to inspire others to do the same in their communities by showcasing themselves as climate activists with a strong voice. The strategy for younger activists is to situate themselves within a specific role to create a relevant identity to others and make connections with other people on the internet. Thus, regardless of which side the activists are going to support, they are utilizing their social media as a medium to communicate with others in a shared way. They are playing an important role focused on engaging a range of supporters worldwide to join in the youth climate movement.

This section is an excerpt from Youth Climate Movement.[edit]
The Youth Climate Movement (YouNGO)[117] or International Youth Climate Movement (IYCM) refers to an international network of youth organisations that collectively aims to inspire, empower and mobilise a generational movement of young people to take positive action on climate change.

YOUNGO is the official children and youth Constituency of the UNFCCC, with members up to 35 years old. One of the main tasks of this group is to draft a Global Youth Position Statement to hand officials at the annual UNFCCC Conference of Parties.[118][119]

2019 Global Climate Strike

[edit]
One of the September 2019 climate strikes
This section is an excerpt from September 2019 climate strikes.[edit]
Protest attendee numbers from 20 to 27 September 2019, by country:
  1,000,000+
  100,000+
  10,000+
  1,000+
  100+
  Small protests, unclear numbers

The September 2019 climate strikes, also known as the Global Week for Future, were a series of international strikes and protests to demand action be taken to address climate change, which took place from 20 to 27 September 2019. The strikes' key dates were 20 September, which was three days before the United Nations Climate Summit, and 27 September.[120][121] The protests took place across 4,500 locations in 150 countries.[122][123] The event stemmed from the Fridays for Future school strike for climate movement, inspired by Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg.[124][125] The Guardian reported that roughly 6 million people participated in the events,[126] whilst 350.org – a group that organised many of the protests – claim that 7.6 million people participated.[127]

The 20 September protests were likely the largest climate strikes in world history.[128][129] Organisers reported that over 4 million people participated in strikes worldwide,[128] including 1.4 million participants in Germany.[130][131] An estimated 300,000 protesters took part in Australian strikes,[132] a further 300,000 people joined UK protests[133] and protesters in New York – where Greta Thunberg delivered a speech – numbered roughly 250,000.[121][129] More than 2,000 scientists in 40 countries pledged to support the strikes.[134]

A second wave of protests took place on 27 September,[135] in which an estimated 2 million people took part in over 2,400 protests.[126][136] There were reported figures of one million protesters in Italy,[137] and 170,000 people in New Zealand.[138] In Montreal, where Greta Thunberg spoke, the Montreal school board cancelled classes for 114,000 of its students.[139][140] An estimated 500,000 protesters, including several federal party leaders, joined the march in Montreal.[141][142]

2023 Climate Protests

[edit]
Further information: 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference

In November 2023 around 70,000 people participated in a climate march in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 10 days before the elections in the country. This was the biggest climate march in the history of the Netherlands.[143]

Many climate protests are scheduled for the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference including a climate march in London. The conference has created many protests, as the head of the conference is at the same time the head of the oil company ADNOC which according to one research "is planning the largest expansion of oil and gas production of any company in the world."[144][145]

Summer of Heat on Wall Street (2024)

[edit]

In May 2024, the Summer of Heat on Wall Street began a series of civil disobedience actions in Tribeca, New York City, mainly at the Citibank World Headquarters plaza.[146] This was the first climate protest in history to hold an entire season of weekly civil disobedience protests targeting Wall Street's role in environmental degradation. Targets include bankers and insurers, specifically Citibank and Citigroup.[146][147]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Hadden, Jennifer (2015). Networks in Contention: The Divisive Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08958-7.
  2. ^ a b Maher, Julie (26 March 2021). "Fridays For Future: A Look Into A Climate Change Movement". Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  3. ^ Zoe Low, Zoe (18 July 2019). "Asia's young climate activists on joining the worldwide campaign for government action on global warming". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  4. ^ Korte, Kate (10 July 2019). "Elizabeth May holds nonpartisan town hall at UVic for constituents". Martlet Publishing Society. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  5. ^ Conley, Julia (23 September 2019). "4 Million Attend Biggest Climate Protest in History, Organizers Declare 'We're Not Through'". Ecowatch. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  6. ^ "Extinction Rebellion: Climate protesters block roads". BBC News. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  7. ^ Thomson, Jennifer (2014). "A History of Climate Justice". The Solutions Journal. 5: 89–92.
  8. ^ a b Routledge handbook of the climate change movement. Dietz, Matthias., Garrelts, Heiko. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon. 10 January 2014. ISBN 978-1-135-03886-1. OCLC 869543253.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ^ a b Hadden, Jennifer (2015). Networks in Contention: The Divisive Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-107-08958-7. Environmental activists first became interested in transnational coordination on climate issues in the late 1980s
  10. ^ a b c Hadden, Jennifer (2015). Networks in Contention: The Divisive Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45, 93–141. ISBN 978-1-107-08958-7.
  11. ^ "Climate activists condemn Copenhagen police tactics". BBC News. 13 December 2009. Archived from the original on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
  12. ^ "International day of demonstrations on climate change". CNN. 26 October 2009.
  13. ^ a b "Protesting Climate Change, Young People Take to Streets in a Global Strike". The New York Times. 2019-09-20. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  14. ^ Peter Kalmus (6 April 2022). "Climate scientists are desperate: we're crying, begging and getting arrested". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  15. ^ Bergquist, Magnus; Thiel, Maximilian; Goldberg, Matthew H.; van der Linden, Sander (21 March 2023). "Field interventions for climate change mitigation behaviors: A second-order meta-analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (13): e2214851120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12014851B. doi:10.1073/pnas.2214851120. PMC 10068847. PMID 36943888. (Table 1)
    — Explained by Thompson, Andrea (19 April 2023). "What Makes People Act on Climate Change, according to Behavioral Science". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023.
  16. ^ Data from Allew, Matthew; Marlon, Jennifer; Goldberg, Matthew; Maibach, Edward; et al. (27 September 2022). "Experience with global warming is changing people's minds about it". Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. ● Full technical article (pay wall): Allew, Matthew; Marlon, Jennifer; Goldberg, Matthew; Maibach, Edward; et al. (4 August 2022). "Changing minds about global warming: vicarious experience predicts self‑reported opinion change in the USA". Climatic Change. 173 (19). Bibcode:2022ClCh..173...19B. doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03397-w. S2CID 251323601. (Fig. 2 on p. 12) (preprint)
  17. ^ Hartley, Sophie (2023-10-10). "Climate Activism : Start Here". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  18. ^ Skalík, Jan; Chabada, Tomáš; Urban, Jan (2018-12-28). "Effects of information-based interventions and framing interventions on attitudes to climate change and mitigation behavior". Envigogika. 13 (2). doi:10.14712/18023061.563. ISSN 1802-3061.
  19. ^ Holdo, Markus. "Sincerity as Strategy: Green Movements and the Problem of Reconciling Deliberative and Instrumental". Environmental Politics. 28 (4). doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1457294.
  20. ^ "Schwarzenegger: climate activists should focus on pollution". The Independent. 2021-07-01. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  21. ^ Schloredt, Valerie (January 21, 2016). "How to Stop an Oil Train: The Hearts-and-Minds Climate Defense That Won Over a Courtroom". Yes!. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  22. ^ Goodman, Amy (January 11, 2016). "Historic Trial Lets Activists Who Blocked Oil Train Cite Climate Change Threat in Their Defense". Democracy Now!. Pacifica Radio. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  23. ^ Goodman, Amy (January 26, 2016). "Act Now, Cry Later: Tim DeChristopher, Aria Doe & Josh Fox on Civil Disobedience & Climate Activism". Democracy Now!. Pacifica Radio. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  24. ^ "Trial for Climate Activists Protesting "Bomb Trains" Carrying Oil Makes Legal History". Climate Science and Policy Watch. January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  25. ^ Marcum, Marla. "Exciting News from West Roxbury". Climate Disobedience. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  26. ^ Bryant, Miranda (10 November 2021). "Youth activists petition UN to declare 'systemwide climate emergency'". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  27. ^ Spratt, David; Dunlop, Ian. "Existential climate-related security risk: A scenario approach" (PDF). Breakthrough – National Centre for Climate Restoration. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  28. ^ "Beware: Gaia may destroy humans, before we destroy the Earth | James Lovelock". The Guardian. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  29. ^ Frangoul, Anmar (1 November 2021). "Prince Charles calls for 'war-like footing' in speech at pivotal COP26 climate change summit". CNBC. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  30. ^ "Think big on climate: the transformation of society in months has been done before | George Monbiot". The Guardian. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  31. ^ "How to fight an economic war". www.businessgreen.com. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  32. ^ Bonn, Tess (3 July 2019). "Climate scientist calls for 'world war type mobilization' to combat climate change". TheHill. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  33. ^ "Climate Equality: A Planet For the 99%" (PDF). Oxfam. November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  34. ^ Islam, S. Nazrul. "Climate Change and Social Inequality"(PDF). Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 January 2019.
  35. ^ "What is 'climate justice'? » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections. 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  36. ^ "What is climate justice? | Climate Just". www.climatejust.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  37. ^ Vachette, Astrid; Gulliver, Robyn; Boddington, Sarah (2023-09-19). "Climate Justice : What does it mean?". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  38. ^ "About - Climate Justice Alliance". climatejusticealliance.org. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  39. ^ "Video: Paradise lost? – Need to Know". PBS. 10 August 2012. Palau suing the industrialized countries over global warming
  40. ^ Inuit suing the US in regards to global warming Archived 25 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Environmental Integrity Project, Sierra Club Announce Plans to Sue EPA Unless It Revises Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Standard, Curbs Nitrous Oxide Pollution Linked to Global Warming – NewsOn6.com – Tulsa, OK – News, Weather, Video and Sports – KOTV.com -". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  42. ^ "Science Hub for Climate Litigation | Union of Concerned Scientists". www.ucsusa.org. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  43. ^ "As South Africa clings to coal, a struggle for the right to breathe". Grist. 12 December 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  44. ^ a b "Greenpeace threatens to sue coal utility in Poland". Climate Home News. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  45. ^ "Greenpeace Germany sues Volkswagen over carbon emissions targets". Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  46. ^ Stott, et al. (2004), "Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003", Nature, Vol. 432, 2 December 2004
  47. ^ Grossman, Columbia J. of Env. Law, 2003
  48. ^ "Climate change 'ruining' Everest". Heatisonline.org. 17 November 2004. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  49. ^ Climate change 'ruining' Belize BBC November 2004
  50. ^ Climate Justice Archived 18 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine Ongoing Cases
  51. ^ Climat, Klimaatzaak/L'Affaire. "L'Affaire Climat". L'Affaire Climat. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  52. ^ "Activists Cheer Victory in Landmark Dutch Climate Case". The New York Times. 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019 – via Associated Press.
  53. ^ Connolly, Kate (29 April 2021). "'Historic' German ruling says climate goals not tough enough". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  54. ^ Noor, Dharna (12 June 2023). "Young Montana residents bring climate change case to court for first time ever". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023.
  55. ^ Uyeda, Ray Levy (April 13, 2022). "Fossil fuels v our future: young Montanans wage historic climate fight". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023.
  56. ^ "The Constitution of the State of Montana" (PDF). courts.mt.gov. Montana Judicial Branch. March 22, 1972. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2023.
  57. ^ Gelles, David (March 24, 2023). "In Montana, It's Youth vs. the State in a Landmark Climate Case". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023.
  58. ^ Hanson, Amy Beth; Brown, Matthew (August 14, 2023). "Young environmental activists prevail in first-of-its-kind climate change trial in Montana". AP News. Archived from the original on August 17, 2023.
  59. ^ Brown, Matthew; Hanson, Amy Beth (July 10, 2024). "Republicans urge reversal of landmark ruling in Montana climate change lawsuit by young plaintiffs". AP News. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024.
  60. ^ Boffey, Daniel (26 May 2021). "Court orders Royal Dutch Shell to cut carbon emissions by 45% by 2030". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  61. ^ Gulliver, Robyn (2022-10-10). "Australian Campaign Case Study : Divestment Campaign 2013 - 2021". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  62. ^ Gibson, Dylan; Duram, Leslie (2020). "Shifting Discourse on Climate and Sustainability: Key Characteristics of the Higher Education Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement". Sustainability. 12 (23): 10069. doi:10.3390/su122310069.
  63. ^ "Divestment from Fossil Fuels". Unity College. 5 May 2020. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  64. ^ a b Carlin, David. "The Case For Fossil Fuel Divestment". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  65. ^ a b c Thomä, Jakob (2018-05-11), "The stranding of upstream fossil fuel assets in the context of the transition to a low-carbon economy", Stranded Assets and the Environment, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 111–124, doi:10.4324/9781315651606-5, ISBN 9781315651606, retrieved 2021-12-17
  66. ^ Cheon, Andrew; Urpelainen, Johannes (2018-02-06). Activism and the Fossil Fuel Industry. doi:10.4324/9781351173124. ISBN 9781351173124.
  67. ^ Ayling, Julie (October 2017). "A Contest for Legitimacy: The Divestment Movement and the Fossil Fuel Industry". Law & Policy. 39 (4): 349–371. doi:10.1111/lapo.12087. ISSN 0265-8240. S2CID 158445903.
  68. ^ Lenferna, Alex (2018-11-22). "Divest–Invest: A Moral Case for Fossil Fuel Divestment". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0008.
  69. ^ Gunningham, Neil (October 2017). "Building Norms from the Grassroots Up: Divestment, Expressive Politics, and Climate Change". Law & Policy. 39 (4): 372–392. doi:10.1111/lapo.12083. hdl:1885/233159. ISSN 0265-8240. S2CID 158122688.
  70. ^ Apfel, Daniel C. (2015). "Exploring Divestment as a Strategy for Change: An Evaluation of the History, Success, and Challenges of Fossil Fuel Divestment". Social Research. 82 (4): 913–937. ISSN 0037-783X. JSTOR 44282147.
  71. ^ Cojoianu, Theodor F; Ascui, Francisco; Clark, Gordon L; Hoepner, Andreas G F; Wójcik, Dariusz (2021-02-23). "Does the fossil fuel divestment movement impact new oil and gas fundraising?". Journal of Economic Geography. 21 (1): 141–164. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbaa027. ISSN 1468-2702.
  72. ^ a b c BOOTH, CAROL (November 2012). "Bystanding and Climate Change". Environmental Values. 21 (4): 397–416. doi:10.3197/096327112X13466893627987. ISSN 0963-2719. JSTOR 41714201. S2CID 143856521.
  73. ^ a b c d Buttel, Frederick H. (September 2003). "Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform". Organization & Environment. 16 (3): 306–344. doi:10.1177/1086026603256279. ISSN 1086-0266. S2CID 19010923.
  74. ^ a b c d Bomberg, Elizabeth (May 2012). "Mind the (Mobilization) Gap: Comparing Climate Activism in the United States and European Union: Comparing Climate Activism". Review of Policy Research. 29 (3): 408–430. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2012.00566.x.
  75. ^ a b PRESS, DANIEL (1998). "Local Environmental Policy Capacity: A Framework for Research". Natural Resources Journal. 38 (1): 29–52. ISSN 0028-0739. JSTOR 24888443.
  76. ^ a b van Valkengoed, Anne M.; Steg, Linda; Perlaviciute, Goda (21 April 2023). "The psychological distance of climate change is overestimated". One Earth. 6 (4): 362–391. Bibcode:2023OEart...6..362V. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.03.006. S2CID 258281951.
  77. ^ a b c d e f Stuart, Diana; Gunderson, Ryan; Petersen, Brian (2020-05-28). "The climate crisis as a catalyst for emancipatory transformation: An examination of the possible". International Sociology. 35 (4): 433–456. doi:10.1177/0268580920915067. ISSN 0268-5809. S2CID 219738689.
  78. ^ Dalton, Russell J. (2015-07-04). "Waxing or waning? The changing patterns of environmental activism". Environmental Politics. 24 (4): 530–552. Bibcode:2015EnvPo..24..530D. doi:10.1080/09644016.2015.1023576. ISSN 0964-4016. S2CID 154234797.
  79. ^ a b c Lo, Alex Y (December 2016). "Public support for environmental organisations in BRIC countries: Public support for environmental organisations in BRIC countries". The Geographical Journal. 182 (4): 438–443. doi:10.1111/geoj.12163. hdl:10722/236450.
  80. ^ a b c d e Yang, Tseming; Zhang, Xuehua (2011). "Public Participation in Environmental Enforcement . . . with Chinese Characteristics?: A Comparative Assessment of China's Environmental Complaint Mechanism". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1920611. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 153575974.
  81. ^ Poushter, Jacob; Fagan, Moira; Gubbala, Sneha (31 August 2022). "Climate Change Remains Top Global Threat Across 19-Country Survey". pewresearch.org. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. — Other threats in the survey were: spread of false information online, cyberattacks from other countries, condition of the global economy, and spread of infectious diseases.
  82. ^ "Peoples' Climate Vote 2024 / Results" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 20 June 2024. p. 68. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2024. (from p. 16: "Seventy seven countries were chosen to provide results for the different regions of the world, representative of a huge majority (87 percent) of the world’s population.")
  83. ^ The Guardian, 24 Sept. 2019, "Revealed: How the FBI Targeted Environmental Activists in Domestic Terror Investigations: Protesters Were Characterized as a Threat to National Security in What One Calls an Attempt to Criminalize their Actions"
  84. ^ The Guardian, 11 June 2020, "Hack-for-Hire Group Targeted Climate Activists behind #ExxonKnew Campaign"
  85. ^ Macalister, Terry (2022-09-23). "UK climate activists held in jail for up to six months before trial". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  86. ^ Gulliver, Robyn (2024-02-18). "Climate Activists in Australia are Learning How to Protect their Protest Rights". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  87. ^ Alter, Charlotte (September 21, 2014). "Hundreds of Thousands Converge on New York to Demand Climate-Change Action". New York: time.com. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  88. ^ "People's Climate March - Wrap up". Archived from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
  89. ^ a b c Condon, Madison (March 2020). "Externalities and the Common Owner". Washington Law Review. 95 (1): 1.
  90. ^ "Global Investors Driving Business Transition". Climate Action 100+. 2021. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  91. ^ Greene, Russell (19 July 2016). "Beyond Paris: Finding the Courage to Face the Climate Emergency". CommonDreams.
  92. ^ McKibben, Bill (15 August 2016). "We Need to Literally Declare War on Climate Change". New Republic.
  93. ^ Crouch, David (1 September 2018). "The Swedish 15-year-old who's cutting class to fight the climate crisis". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  94. ^ Weyler, Rex (4 January 2019). "The youth have seen enough". Greenpeace International. Archived from the original on 2020-01-21. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  95. ^ Carrington, Damian (19 March 2019). "School climate strikes: 1.4 million people took part, say campaigners". Archived from the original on 2020-03-07. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  96. ^ Glenza, Jessica; Evans, Alan; Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; Zhou, Naaman (15 March 2019). "Climate strikes held around the world – as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  97. ^ a b "Students walk out in global climate strike". BBC. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  98. ^ Barclay, Eliza (15 March 2019). "Photos: kids in 123 countries went on strike to protect the climate". Archived from the original on 2020-03-20. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  99. ^ "'We're one, we're back': Pupils renew world climate action strike". Al Jazeera. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  100. ^ Gerretsen, Isabelle (24 May 2019). "Global Climate Strike: Record number of students walk out". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  101. ^ Haynes, Suyin (24 May 2019). "Students From 1,600 Cities Just Walked Out of School to Protest Climate Change. It Could Be Greta Thunberg's Biggest Strike Yet". Time. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  102. ^ Largest climate strike: 4 million protesters overall: 1.4 million protesters in Germany:
  103. ^ Taylor, Matthew; Watts, Jonathan; Bartlett, John (27 September 2019). "Climate crisis: 6 million people join latest wave of global protests". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  104. ^ "Fridays for future, al via i cortei in 180 città italiane: 'Siamo più di un milione'" [Fridays for future, kids in the streets in 180 Italian cities: 'We're more than a million']. la Repubblica. 27 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-02-21. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  105. ^ Murphy, Jessica (27 September 2019). "Hundreds of thousands join Canada climate strikes". BBC. Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  106. ^ "Our Impact | SustainUS". 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  107. ^ "Fridays for Future – How Greta started a global movement". Fridays For Future. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  108. ^ "About The Sunrise Movement". Sunrise Movement. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  109. ^ Nations, United. "To the Secretary-General: youth press for climate priorities". United Nations. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  110. ^ Nations, United. "The Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change". United Nations. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  111. ^ Budziszewska, Magdalena; Głód, Zuzanna (2021). ""These Are the Very Small Things That Lead Us to That Goal": Youth Climate Strike Organizers Talk about Activism Empowering and Taxing Experiences". Sustainability. 13 (19): 11119. doi:10.3390/su131911119.
  112. ^ Astor, Maggie. 2018. “7 Times in History When Students Turned to Activism.” New York Times, March 05. Retrieved February 18, 2021 (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/05/us/student-protest-movements.html).
  113. ^ a b Reinhart, RJ. “Global Warming Age Gap: Younger Americans Most Worried.” Gallup.com, Gallup, 20 Nov. 2021, news.gallup.com/poll/234314/global-warming-age-gap-younger-americans-worried.aspx.
  114. ^ Seo, Hyunjin et al. “Teens’ Social Media and Collective Action.”New Media and Society 16(6):883-902.
  115. ^ Velasquez, Alcides and Robert LaRose. 2015. “Youth Collective Activism through Social Media: The Role of Collective Efficacy.” New Media and Society 17(6):899-918.
  116. ^ Wielk, Emily and Alecea Standlee. 2021. “Fighting for Their Future: An Exploratory Study of Online Community Building in the Youth Climate Change Movement.” Qualitative Sociology Review 1 7(2):22-37. Retrieved Month, Year ( http://www.qualitativesociologyreview. org/ENG/archive_eng.php). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.17.2.02
  117. ^ Climate Talks: VIPs Need ESP for UN ABCs by Alex Morales Dec 2, 2011 Bloomberg.com
  118. ^ "YOUNGO". United Nations Climate Change. Archived from the original on 2021-09-13.
  119. ^ "Young People Demand Action to Protect Their Futures at COP26". UNFCCC. Archived from the original on 2021-11-09.
  120. ^ Feller, Madison (17 September 2019). "The World Is Burning, and Teens Are Fighting: What to Know About the Global Climate Strike". Elle. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  121. ^ a b Lewis, Aimee (20 September 2019). "More than 100,000 have gathered in Melbourne as the world begins climate demonstrations". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  122. ^ Milman, Oliver (20 September 2019). "US to stage its largest ever climate strike: 'Somebody must sound the alarm'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  123. ^ Tollefson, Jeff (18 September 2019). "The hard truths of climate change – by the numbers". Nature. Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  124. ^ "Inside The Youth-Led Plan To Pull Off The Biggest Climate Strike So Far". MTV News. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  125. ^ Weise, Elizabeth (19 September 2019). "'It's our future that's at stake': US students plan to skip school Friday to fight climate 'emergency'". USA Today. Archived from the original on 19 September 2019.
  126. ^ a b Taylor, Matthew; Watts, Jonathan; Bartlett, John (27 September 2019). "Climate crisis: 6 million people join latest wave of global protests". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  127. ^ "Global climate strike gathers 7.6m people". Hürriyet Daily News. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  128. ^ a b Barclay, Eliza; Resnick, Brian (20 September 2019). "How big was the global climate strike? 4 million people, activists estimate". Vox. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  129. ^ a b Laville, Sandra; Watts, Jonathan (21 September 2019). "Across the globe, millions join biggest climate protest ever". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  130. ^ "Liveblog zum globalen Klimastreik: Fridays for Future protestiert in 2000 Orten". Stuttgarter Zeitung. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  131. ^ "Rekordzahlen bei Klimademos: In Deutschland demonstrieren 1,4 Millionen Menschen". zdf.de (in German). Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  132. ^ "Global climate strike sees 'hundreds of thousands' of Australians rally across the country". ABC News. 20 September 2019. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  133. ^ Taylor, Matthew; Watts, Jonathan (20 September 2019). "'Enough is enough': biggest-ever climate protest sweeps UK". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  134. ^ Conley, Julia (20 September 2019). "'Students Have Led and We Must Follow': Thousands of Scientists From 40 Nations Join Global Climate Strike". Buzz Flash. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  135. ^ Taylor, Matthew; Bartlett, John (27 September 2019). "Fresh wave of climate strikes takes place around the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  136. ^ Giuffrida, Angela (27 September 2019). "Italian minister urges pupils to skip class for global climate strike". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  137. ^ "Fridays for future, al via i cortei in 180 città italiane: "Siamo più di un milione"" [Fridays for future, kids in the streets in 180 Italian cities: "We're more than a million"]. la Repubblica. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  138. ^ Walls, Jason (27 September 2019). "Climate change march: Thousands of schoolkids' action inspired by Greta Thunberg". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  139. ^ "Students across Canada expected to participate in mass climate protests". The Globe and Mail. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  140. ^ "Les écoles de la CSDM en journée pédagogique le 27 septembre 2019". Commission scolaire de Montréal (CSDM) (in French). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  141. ^ Murphy, Jessica (27 September 2019). "Hundreds of thousands join Canada climate strikes". BBC. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  142. ^ Riga, Andy (28 September 2019). "As it happened – 500,000 in Montreal climate march led by Greta Thunberg". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  143. ^ "Thousands March Through Amsterdam Calling for Climate Action Ahead of Dutch General Election". Associated Press. VOA. 12 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  144. ^ "COP28: How you can campaign to call for action on the climate crisis". CAFOD. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  145. ^ "Climate activists to gather across the UK as part of the COP28 Global Day of Action". Sustain. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  146. ^ a b Sengupta, Somini; Buckley, Cara (2024-07-11). "In New York, Protesting the Backers of Big Oil With Die-Ins, Drums and Song". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
  147. ^ "'Summer of Heat on Wall Street' climate activists target Citigroup in Lower Manhattan". ABC7 New York. 2024-06-10. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_movement&oldid=1251500266"