Chru language
| Chru | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Ethnicity | Churu people |
Native speakers | 19,000 (2009 census)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cje |
| Glottolog | chru1239 |
| ELP | Chru |
Chru (Vietnamese: Chu Ru) is a Chamic language of Vietnam spoken by the Churu people in southern Lâm Đồng Province (especially in Đơn Dương District) and in Ninh Thuận Province.
Like the other Chamic languages spoken in Vietnam (Cham, Jarai, Rade and Roglai), use of Chru is declining as native speakers are generally bilingual in Vietnamese, which is used for most official or public settings, like schools.
Phonology
[edit]Consonant inventory
[edit]The following table lists the consonants of Chru.[2]
Labial Apical Alveolo-
palatalVelar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Plosive voiceless p t tɕ k ʔ voiced b d dʑ ɡ Fricative ɕ h Approximant w j
There exist post-aspirated consonants [ph], [th], [kh], but these behave as sequences of stop plus [h]. For example, from the word phaː ('to plane') the nominal pənhaː ('a plane') can be derived by infixation of -n-.
Vowel inventory
[edit]The vowel inventory is given in the following table. All vowels but [eː, o, oː] exist in nasalized form.[2]
- a The vowel [eː] is always followed by [ŋ].
Phonotactics
[edit]Words consist of up to two pre-syllables, and a main syllable. A full example is pətərbləʔ ('to turn over'). The vowels in the pre-syllables are always [ə] after a consonant and [a] otherwise.[2]
Grammar
[edit]Syntax
[edit]Like many other languages of Southeast Asia, including Vietnamese, Chru is an analytic (or isolating) language without morphological marking of case, gender, number, or tense. In its typological profile it reflects extensive language contact effects, as it more closely resembles a Mon-Khmer language with monosyllabic roots and impoverished morphology rather than a canonical Austronesian language with bisyllabic roots and derivational morphology (Grant 2005). It has subject-verb-object (SVO) word order.
Negation
[edit]Chru uses a pre-verbal negative particle, 'buh /ʔbuh/ as a simple negative in declarative sentences:
kơu
1SG
'buh
NEG
mưnhũm
drink
alak
wine
'I don't drink wine.' (Chru LL 3)
An optional clause-final negative particle, ou, may also be used, particularly in negative questions and negative responses to questions:
Du
But
phơn
thing
ni
this
nhũ
will
làn
melt
lam
in
ia
water
'bư
NEG
âu?
'But this thing will melt in water, right?' (Chru 1st grade primer 59) Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 9 word(s) in line 1, 8 word(s) in line 2 (help);
Lăm
klơu
Aràng
hu
Aràng
sêi
prong
rơlau
rêi?
In the godhead is there one person bigger than another?
'Bư
âu:
Klơu
pồ
Aràng
ring
gơu.
No: The godhead is equal to each other. (Chru mass 40)
References
[edit]- ^ Chru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Fuller, Eugene (1977). "Chru phonemes". In Thomas, D.; Lee, E.; Nguyen, D. L. (eds.). Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 4: Chamic Studies. Pacific Linguistics Series A No. 48. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-A48. hdl:1885/145081.