Cuối language
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| Cuói | |
|---|---|
| Thổ | |
| Native to | Vietnam, Laos |
| Ethnicity | Thổ |
Native speakers | (71,000 cited 1999 census)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:tou – Thohnu – Hung |
| Glottolog | cuoi1242 |
| Linguasphere | 46-EAD-a |
Cuối, known as Thổ,[2] is a dialect cluster spoken by around 70,000 Thổ people in Vietnam and a couple thousand in Laos, mainly in the provinces of Bolikhamsai and Khammouane.
Phonology
[edit]Làng Lỡ dialect
[edit]Consonants
[edit]The consonant inventory of the Làng Lỡ dialect, as cited by Michel Ferlus:[3]
Initial consonants of Cuối Làng Lỡ Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Plosive tenuis p t ʈ c k ʔ glottalized ɓ ɗ ˀɟ aspirated tʰ kʰ Fricative voiceless f s ʂ h voiced β v ð ɣ glottalized ˀð Approximant l ɽ ~ ʐ j
- [ʈ] is found in Vietnamese loanwords with initial /ʈ/ (orthographic ⟨tr⟩)
- [β ð ɣ ˀð] originate in the borrowing of segments from a variety of Vietnamese that existed several centuries ago.
Vowels
[edit]Monothongs of Cuối Làng Lỡ Front Central Back Close i ɨ u Close-mid/
Mide ə o Open-mid/
Openɛ ʌ̆
ă aɔ
| Diphthongs of Cuối Làng Lỡ | iə | ɨə | uə | eə | oə |
|---|
Tones
[edit]There're eight tones in the Làng Lỡ. Tones 1 to 6 are found on sonorant-final syllables (a.k.a. 'live' syllables): syllables ending in a vowel, semi-vowel or nasal. Tones 7 and 8 are found on obstruent-final syllables (a.k.a. 'stopped' syllables), ending in -p -t -c -k.[3] This is a system comparable to that of Vietnamese.
Vocabulary
[edit]The data is from Cuoi Cham vocabulary recordings and the Mon-Khmer Etymological Dictionary.
| English | Cuối Chăm | Làng Lỡ | North Vietnamese | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cloud | mʌl¹ | mʌn¹ | məj˧˧ | mây |
| rain | mɐː² | mɨə¹ | mɨə˧˧ | mưa |
| wind | sɒː³ | juə³ | zɔ˧˦ | gió |
| thunder | kʰrʌm⁴ | ʂəm⁴ | səm˧˦ | sấm |
| earth, land | tʌt⁷ | tʌt⁷ | ʔɗət̚˧˦ | đất |
| cave | haːŋ¹ | haːŋ¹ | haːŋ˧˧ | hang |
| deep | kʰruː² | ʂuː² | səw˧˧ | sâu |
| water | daːk⁷ | daːk⁷ | nɨək̚˧˦ | nước |
| river | kʰrɔŋ¹ | ʂɔːŋ¹ | səwŋ͡m˧˧ | sông |
| puddle | puŋ⁶ | - | vʊwŋ͡m˦ˀ˥] | vũng |
| mud | puːl² | vuːn² | ʔɓun˨˩ | bùn |
| rock, stone | taː³ | δaː³ | ʔɗaː˧˦ | đá |
| bark | pɒː⁵ | ʂɔː⁵⁶ | vɔ˧˩ | vỏ |
| dog | cɒː³ | cɔː³ | t͡ɕɔ˧˦ | chó |
| cultivated field | rɔːŋ² | ʂɔːŋ² | zuəŋ˧˨ʔ | ruộng |
| to go | tiː² | tiː² | ʔɗi˧˧ | đi |
| to have | kɒː³ | kɔː³ | kɔ˧˦ | có |
References
[edit]- ^ Tho at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Hung at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ "The Vietic Branch". sealang.net.
- ^ a b Ferlus 2015, I.2
Further reading
[edit]- Ferlus, Michel (2015). Hypercorrections in the Thổ dialect of Làng Lỡ (Nghệ An, Vietnam): an example of pitfalls for comparative linguistics (Ph.D.).
- Nguyen, Huu Hoanh and Nguyen Van Loi (2019). Tones in the Cuoi Language of Tan Ki District in Nghe An Province, Vietnam. The Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 12.1:lvii-lxvi.
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