Cha (Mongolic)

Cha
Cha
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
Mongolian consonants
Foreign consonants
	Mongolian script multigraphs;
	v; t; e;

Cha is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.^[1]^{: 549–551}

Mongolian language

Letter^[2]^: 13, 17^[3]^: 546^[4]^{: 212, 214}
č	Transliteration^{[note 1]}
ᠴ‍	Initial
‍ᠴ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
—	Medial (syllable-final)
(‍ᠴ)	Final^{[note 2]}

C-V syllables^[6]^: 38
ča, če	či	čo, ču	čö	čü	Transliteration
ᠴᠠ	ᠴᠢ ^{[note 3]}	ᠴᠣ᠋	ᠴᠥ᠋		Alone
ᠴᠠ	ᠴᠢ ^{[note 3]}	ᠴᠣ ^{[note 4]}	—	ᠴᠦ ^{[note 4]}	Alone
ᠴᠠ‍	ᠴᠢ‍	ᠴᠣ‍	ᠴᠥ‍		Initial
‍ᠴᠠ‍	‍ᠴᠢ‍	‍ᠴᠣ‍			Medial
‍ᠴᠠ	‍ᠴᠢ	‍ᠴᠣ			Final

Transcribes Chakhar /t͡ʃ/;^[10]^[11] Khalkha /t͡ʃʰ/, and /t͡sʰ/ (Mongolian Cyrillic ч, and ц, respectively).^[10]^: § 1.2^[12]^: 2 Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter ч.^[6]^[5]
For Buryat, a derived letter with two dots on the right ⟨ᡸ; ⟩ is used in places where č is pronounced as š.^[13]
Derived from Old Uyghur (through early Mongolian) tsade (𐽽).^[9]^: 59^[3]^{: 539–540, 545–546}^[14]^{: 111, 113}^[15]^: 35
Produced with Q using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.^[16]
In the Mongolian Unicode block, č comes after d and before ǰ.

Clear Script

Xibe language

Manchu language

Notes

^ Scholarly transliteration.^[5]
^ Not found in native Mongolian words.
^ As in the second person singular pronoun ᠴᠢ či (чи chi) 'thou' (singular 'you').^[8]^: 174^[2]^{: 13, 85–86}
^ ^a ^b As in the strengthening/intensifying (emphatic) and concessive ⟨ᠴᠤ⟩ ču/čü (ч ch) 'even, as for' particle,^[8]^: 203^[9]^: 46 ᠴᠣ/ᠴᠣᠭᠤ čo/čoγu (цоо tsoo) 'through and through, completely',^[8]^{: 193, 195} or ᠴᠦ čü (цүү tsüü) 'spike, bolt'.^[8]^: 209

References

^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ ^a ^b Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
^ ^a ^b Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
^ Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.
^ ^a ^b "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
^ ^a ^b Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.^[7]
^ ^a ^b Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.
^ ^a ^b "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ "Mongolian / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ Moŋġol" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2015-12-27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
^ West, Andrew; Zhamsoev, Amgalan; Zaytsev, Viacheslav (2017-01-13). "L2/17-007: Proposal to encode one historical Mongolian letter for Buryat Mongolian" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
^ Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
^ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
^ jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[6] Scholarly transliteration.^[5]

[7] Not found in native Mongolian words.

[11] As in the second person singular pronoun ᠴᠢ či (чи chi) 'thou' (singular 'you').^[8]^: 174^[2]^{: 13, 85–86}

[tsade+waw-13] As in the strengthening/intensifying (emphatic) and concessive ⟨ᠴᠤ⟩ ču/čü (ч ch) 'even, as for' particle,^[8]^: 203^[9]^: 46 ᠴᠣ/ᠴᠣᠭᠤ čo/čoγu (цоо tsoo) 'through and through, completely',^[8]^{: 193, 195} or ᠴᠦ čü (цүү tsüü) 'spike, bolt'.^[8]^: 209

[1] "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Poppe1974-2] Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.

[Daniels1996-3] Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.

[Sanders2015-4] Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.

[EKIMn2006-5] "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-06-05.

[Skorodumova2000-8] Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.

[9] "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.

[Lessing1960-10] Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.^[7]

[Grønbech1993-12] Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.

[CJVLang2013-14] "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[StudyMn2013-15] "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[EKIMn2015-16] "Mongolian / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ Moŋġol" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2015-12-27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-06-05.

[17] West, Andrew; Zhamsoev, Amgalan; Zaytsev, Viacheslav (2017-01-13). "L2/17-007: Proposal to encode one historical Mongolian letter for Buryat Mongolian" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-06-05.

[Clauson2005-18] Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.

[Janhunen2006-19] Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.

[20] wilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[6]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[5]

[13]

[9]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[8]

[7]