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Obviously, it would be very difficult and perhaps impossible to provide a complete list of fictional aircraft. However, this list of fictional aircraft seems to be limited mostly to recent examples. There were many fictional airplanes in the pulp literature of the 1930's. For example, the Smilin' Jack stories had a number of rather famous fictional airplanes. Here is one:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/71/Jack00.jpg
Then there are the Bill Barnes stories from Air Trails. Here's an Air Trails cover:
http://www.easybuiltmodels.com/pd02-07.jpg
A version of this aircraft, the "Lancer" appears on page 11 in the April 1937 issue of Air Trails* and of course in many other places, but I happen to have this issue on hand.
more of them:
http://www.philsp.com/mags/air_trails.html
There were many other fictional airplanes from the Bill Barnes series.
I could give many references to the old Bill Barnes and Smilin Jack aircraft that appeared later in the Flying Aces Club News**, but that's such an obscure publication that I don't know if it counts as being published! If it does count, that would be opening Pandora's box, because it has a number of its own fictional aircraft, such as the Westland Whynotte which appears on cover of the Mar./April 2007 issue, and in a story within the issue by Bob Rogers and Dave Stott.