Calcium hexaboride
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Calcium hexaboride
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| Other names
Calcium boride
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.031.374 |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| CaB6 | |
| Molar mass | 104.94 g/mol |
| Appearance | black powder |
| Density | 2.45 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 2,235 °C (4,055 °F; 2,508 K) |
| insoluble | |
| Structure | |
| Cubic | |
| Pm3m ; Oh[1] | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Calcium hexaboride (sometimes calcium boride) is a compound of calcium and boron with the chemical formula CaB6. It is an important material due to its high electrical conductivity [disputed – discuss], hardness, chemical stability, and melting point. It is a black, lustrous, chemically inert powder with a low density. It has the cubic structure typical for metal hexaborides, with octahedral units of 6 boron atoms combined with calcium atoms.[2] CaB6 and lanthanum-doped CaB6 both show weak ferromagnetic properties, which is a remarkable fact because calcium and boron are neither magnetic, nor have inner 3d or 4f electronic shells, which are usually required for ferromagnetism.
Properties
[edit]CaB6 has been investigated in the past due to a variety of peculiar physical properties, such as superconductivity, valence fluctuation and Kondo effects.[3] However, the most remarkable property of CaB6 is its ferromagnetism. It occurs at unexpectedly high temperature (600 K) and with low magnetic moment (below 0.07 per atom). The origin of this high temperature ferromagnetism is the ferromagnetic phase of a dilute electron gas, linkage to the presumed excitonic state in calcium boride, or external impurities on the surface of the sample. The impurities might include iron and nickel, probably coming from impurities in the boron used to prepare the sample. [4]
CaB6 is insoluble in H2O, MeOH (methanol), and EtOH (ethanol) and dissolves slowly in acids.[5] Its microhardness is 27 GPa, Knoop hardness is 2600 kg/mm2), Young modulus is 379 GPa, and electrical resistivity is greater than 2·1010 Ω·m for pure crystals.[6][7] CaB6 is a semiconductor with an energy gap estimated as 1.0 eV. The low, semi-metallic conductivity of many CaB6 samples can be explained by unintentional doping due to impurities and possible non-stoichiometry.[8]
Structural information
[edit]The crystal structure of calcium hexaboride is a cubic lattice with calcium at the cell centre and compact, regular octahedra of boron atoms linked at the vertices by B-B bonds to give a three-dimensional boron network.[5] Each calcium has 24 nearest-neighbor boron atoms[1] The calcium atoms are arranged in simple cubic packing so that there are holes between groups of eight calcium atoms situated at the vertices of a cube.[9] The simple cubic structure is expanded by the introduction of the octahedral B6 groups and the structure is a CsCl-like packing of the calcium and hexaboride groups.[9] Another way of describing calcium hexaboride is as having a metal and a B62− octahedral polymeric anions in a CsCl-type structure where the Calcium atoms occupy the Cs sites and the B6 octahedra in the Cl sites.[10] The Ca-B bond length is 3.05 Å and the B-B bond length is 1.7 Å.[9]
43Ca NMR data contains δpeak at -56.0 ppm and δiso at -41.3 ppm where δiso is taken as peak max +0.85 width, the negative shift is due to the high coordination number.[10]
Raman Data: Calcium hexaboride has three Raman peaks at 754.3, 1121.8, and 1246.9 cm−1 due to the active modes A1g, Eg, and T2g respectively.[1]
Observed Vibrational Frequencies cm−1 : 1270(strong) from A1g stretch, 1154 (med.) and 1125(shoulder) from Eg stretch, 526, 520, 485, and 470 from F1g rotation, 775 (strong) and 762 (shoulder) from F2g bend, 1125 (strong) and 1095 (weak) from F1u bend, 330 and 250 from F1u translation, and 880 (med.) and 779 from F2u bend.[1]
Preparation
[edit]- One of the main reactions for industrial production is:[6]
- CaO + 3 B2O3 + 10 Mg → CaB6 + 10 MgO
Other methods of producing CaB6 powder include:
- Direct reaction of calcium or calcium oxide and boron at 1000 °C;
- Ca + 6B → CaB6
- Reacting Ca(OH)2 with boron in vacuum at about 1700 °C (carbothermal reduction);[11]
- Ca(OH)2 +7B → CaB6 + BO(g) + H2O(g)
- Reacting calcium carbonate with boron carbide in vacuum at above 1400 °C (carbothermal reduction)
- Reacting of CaO and H3BO3 and Mg to 1100 °C.[5]
- Low-temperature (500 °C) synthesis
- CaCl2 + 6NaBH4 → CaB6 + 2NaCl + 12H2 + 4Na
results in relatively poor quality material.[12]
- To produce pure CaB6 single crystals, e.g., for use as cathode material, the thus obtained CaB6 powder is further recrystallized and purified with the zone melting technique. The typical growth rate is 30 cm/h and crystal size ~1x10 cm.[11]
- Single-crystal CaB6 Nanowires (diameter 15–40 nm, length 1–10 micrometres) can be obtained by pyrolysis of diborane (B2H6) over calcium oxide (CaO) powders at 860–900 °C, in presence of Ni catalyst.[7]
Uses
[edit]Calcium hexaboride is used in the manufacturing of boron-alloyed steel[5] and as a deoxidation agent in production of oxygen-free copper. The latter results in higher conductivity than conventionally phosphorus-deoxidized copper owing to the low solubility of boron in copper.[6] CaB6 can also serve as a high temperature material, surface protection, abrasives, tools, and wear resistant material.
CaB6 is highly conductive, has low work function, and thus can be used as a hot cathode material. When used at elevated temperature, calcium hexaboride will oxidize degrading its properties and shortening its usable lifespan.[13]
CaB6 is also a promising candidate for n-type thermoelectric materials, because its power factor is larger than or comparable to that of common thermoelectric materials Bi2Te3 and PbTe.[7]
CaB also can be used as an antioxidant in carbon bonded refractories.
Precautions
[edit]Calcium hexaboride is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. This product should be handled with proper protective eyeware and clothing. Never put calcium hexaboride down the drain or add water to it.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Yahia, S.; Turrell, S.; Turrell, G.; Mercurio, J. P. (1990). "Infrared and Raman spectra of hexaborides: force-field calculations, and isotopic effects". J. Mol. Struct. 224 (1–2): 303–312. Bibcode:1990JMoSt.224..303Y. doi:10.1016/0022-2860(90)87025-S.
- ^ Matkovich, V. I. (1977). Boron and Refractory Borides. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-08181-X.
- ^ J. Etourneau; P. Hagenmuller (1985). "Structure and physical features of the rare-earth borides". Philos. Mag. B. 52 (3): 589. Bibcode:1985PMagB..52..589E. doi:10.1080/13642818508240625..
- ^ Young, D. P.; et al. (1999). "High-temperature weak ferromagnetism in a low-density free-electron gas". Nature. 397 (6718): 412–414. Bibcode:1999Natur.397..412Y. doi:10.1038/17081. PMID 29667965. S2CID 204991033.
- ^ a b c d "Calcium boride – Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds". University Press. 1. Cambridge. 1992.
- ^ a b c "Borides: Solid State Chemistry". Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 1. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. 1994.
- ^ a b c Terry T. Xu; Jian-Guo Zheng; Alan W. Nicholls; Sasha Stankovich; Richard D. Piner; Rodney S. Ruoff (2004). "Single-Crystal Calcium Hexaboride Nanowires: Synthesis and Characterization". Nano Lett. 4 (10): 2051–2055. Bibcode:2004NanoL...4.2051X. doi:10.1021/nl0486620.
- ^ S. Souma; et al. (2003). "Electronic Band Structure and Fermi Surface of CaB6 Studied by Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy". Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2): 027202. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90b7202S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.027202. PMID 12570575.
- ^ a b c Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1055–1056. ISBN 0-19-855125-8.
- ^ a b Zhongijie, L.; Smith, M. E.; Sowrey, F. E.; Newport, R. J. (2004). "Probing the local structural environment of calcium by natural-abundance solid-state 43Ca NMR" (PDF). Physical Review B. 69 (22): 224107. Bibcode:2004PhRvB..69v4107L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.69.224107.
- ^ a b S. Otani (1998). "Preparation of CaB6 crystals by the floating zone method". Journal of Crystal Growth. 192 (1–2): 346–349. Bibcode:1998JCrGr.192..346O. doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00444-8.
- ^ Shi, L.; et al. (2003). "Low Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Cubic CaB6 Ultrafine Powders". Chem. Lett. 32 (10): 958. doi:10.1246/cl.2003.958.
- ^ Zhigang R. Li; Hong Meng (2006). Organic light-emitting materials and devices. CRC Press. p. 516. ISBN 1-57444-574-X.
Further reading
[edit]- Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.