Calamiconus
| Calamiconus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Shell of Calamiconus quercinus Lightfoot, 1786, measuring 47.9 mm in height, trawled at 40 m off Maputa, in Africa | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| (unranked): | |
| Superfamily: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Subgenus: | Calamiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
|
| Type species | |
| Conus lischkeanus Weinkauff, 1875
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Conus (Lividiconus) (Tucker & Tenorio, 2009) | |
Calamiconus is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus Conus, family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.[1]
In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015), Calamiconus has become a subgenus of Conus: Conus (Lividiconus) (Tucker & Tenorio, 2009) represented as Conus Thiele, 1929 [2]
Distinguishing characteristics
[edit]The Tucker & Tenorio 2009 taxonomy distinguishes Calamiconus from Conus in the following ways:[3]
- Genus Conus sensu stricto Linnaeus, 1758
- Shell characters (living and fossil species)
- The basic shell shape is conical to elongated conical, has a deep anal notch on the shoulder, a smooth periostracum and a small operculum. The shoulder of the shell is usually nodulose and the protoconch is usually multispiral. Markings often include the presence of tents except for black or white color variants, with the absence of spiral lines of minute tents and textile bars.
- Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
- The radula has an elongated anterior section with serrations and a large exposed terminating cusp, a non-obvious waist, blade is either small or absent and has a short barb, and lacks a basal spur.
- Geographical distribution
- These species are found in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Feeding habits
- These species eat other gastropods including cones.[3]
- Shell characters (living and fossil species)
- Subgenus Calamiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
- Shell characters (living and fossil species)
- The protoconch is multispiral, the shell is conical, the whorl tops have cords, and the shell has a moderate to deep anal notch. The periostracum is smooth, and the operculum is small.
- Radular tooth (not known for fossil species)
- The anterior section of the radula is much longer than posterior section, and the waist is indistinct. A basal spur is present, the barb and blade are short. Serrations are completely absent.
- Geographical distribution
- These species are found throughout the Indo-Pacific region.
- Feeding habits
- These species are vermivorous (meaning that they prey on marine worms).[3] Calamiconus lischkeanus (Weinkauff, 1875) has been found feeding on polychaetes, Amphinomidae, and Terebellidae.[4]
- Shell characters (living and fossil species)
Species list
[edit]This list of species is based on the information in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) list. Species within the genus Calamiconus include:[1]
- Calamiconus escondidai (Poppe & Tagaro, 2005): synonym of Conus escondidai Poppe & Tagaro, 2005
- Calamiconus eximius (Reeve, 1849): synonym of Conus eximius Reeve, 1849
- Calamiconus garywilsoni (Lorenz & Morrison, 2004): synonym of Conus garywilsoni Lorenz & Morrison, 2004
- Calamiconus jeffreyi Petuch & Sargent, 2011: synonym of Conus quercinus [Lightfoot], 1786
- Calamiconus kermadecensis (Iredale, 1912): synonym of Conus kermadecensis Iredale, 1912
- Calamiconus lischkeanus (Weinkauff, 1875): synonym of Conus lischkeanus Weinkauff, 1875
- Calamiconus quercinus Lightfoot, 1786: synonym of Conus quercinus Lightfoot, 1786
Significance of "alternative representation"
[edit]Prior to 2009, all species within the family Conidae were placed in one genus, Conus. In 2009 however, J.K. Tucker and M.J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family. Their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails. This classification was based upon shell morphology, radular differences, anatomy, physiology, cladistics, with comparisons to molecular (DNA) studies.[3] Published accounts of genera within the Conidae that include the genus Calamiconus include J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011).[5]
Testing in order to try to understand the molecular phylogeny of the Conidae was initially begun by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn,[6] and is continuing, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to mDNA testing.
However, in 2011, some experts still prefer to use the traditional classification, where all species are placed in Conus within the single family Conidae: for example, according to the current November 2011 version of the World Register of Marine Species, all species within the family Conidae are in the genus Conus. The binomial names of species in the 82 cone snail genera listed in Tucker & Tenorio 2009 are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species as "alternative representations."[7] Debate within the scientific community regarding this issue continues, and additional molecular phylogeny studies are being carried out in an attempt to clarify the issue.[3][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
All this has been superseded in 2015 by the new classification of the Conidae [2]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Calamiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 07/05/11.
- ^ a b Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23
- ^ a b c d e Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009), Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, ConchBooks, Hankenheim, Germany, 295 pp.
- ^ Kohn, A.J. & Almasi, K.N., Comparative ecology of a biogeographically heterogeneous Conus assemblage. in Wells, F.E., Walker, D.I., Kirkman, H., & Lethbridge, R. (Eds.) The Marine Flora and Fauna of Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia, pp. 523-538.
- ^ Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.
- ^ Interview of Professor Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology "SEASHELL COLLECTOR | Interview of Pr Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology". Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14107 Classification: Traditionally, all cone shells have been included in the Linnaean genus Conus. Tucker & Tenorio (2009) have recently proposed an alternative shell- and radula-based classification that recognizes 4 families and 80 genera of cones. In WoRMS, we currently still recognize a single family Conidae (following Puillandre et al. 2011), but Tucker & Tenorio's 80 genera classification is presented as "alternative representation". [P. Bouchet, 14 Aug. 2011]
- ^ C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa, Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135
- ^ P. Bouchet, Yu I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, and N. Puillandre (March 2011), A New Operational Classification of the Conoidea, Journal of Molluscan Studies 77:273-308, at p. 275.
- ^ N. Puillandre, E. Strong, P. Bouchet, M. Boisselier, V. Couloux, & S. Samadi (2009), Identifying gastropod spawn from DNA barcodes: possible but not yet practicable, Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1311-1321.
- ^ P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.
- ^ S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific? Evolution 62:1618-1634.
- ^ R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.
- ^ T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.
- ^ T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock, Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.
- ^ B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae), Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439.
Further reading
[edit]- Kohn A. A. (1992). Chronological Taxonomy of Conus, 1758-1840". Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
- Monteiro A. (ed.) (2007). The Cone Collector 1: 1-28.
- Berschauer D. (2010). Technology and the Fall of the Mono-Generic Family The Cone Collector 15: pp. 51-54
- Puillandre N., Meyer C.P., Bouchet P., and Olivera B.M. (2011), Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep-water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea), Zoologica Scripta 40(4) 350-363.