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Bryconops munduruku

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Bryconops munduruku
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Family: Iguanodectidae
Genus: Bryconops
Species:
B. munduruku
Binomial name
Bryconops munduruku

Bryconops munduruku is a small freshwater fish of the family Iguanodectidae that lives in the rivers of South America. Its adipose fin is black, with a clear base, and it has two humeral spots, which is a feature it shares with few congeners. Its fins are a variety of yellow, red, black, and clear, and mature males have hooks on select fin-rays.

Originally cited from the lower Rio Tapajós, B. munduruku's name pays homage to its type locality. Known as the Tapajós-Tapera, a denomination of Munduruku Indians (an indigenous culture of Brazil) formed the settlement that became the municipality from whence B. munduruku was described, Aveiro.

Taxonomy

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Bryconops munduruku is considered a member of the subgenus Creatochanes in the genus Bryconops.[1] It has been regarded as such since its description in 2015.[2] It is sometimes listed as a characin, or member of the family Characidae, but a study in 2011 moved the genera Bryconops, Piabucus, and Iguanodectes into a new family, Iguanodectidae.[3]

Bryconops munduruku has retained its original name, and has no known synonyms.[4]

Etymology

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The specific epithet of Bryconops munduruku is in reference to its type locality. A group of Munduruku Indians, the Tapajós-Tapera, settled in the place that would eventually become Aveiro, which is the municipality where B. mundukuru was discovered.[5] The genus name "Bryconops" means "resembling Brycon" ("ops" means "appearance").[6]

Description

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Bryconops munduruku is a reddish color above the lateral line, with a light-gray belly.[2] It reaches a length of about 9.6 cm (3.8) at a maximum.[6] The upper regions of the head, jaw, and face are a dark gray color.[7] The eyes are red at the upper margin, and yellow everywhere else. The dorsal fin has a red base half and a hyaline (clear) outer half, which is a pattern shared by the caudal fin. The pectoral and pelvic fins, as well as the first few rays of the anal fin, are yellow.[2]

It has two humeral spots, which is a similarity it shares with congener B. inpai, but B. inpai has a stripe extending from its anal-fin base to its caudal-fin base whereas B. munduruku has a uniform color pattern therein.[8] The adipose fin is black with a clear base, which differentiates B. munduruku from B. inpai and B. piracolina, both of which have entirely black adipose fins.[6] B. piracolina can also be told from B. munduruku because its dorsal fin sports a large black blotch.[4]

Sexual dimorphism

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Bryconops munduruku demonstrates sexual dimorphism. In mature males, several rays of the anal, pelvic, and dorsal fins bear hooks or spines that are absent in females.[7] The hooks on the anal fin are larger, while the ones on the dorsal and pelvic fins are more akin to spines.[2] This is a feature not uncommon in Bryconops, also demonstrated by congeners like B. florenceae,[9] B. cyrtogaster,[8] and B. gracilis.[10]

Habitat and ecology

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Bryconops munduruku was originally described from a small tributary of the Rio Tapajós in Brazil, the igarapé Açu; this is a location about 10 kilometers from Aveiro, in Brazil's Pará State.[6] Congeners that also live in the Rio Tapajós are B. durbinae,[11] B. gracilis,[12] and B. melanurus.[13] There is evidence to suggest that B. munduruku is an endemic species therein.[14]

With a pH that ranges from 4.5 to 7.8, the Tapajós is a rather acidic clearwater river.[15] B. munduruku in particular was collected from fast-moving water over a sandy riverbed, a specific environment it shares with congener B. giacopinii.[2] Part of the igarapé Açu is within the Tapajós National Forest and is therefore bordered by dense vegetation;[6] this may present a source of food for B. munduruku, though specific dietary needs are not known. (Members of Bryconops tend to either be insectivores that take supplemental plant material or sole herbivores.)[16][17]

Bryconops munduruku can be found in sympatry with B. giacopinii, Hyphessobrycon agulha, Moenkhausia comma, and various species of Hemigrammus.[4]

Conservation status

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Bryconops munduruku has not been evaluated by the IUCN.[6] Nonetheless, its native habitat of the Rio Tapajós is under constant anthropogenic threat, especially in the modern era. Usually, the water is clear,[18] but instances of illegal gold mining have kicked up or added so much sediment that portions of the river turn entirely brown.[citation needed] Illegal gold mining is a thriving industry in South America, despite its dangers to both participants and to the environment,[19][20] and so species like B. munduruku are under greater survival pressure.[21]

The importance of the Rio Tapajós, however, has prompted various plans for infrastructure development and legal mining operations to be reconsidered, which offers B. munduruku a greater chance of survival.[22] This is also positive news for a human population of roughly 1.4 million people.[21]

References

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  1. ^ "Bryconops sapezal, Wingert & Chuctaya & Malabarba, 2018". Plazi TreatmentBank. Plazi. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Canto, André Luiz C.; Ribeiro, Frank Raynner V. (30 July 2015). "Bryconops munduruku (Characiformes: Characidae), a new species of fish from the lower Tapajós River basin, Brazil". Zootaxa. 3994 (1): 133–141. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3994.1.7. PMID 26250264 – via Biotaxa.
  3. ^ Oliveira, Claudio; Avelino, Gleisy S.; Abe, Kelly T.; Mariguela, Tatiane C.; Benine, Ricardo C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Vari, Richard P.; Corrêa e Castro, Ricardo M. (December 2011). "Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 275. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-275. PMC 3190395. PMID 21943181. S2CID 974820.
  4. ^ a b c "Bryconops munduruku". Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
  5. ^ Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (15 September 2020). "Order CHARACIFORMES: Families IGUANODECTIDAE, TRIPORTHEIDAE, BRYCONIDAE, CHALCEIDAE and GASTEROPELECIDAE". The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Bryconops munduruku". FishBase. November 2022 version.
  7. ^ a b "Bryconops munduruku, Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison, Canto, André Luiz C. & Ribeiro, Frank Raynner V., 2015". Plazi TreatmentBank. Plazi. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  8. ^ a b Silva‐Oliveira, Cárlison; Moreira, Cristiano R.; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Py‐Daniel, Lúcia Rapp (September 2020). "The true identity of Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman), and description of a new species of Bryconops Kner (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from the Rio Jari, lower Amazon basin". Journal of Fish Biology. 97 (3): 860–868. doi:10.1111/jfb.14445. PMID 32584438. S2CID 220060299. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  9. ^ Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Ota, Rafaela P.; Sabaj, Mark H.; Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. Rapp (13 December 2021). "A new species of Bryconops (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from Atlantic coastal drainages of Suriname and French Guiana". Neotropical Ichthyology. 19 (4). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0113. ISSN 1679-6225. S2CID 245224953.
  10. ^ Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Ota, Rafaela P.; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Py-Daniel, Lúcia Rapp (13 December 2021). "Rediscovering species: redescription of Bryconops gracilis (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae), an often-misidentified species". Neotropical Ichthyology. 19 (4). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0054. S2CID 245251694.
  11. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Bryconops durbinae". FishBase. November 2022 version.
  12. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Bryconops gracilis". FishBase. November 2022 version.
  13. ^ Guimarães, Karen Larissa Auzier; de Sousa, Marcos Paulo Alho; Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos; Porto, Jorge Ivan Rebelo; Rodrigues, Luís Reginaldo Ribeiro (21 December 2018). "DNA barcoding of fish fauna from low order streams of Tapajós River basin". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0209430. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1309430G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209430. PMC 6303048. PMID 30576366.
  14. ^ de Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison (7 October 2021). "Quantas espécies de peixes existem na bacia amazônica?". Conexões Amazônicas (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  15. ^ Petry, Paulo; Hales, Jennifer. "Tapajos - Juruena". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  16. ^ Echevarría, Gabriela; González, Nirson (November 2018). "Fish taxonomic and functional diversity in mesohabitats of the River Kakada, Caura National Park, Venezuela". Nature Conservation Research. 3 (Suppl. 2). doi:10.24189/ncr.2018.048. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  17. ^ Silva, Cylene C. da; Ferreira, Efrem J. G.; Deus, Cláudia P. de (2008). "Diet of Bryconops alburnoides and B. caudomaculatus (Osteichthyes: Characiformes) in the region affected by Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (Amazon drainage, Brazil)". Neotropical Ichthyology. 6 (2): 237–242. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252008000200011. ISSN 1679-6225.
  18. ^ "Amazon, Tapajós, and Santarém". Earth Observatory. Nasa. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  19. ^ Klein, David (6 May 2022). "Interpol: Illegal Gold Mining is Devastating Latin America". OCCRP. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  20. ^ "Illegal Gold Mining". USAID. United States Agency for International Development. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  21. ^ a b "The Tapajos River: Hope for Sustainable Development". The Nature Conservancy. The Nature Conservancy. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  22. ^ Bradford, Sue (26 August 2016). "Planned Tapajós industrial waterway a potential environmental disaster". Mongabay News. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
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