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Biometric voter registration implicates using biometric technology (capturing unique physical features of an individual – fingerprinting is the most commonly used), most of the times in addition to demographics of the voter, for polling registration and/or authentication. The enrollment infrastructure allows collecting and maintaining a database of the biometric templates for all voters.

A biometric voting project might include introducing biometric registration kits for enrolment of voters; using electronic voter identification devices before and on Election Day; issuing of voter identification documents (i.e. biometric voter cards), among others. The chronological stages for adopting a biometric voting registration project usually include assessment; feasibility studies; securing funding; reviewing legislation; doing pilot projects and mock registration exercises; procurement; distribution of equipment, installation, and testing; recruitment and training of staff; voter information; deployment and, post-election audits.[1][2][3]

The final aim of implementing biometric election technology is achieving de-duplication of the voting register,[4][5] thus preventing multiple voter registration and multiple voting; improving identification of the voter at the polling station, and mitigating the incidence of voter fraud (e.g. buy/rent of voters IDs before an election).[6]

However, it is vital that commissions carrying out these election projects first and foremost guarantee that the legal framework supports biometric voter identification,[7][8] and then that the data captured during the registration process will be secured while maintaining two basic requirements: personalization and privacy. Likewise, it is imperative to have contingency mechanisms in place, in case biometric systems malfunction. One of the main challenges is to ensure that given the eventualities of technological hitches and failures, not a single voter is disenfranchised.[9]

Countries with biometric voter registration

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According to International IDEA's ICTs in Elections Database,[10] as of 2016, the number of countries adopting biometrics in elections has steadily increased to over 50, with significant differences between regions. "While there are virtually no users in Europe, about half of the countries in Africa and Latin America use this technology in elections."[11] 35 per cent of over 130 surveyed Electoral Management Bodies is capturing biometric data (such as fingerprints or photos) as part of their voter registration process (2016).[1]

Countries which have used Biometric voting registration include Armenia,[12][13] Angola,[14][15] Bangladesh,[16][17] Bhutan,[18] Bolivia,[19][20] Brazil,[21][22] Burkina Faso,[23] Cambodia,[24][25] Cameroon,[26] Chad,[27][28] Colombia,[29][30] Comoros,[31][32] Congo (Democratic Republic of),[33][34] Costa Rica,[35] Cote d'Ivoire,[36] Dominican Republic,[37] Fiji, Gambia,[38] Ghana,[39] Guatemala, India,[40][41] Iraq, Kenya,[42][43] Lesotho, Liberia,[44] Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico,[11][45] Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,[46] Nepal,[47] Nicaragua, Nigeria,[48][49] Panama, Peru,[11] The Philippines,[50][51] Senegal, Sierra Leone,[52][53] Solomon Islands, Somaliland,[54] Swaziland, Tanzania,[55] Uganda,[56][57] Uruguay, Venezuela,[11] Yemen,[58] Zambia,[59] and Zimbabwe.[60][61]

Advocacy and criticism

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Some promoters of biometric voting registration point out that this technology, if properly customised to the country's needs and well implemented, could offer better accessibility for citizens; help avoiding long queues and waiting times for registration and voting; add simplicity and speed to the election cycle (e.g. voter identification documents can make it easier for polling staff to verify voter details);[8] make voters and Commissions feel confident about the quality of their registry (more accurate, reliable and complete data); improve e-voting security,[62][63] considerably reduce or eliminate multiple registration and multiple voting, while mitigating the risk of impersonation, identity theft, the misuse of records of deceased voters, carousel voting and ballot-box stuffing.[48][1]

On the other hand, those who criticise and disapprove the use of biometrics for voter identification maintain that using biometrics for election purposes raises concerns over voters' privacy, human dignity and governmental disclosure of personal information.[7][64] Some critics go further to claim that biometrics in voting poses a serious threat to democracy, due to fears of violation of the secrecy of the vote (or correlation voter-vote).[65]

The concerns as with any other application of biometrics for identification and authentication can be manifold.[66][3] There is, for example, the possibility of voter disenfranchisement when characteristics typically used to identify or verify voters might become unavailable (e.g. bandaged finger, loss of a finger, failure to acquire due to dirt or fingerprint quality degradation).[1][65] Similarly, there are also claims of potential logistical and procedural "new problems" that biometric identification devices can bring to an election cycle: increasing costs (initial purchase costs of biometric readers and infrastructure, costs linked to maintenance, storage and upgrades) and resources' allocation (human, time, material); additional training of commissions and polling staff, technological failures that could disenfranchise voters; and extra data storage that demands higher security.[4][9]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Wolf, Peter (2017). "Introducing Biometric Technology in Elections" (PDF). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  2. ^ "Voter registration". Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Biometric Voter Registration: Skills required and problems encountered?". aceproject.org. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  4. ^ a b Holtved, Ole (February 2011). "Biometrics in Elections" (PDF). International Foundation for Electoral Systems and USAID.
  5. ^ Wolf, Peter (2017). "Introducing BiometricTechnology in Elections" (PDF). idea.int. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  6. ^ "Biometric Identification Machine Failure and Electoral Fraud in a Competitive Democracy" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. August 11, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Biometrics: Friend or foe of privacy?" (PDF). Privacy International.
  8. ^ a b Gelb, Alan; Clark, Julia (2013-02-11). "Using biometrics in development: lessons and challenges". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  9. ^ a b "Biometric Voter Registration and Voter Identification". aceproject.org. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  10. ^ "ICTs in Elections Database". International IDEA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  11. ^ a b c d "If the EMB uses technology to collect voter registration data, is biometric data captured and used during registration?". International IDEA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  12. ^ "New Voter Authentication Devices (VADs) tested in Armenia". EC-UNDP Joint Task Force. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  13. ^ "Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017". OSCE. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  14. ^ BÖSL, ANTON. "Angola votes! FIRST PARLIAMENT ELECTIONS FOR 16 YEARS" (PDF).
  15. ^ "ans_738_1109121176". International IDEA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
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  17. ^ "Bangladesh Election Commission Begins Issuance of Biometric IDs". FindBiometrics. 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
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  19. ^ "Carter Center Report on Biometric Registration in Bolivia".
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  21. ^ "MANDATORY, BIOMETRIC, AND ELECTRONIC: BRAZILIANS HEAD TO THE POLLS". plus55. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
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  23. ^ "ans_738_1545713035". International IDEA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
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  25. ^ Vichea, Pang (2015-11-12). "Voter e-registration test run going 'smoothly'". Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  26. ^ "Biometric Voter Registration in Cameroon". aceproject.org. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  27. ^ Debos, Marielle. "Biometric voting in Chad: new technology, same old political tricks". The Conversation. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  28. ^ "UNHCR, EU working with Chad on biometrics registration program for refugees". BiometricUpdate. 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  29. ^ "Colombia". International IDEA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  30. ^ "Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil – Nuevas Tecnologías" (in Spanish). Registraduria Nacional del Estado Civil. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  31. ^ "Programme d'appui à la modernisation du fichier électoral de l'Union des Comores" (in French). Le PNUD en Union des Comores. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  32. ^ "Comoros". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  33. ^ "ans_738_844038563". International IDEA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  34. ^ "The Democratic Republic of Congo selects Gemalto mobile biometric enrollment solution to support fair elections". gemalto.com. 4 July 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  35. ^ "Costa Rica | International IDEA". www.idea.int. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  36. ^ "Safran Tech Used in Two Recent Biometric Votes in Ivory Coast". FindBiometrics. 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  37. ^ "Dominican Republic delegation is introduced to the Brazilian biometric registration system" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  38. ^ "Gambia Electoral Commission Reports on Biometric Registration Work". FindBiometrics. 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  39. ^ Forson, Francisca Kakra. "Ghana Electoral Commission Assures Problem-free Second Round of Special Voting". VOA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  40. ^ "EC to check bogus voting, link Aadhaar with electoral rolls". Hindustantimes.com. 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  41. ^ "India's Election Commission to link biometric ID with electoral rolls". BiometricUpdate. 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  42. ^ Gogineni, Roopa. "Kenya Introduces Biometrics for Voter Registration". VOA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  43. ^ "Kenya implements biometric registration for all citizens". BiometricUpdate. 2015-02-05. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  44. ^ Macdonald, | Ayang (2023-12-07). "Laxton, Neurotechnology collaboration powered Liberia's biometric voter registration for Oct. polls | Biometric Update". www.biometricupdate.com. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
  45. ^ "Mexico Sticks with Safran for Voter Authentication". FindBiometrics. 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  46. ^ "Biometric machine for voter registration unveiled". Verified Voting. 2013-12-23. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  47. ^ "Election Commission builds biometric voter database ahead of election". Verified Voting. 2013-01-11. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  48. ^ a b "Countries adopt biometrics for voter ID, fraud prevention – SecureIDNews". SecureIDNews. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  49. ^ "Nigeria's INEC Satisfied with New Voting Systems". FindBiometrics. 2015-03-12. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  50. ^ "Biometrics Now Mandatory For Voting In The Philippines". FindBiometrics. 2014-06-02. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  51. ^ Aurelio, Julie M. (23 January 2017). "Comelec earmarks P10-M for voter registration machines". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  52. ^ "Biometric Election Tech Shipment Offers Reassurance in Sierra Leone". FindBiometrics. 2017-01-27. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  53. ^ "Sierra Leone News: 4000 Biometric registration kits arrive". Awoko. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  54. ^ "Daon Tech Supports Peacebuilding Work in Somaliland". FindBiometrics. 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  55. ^ Clottey, Peter. "Tanzania Electoral Chief Promises Peaceful, Credible Election". VOA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  56. ^ Clottey, Peter. "Uganda to Use Biometric Verification Machines for Elections". VOA. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  57. ^ "Uganda's Electoral Commission Trains Staff on Biometric Voter Identification". FindBiometrics. 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  58. ^ "M2SYS Deploy Truevoter Yemen Biometric Voter Registration Solution – M2SYS". M2SYS. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  59. ^ Zulu, Delphine (2015-02-06). "Zambia: Biometric NRCs to Be Used in 2016 Elections". The Times of Zambia (Ndola). Archived from the original on 2015-10-22. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  60. ^ "Zimbabwe rules out biometric voting in 2018 elections, electronic system for registration only – Techzim". Techzim. 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  61. ^ "BVR kits procurement gathers momentum". The Herald. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  62. ^ "McAfee-Atlantic Council Joint Study Sees Important Role for Biometrics in e-Voting". FindBiometrics. 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  63. ^ "Voting online made possible with selfie recognition technology". 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  64. ^ "Biometrics Are Coming, Along With Serious Security Concerns". WIRED. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  65. ^ a b Vanguard, The Patriotic (2011-10-02). "Analysis of Biometric Voter Registration and Voting Process in Sierra Leone". The Patriotic Vanguard. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  66. ^ Das, Ravindra (2016-04-21). Adopting Biometric Technology: Challenges and Solutions. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-1745-8.
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