Beggars' Gang
| Beggars' Gang | |||||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 丐幫 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 丐帮 | ||||||||||||
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The Beggars' Gang is a fictional martial arts organisation featured prominently in works of wuxia fiction by writers such as Jin Yong, Gu Long and Wolong Sheng. The gang has also found its way into martial arts films such as King of Beggars and video games such as Age of Wushu. The gang's members are mostly beggars as its name suggests, but some of them are from other walks of life. They are noticeable in public for their dress code and behaviour. The members adhere to a strict code of conduct and maintain the utmost respect for rank and hierarchy. They uphold justice and help those in need through acts of chivalry. The Beggars' Gang is also one of the supporting pillars in the defence of Han Chinese society from foreign invaders.[1] The gang has a wide network of communications and the members are reputed for their excellent information gathering skills. This is due to the gang's large size and the nature of its members, which allows them to easily blend into different segments of society.
History
[edit]The gang was founded during the Han dynasty[2] and has survived for centuries. The gang plays significant roles in wuxia novels such as Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (Northern Song dynasty) and the Condor Trilogy (Southern Song dynasty to Yuan dynasty).
The Beggars' Gang was one of the largest and most respected martial arts organisations in the jianghu (martial artists' community) until the Yuan dynasty.[3] Its fame and popularity began to decline in the Yuan dynasty due to ill discipline among its members and incompetent leadership.
Organisation
[edit]The gang is divided into various factions, including the "dirty clothing" faction (污衣派) and the "clean clothing" faction (淨衣派). The former consists of typical beggars, while the latter comprises non-beggar members.[2] It has many branches (分舵) spread throughout the land and each of them is headed by a duozhu (舵主; 'branch master').[3]
Each member carries at least one pouch-like bag (袋子) and the number of bags he/she carries indicates his/her rank in the gang.[3] The highest rank a member can attain is that of an elder (長老), which is second only to the chief. Elders carry nine bags each.[3]
The gang is headed by the chief (幫主), who represents the highest authority in the gang. Each chief is selected from a pool of nominees based on his/her prowess in martial arts, contributions to the gang, personal conduct and popularity, among other factors. The chief carries the revered Dog Beating Staff (打狗棒) as a symbol of leadership.[3][2][1] The gang has various practices and customs, such as the one which allows all members to spit once on a newly elected chief as a form of salute.[1]
The Four Great Elders serve as the chief's deputies and reserve the right to strip the chief off his post if he/she fails in his/her duties. Besides, there are also elders with designated duties, such as the Discipline Elder (執法長老),[3] who enforces law and order in the gang, and the Training Elder (傳功長老),[3] who oversees the martial arts training of members.
The gang holds monthly meetings in a different location each time.[2]
Skills and martial arts
[edit]The most notable martial arts of the Beggars' Gang are the Eighteen Dragon-Subduing Palms and the Dog Beating Staff Technique.[3][2][1] The chief is expected to have a profound mastery of both skills, especially the latter, which is only passed on from a chief to his/her successor. No other members know the Dog Beating Staff Technique.[2][1] The gang has a battle formation known as the Dog Beating Formation (打狗陣).[3]
Since members are not limited to only beggars, people from all walks of life, including scholars and soldiers, join the gang. As such, the gang's martial arts are rather diverse, since some members have learnt other forms of martial arts prior to joining the gang. For example, Wu Changfeng in Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils uses a customised saber movement while Chen Guyan carries a sack filled with poisonous creatures for use against enemies.[3]
Eighteen Dragon-Subduing Palms
[edit]The Eighteen Dragon-Subduing Palms (降龍十八掌), also translated as Eighteen Palms to Defeat the Dragon,[4] is based on and named after ideas derived from the ancient divination text Yi Jing. Chronologically, it is first mentioned in Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils as the best known skill of Qiao Feng, the chief of the Beggars' Gang. There were originally 28 stances, which Qiao Feng later simplified to 18 with the help of his sworn brother Xuzhu. After Qiao Feng's death at the end of the novel, Xuzhu passed the knowledge of the skill to the next chief of the Beggars' Gang.[3] In The Legend of the Condor Heroes, the protagonist Guo Jing learns the Eighteen Dragon-Subduing Palms from Hong Qigong, the chief of the Beggars' Gang, and uses it as his primary skill against opponents such as Ouyang Feng, Mei Chaofeng, Huang Yaoshi and Qiu Qianren.[2] In the sequel The Return of the Condor Heroes, Guo Jing, now a supporting character, uses the Eighteen Dragon-Subduing Palms on multiple occasions in combat, while Hong Qigong uses it in his final battle against Ouyang Feng.[1] In The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber, Shi Huolong, the chief of the Beggars' Gang, had mastered only 12 of the 18 stances and had used it to defend himself when he was ambushed by Cheng Kun, the main antagonist.[5]
The 18 stances are:
- The Proud Dragon Repents (亢龍有悔)
- The Dragon Soars in the Sky (飛龍在天)
- The Dragon is Seen in the Fields (見龍在田)
- The Swan Descends Gracefully (鴻漸於陸)
- Use Not the Submerged Dragon (潛龍勿用)
- A Sudden Advent (突如其來)
- Crossing Great Rivers (利涉大川)
- Tremors that Shook the Land (震驚百里)
- Diving into the Abyss (或躍在淵)
- The Twin Dragons Fetch Water (雙龍取水)
- The Fish Frolics in the Depths (魚躍於淵)
- Timely Riding the Six Dragons (時乘六龍)
- Dark Clouds but No Rain (密雲不雨)
- With a Loss comes Confidence (損則有孚)
- The Dragon Fights in the Wilderness (龍戰於野)
- Treading on Ice (履霜冰至)
- The Ram Charges into the Fence (羝羊觸藩)
- The Divine Dragon Swishes its Tail (神龍擺尾)
Dog Beating Staff Technique
[edit]The Dog Beating Staff Technique (打狗棒法) has ten stances:
- A Fierce Dog Blocks the Path (惡狗攔路)
- Whack Two Dogs with a Staff (棒打雙犬)
- Oblique Hit on the Dog's Back (斜打狗背)
- Flip the Dog Upside-down (撥狗朝天)
- Retrieve the Staff from the Mastiff's Jaws (獒口奪仗)
- Whack the Dog's Head with a Staff (棒打狗頭)
- Reverse Jab the Dog's Bottom (反戳狗臀)
- Lift the Mad Dog with the Staff (棒挑癩犬)
- Squash the Dog's Back (壓扁狗背)
- No Dogs Under Heaven (天下無狗)
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Cha, Louis. The Return of the Condor Heroes (神雕俠侶). Ming Pao, 1959.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cha, Louis. The Legend of the Condor Heroes (神雕俠侶). Hong Kong Commercial Daily, 1957.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cha, Louis. Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (天龍八部). Ming Pao, 1963.
- ^ Ya-chen Chen (12 April 2012). Women in Chinese Martial Arts Films of the New Millennium: Narrative Analyses and Gender Politics. Lexington Books. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-7391-3910-3.
- ^ Cha, Louis. The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber (倚天屠龍記). Ming Pao, 1961.