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Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing

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Model 17 Staggerwing
1944 Beechcraft D17S
General information
TypeUtility aircraft
National originUnited States
ManufacturerBeech Aircraft Corporation
Primary usersUnited States Army Air Forces
Number built785
History
Manufactured1933–1949
Introduction date1933
First flightNovember 4, 1932
Vintage Wings of Canada Beechcraft D17S Staggerwing
1943 Beech D17S Staggerwing
Assembly line at the beginning of Staggerwing production; the sole A17F (with fixed landing gear) is being constructed in front of the frames of the first and second production B17Ls.
An F17D Model Staggerwing

The Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing is an American biplane with an atypical negative wing stagger (the lower wing is farther forward than the upper wing). It first flew in 1932.

Development

[edit]

In 1932, Walter H. Beech, formerly head of the aircraft manufacturer Travel Air, left Curtiss-Wright, which had purchased Travel Air in 1929, to set up a new company, Beech Aircraft Corporation, based in Wichita, Kansas. Beech took the airplane designer Ted A. Wells from Curtiss-Wright, and the first project of the new company was the Model 17, a fast biplane with an enclosed cabin designed to meet the needs of business executives. It was based on a design drafted by Wells while at Curtiss-Wright, but rejected by the Curtiss-Wright board.[1][2] The Beechcraft Model 17, popularly known as the "Staggerwing", was first flown on November 4, 1932. During its heyday, it was used as an executive aircraft, much as the private jet is now, and its primary competition were the Waco Custom Cabin and Waco Standard Cabin series of biplanes.

The Model 17's unusual negative stagger wing configuration (the upper wing staggered behind the lower) and unique shape maximized pilot visibility and was intended to reduce interference drag between the wings (although it was later found to have negligible effect).[3] The fabric-covered fuselage was faired with wood formers and stringers over a welded, steel tube frame.[3] Construction was complex and took many man-hours to complete. The Staggerwing's retractable conventional landing gear, uncommon at that time, combined with careful streamlining, light weight, and a powerful radial engine, helped it perform well.

In the mid-1930s, Beech undertook a major redesign of the aircraft, to create the Model D17 Staggerwing. The D17 featured a lengthened fuselage that improved the aircraft's handling characteristics by increasing control leverage, and the ailerons were relocated to the upper wings, eliminating interference with the flaps. Braking was improved with a foot-operated brake linked to the rudder pedals.

Between April 1936 through May 1940 there were six Model 17 fatal accidents involving midair breakups that were attributed to weather conditions and structural failures, later determined to be caused by flutter of the ailerons and wings. The CAA Bureau of Safety Regulation initially issued an edict to restrict maximum airspeed and instrument flight, which was later replaced by a safety bulletin requiring lead balance weights to be added to the ailerons and flaps, and plywood panels to the outboard portion of the wings to increase torsional stiffness of the wing tip section.[4]

Operational history

[edit]

Sales began slowly. The first Staggerwings' high price tag (between US$14,000 and $17,000, depending on engine size) scared off potential buyers in an already depressed civil aircraft market. Only 18 Model 17s were sold during 1933, the first year of production, but sales steadily increased. Each Staggerwing was custom-built by hand. The luxurious cabin, trimmed in leather and mohair, held up to five passengers. Eventually, the Staggerwing captured a substantial share of the passenger aircraft market. By the start of World War II, Beechcraft had sold more than 424 Model 17s.

Air racing

[edit]
1937 advertisement for the Model 17 Beech Staggerwing

The Staggerwing's speed made it popular with 1930s air racers. An early version of the Model 17 won the 1933 Texaco Trophy Race. In 1935, a British diplomat, Capt. H.L. Farquhar, successfully flew around the world in a Model B17R, traveling 21,332 miles (34,331 kilometers) from New York to London, by way of Siberia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and back across Europe.

Louise Thaden and Blanche Noyes won the 1936 Bendix trophy in a Model C17R Staggerwing. Thaden also won the Harmon Trophy for her achievement. Jackie Cochran set a women's speed record of 203.9 mph (328 km/h), established an altitude record of over 30,000 feet (9,144 m), and finished third in the 1937 Bendix Trophy Race, all in a special Model D17W Staggerwing. The aircraft made an impressive showing in the 1938 Bendix race, as well.

In 1970, due to a dispute with the T-6 racing class, the Reno National Air Races invited five Staggerwings to perform a demonstration race. Two G models and two D17 models raced. The five pilots were Bryant Morris, Bert Jensen, Don Clark, Noel Gourselle, and Phil Livingston, the only pilot to have prior racing experience in the T-6 class. The race was flawless, with ABC Wide World of Sports coverage, but protesting T-6 racers prevented the class from future competition with allegations of safety issues.

World War II

[edit]

As World War II loomed, a number of Model B17Ls were pressed into service as bombers by the Spanish Republican Air Force, the air forces of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. China ordered a number of Staggerwings to use as air ambulances in its fight against Imperial Japan. Finland had one C17L as a liaison aircraft between 1940 and 1945.[5] On October 2, 1941, Beech shipped a special camouflaged D17S to Prince Bernhard of Lippe, who was in exile in London after the German invasion of the Netherlands. He used it for refugee work in and around London.

YC-43 Traveler

The Beech UC-43 Traveler was a slightly modified version of the Staggerwing. In late 1938, the United States Army Air Corps purchased three Model D17Ss to evaluate them for use as light liaison aircraft. These were designated YC-43 (Y designating a development aircraft or non-standard type, C standing for Cargo). After a short flight test program, the YC-43s went to Europe to serve as liaison aircraft with the air attachés in London, Paris, and Rome.

Early in World War II, the need for a compact executive-type transport or courier aircraft became apparent, and in 1942, the United States Army Air Forces ordered the first of 270 Model 17s for service within the United States and overseas as the UC-43 (USAAF designation for Utility, Cargo). These differed only in minor details from the commercial model. To meet urgent wartime needs, the government also purchased or leased (impressed) additional "Staggerwings" from private owners, including 118 more for the Army Air Force plus others for the United States Navy. In Navy service, the airplanes were designated as GB-1 and GB-2 (under USN designating convention signifying General (purpose), Beech, 1st or 2nd variant of type). The British Royal Air Force and Royal Navy acquired 106 "Traveller Mk. I" (the British name uses the UK double "l" spelling) through the Lend-Lease arrangement to fill its own critical need for light personnel transports.

The production UC-43 differed in minor details from the service test YC-43. Two distinguishing external features of the UC-43 are the circular automatic direction finder antennae mounted between the main landing gear and landing lights near the lower wingtips. They were all powered by the 450 horsepower (336 kilowatt) Pratt & Whitney R-985 engine.

Postwar

[edit]

After the war's end, Beech immediately converted its manufacturing capabilities back to civil aircraft production, making one final version of the Staggerwing, the Model G17S. They built 16 aircraft, which they sold for US$29,000 apiece. Norway sold one D17S to Finland in 1949, which the Finnish Air Force used from 1950 to 1958.[5]

The lightweight V-tail Beechcraft Bonanza, a powerful four-passenger luxury aircraft, soon replaced the venerable Staggerwing in the Beech product line, at about a third of the price. The Bonanza was a smaller aircraft with less horsepower, but carried four people at a similar speed to the Staggerwing. Beechcraft sold the 785th and final Staggerwing in 1948 and delivered it in 1949.

Critical praise

[edit]

In March 2003, Plane & Pilot magazine named the Staggerwing one of its Top Ten All-Time Favorite aircraft.[6]

In the April 2007 issue of AOPA Pilot magazine, it was reported that the Staggerwing was voted by nearly 3000 AOPA members as the Most Beautiful Airplane. "Members said it's the perfect balance between 'muscular strength and delicate grace,' and rated it highly for its 'classic lines and symmetry.'"

The November 2012 issue of Aviation History magazine ranked the Staggerwing fifth in their top 12 list of the Worlds Most Beautiful Airplanes. Stating that "Some might think 'the Stag' ungainly, backward wings and all, yet it has become the prime example of vintage beauty" and "...the aftward upper wing led to the big, steeply raked windscreen that is also a key element of what some have called an art deco classic."[7]

Variants

[edit]
Production by Model
Model
Designation 		Number
Produced
17R 2
A17F 1
A17FS 1
B17B 2
B17E 4
B17L 46
B17R 15
C17B 39
C17E 22
C17L 6
C17R 17
D17A 8
D17R 27
D17S 67 civilian
412 military
D17W 2
E17B 54
E17L 1
F17D 60
G17S 20
Total 785
17
Fixed gear prototypes, manufactured from 1932 to 1933.[8]
17R
Prototypes, powered by 420 hp (310 kW) Wright R-975-E2 engine. Made first flight on November 4, 1932. Two built.[9][8]
17J
Proposed single-seat military development of the Model 17 powered by a 715 hp (533 kW) Wright Cyclone engine. The cockpit was moved aft of the upper wing, which was to be in an inverted gull configuration to improve visibility. Not built.[10]
A17
Fixed gear, plans for production abandoned in 1935.[8]
A17F
Powered by 690 hp (510 kW) Wright R-1820-F11 engine. One built.[11]
A17FS
Powered by 710 hp (530 kW) Wright SR-1820-F3 engine. One built.[11]
B17
Retractable gear, first production model, manufactured from March 1934 to March 1936.
B17B
285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. One built 1934.[11]
B17E
285 hp (213 kW) Wright R-760-E1 engine. Four built from 1935.[12]
B17L
225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. 48 built.[13]
SB17L
B17L fitted with floats. One built.[13]
B17R
425 hp (317 kW) Wright R-975-E2/E3 engine. 16 built from 1935.[13]
C17
Manufactured from March 1936 to March 1937.
C17B
285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. 40 built.[13]
SC17B
Floatplane version of C17B - One built.[13]
C17E
285 hp (213 kW) Wright R-760-E1.[13]
C17L
225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. Six built.[14]
C17R
420 hp (310 kW) Wright R-975-E2/E3 engine. 16 built.[14]
SC17R
Floatplane C17R. One built.[14]
D17
Manufactured from March 1937 to 1945 (All were military models after 1941).
D17A
350 hp (260 kW) Wright R-760-E2. 10 built.[14]
D17R
420 hp (310 kW) Wright R-975-E3 engine. 27 built.[15]
D17S
450 hp (340 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985-SB Wasp Junior. 23 built.[16]
SD17S
Floatplane version of D17S.[16]
D17W
600 hp (450 kW) geared and supercharged Pratt & Whitney R-985-SC-G Wasp Junior. Two built.[16]
E17
Manufactured from March 1937 to 1941.
E17B
Powered by 285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-MB engine. 50 built.[16]
SE17B
Amphibian version of E17B. Four built.[16]
E17L
Powered by 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. One built.[16]
F17
Manufactured from April 1938 to 1941.
F17D
Powered by 330 hp (250 kW) Jacobs L-6 engine. 61 built.[16]
SF17D
One built.[16]
G17
Manufactured from 1946 to 1948.
G17S
Powered by 450 hp (340 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN4 engine. 20 built.[16]
Tachikawa-Beechcraft C17E Light Transport
20 built in licence production in Japan by Tachikawa, plus two assembled from imported parts for Dai Nihon Koku KK. Manshu, Chuka Koku and agencies such as provincial police headquarters.
20M
Unbuilt twin-engine derivative of the Model 17. Was to have been powered by two Menasco C6S-4 Super Buccaneer engines. Canceled in favor of the Model 18.[17]

Military designations

[edit]
YC-43 (S/N 39-139) assigned to the American Embassy in London, England
YC-43
Three Model D17S with a 450hp R-985-17 engine for evaluation by the United States Army Air Corps
UC-43 s/n 43-10859
UC-43 Traveler
Production version with a 450hp R-985-AN-1 engine, 75 ordered for the Army Air Corps and 63 for the United States Navy as the GB-1, 132 were later transferred from the Navy to the Army Air Corps.
UC-43A
Model D17R with 440hp R-975-11 engine, 13 impressed into service.
UC-43B
Model D17S with 450hp R-985-17 engine, 13 impressed into service.
UC-43C
Model F17D with 300hp R-915-1 engine, 37 impressed into service.
UC-43D
Model E17B with 285hp R-830-1 engine, 31 impressed into service.
UC-43E
Model C17R with 440hp R-975-11 engine, five impressed into service.
UC-43F
Model D17A with 350hp R-975-3 engine, one impressed into service.
UC-43G
Model C17B with 285hp R-830-1 engine, 10 impressed into service.
UC-43H
Model B17R with 440hp R-975-11 engine, three impressed into service.
UC-43J
Model C17L with 225hp R-755-1 engine, three impressed into service.
UC-43K
Model D17W, one impressed into service. This aircraft was originally built in 1937 for famed aviator Jacqueline Cochran. Cochran flew the airplane in the 1937 Bendix cross-country race and placed first in the Women's Division and 3rd overall. She also set a Women's National Speed Record of 203.895 miles per hour using the airplane.
A GB-1 Traveler
GB-1
United States Navy transport version of the D17, ten bought in 1939 and ten impressed into USN service.
GB-2
USN version as GB-1 but with a 450hp R-985-50 or R-985-AN-1 engine, 271 built, 132 later transferred to USAAF as UC-43s. Also additional aircraft from a cancelled British contract and impressed aircraft.
JB-1
One Model C17R as an executive transport for the United States Navy.
Traveller I
British designation for the former US Embassy in London's YC-43 and 107 UC-43 and GB-2 aircraft delivered mainly for the Royal Navy.

Engine selection

[edit]
Beechcraft Model 17 Engine Selections
Suffix Engine (radial configuration) Cylinders Power (hp)
A Wright R-760-E2 7 350
B Jacobs L-5 (R-830-1) 7 285
D Jacobs L-6 (R-915A3) 7 330
E Wright R-760-E1 7 285
F Wright R-1820-F11 9 690
FS Wright SR-1820-F3 (supercharged) 9 710
L Jacobs L-4 (R-755D) 7 225
R Wright R-975-E2 or E3 9 420–450
S P&W R-985-AN-1 or AN-3 9 450
W P&W R-985-SC-G (supercharged & geared) 9 600

Operators

[edit]

Military

[edit]
Military staggerwing operators

Numbers operated from[18]

 Australia
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 China
Republic of China-Nanjing
 Cuba
 Ethiopia
  • Ethiopian Government (operated two from 1935 to 1936)
 Finland
 Honduras
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Peru
 Spain
 United Kingdom
 USA
 Uruguay

Aircraft on display

[edit]
Brazil
United States

Surviving aircraft

[edit]
The Fighter Collection's Staggerwing, G-BRVE, in 2003

Many Staggerwings remain registered with the FAA in flyable condition, or undergoing restoration. Several military versions are on display.

Canada
United Kingdom
  • 4803 – D17S airworthy at Old Buckenham Airport in Norwich, Norfolk.[42][43]
  • 6701 – D17S airworthy at The Fighter Collection in Duxford, Cambridgeshire. It was built in 1943 as a US Navy model GB-2. It was shipped to the UK and flown by Royal Navy's 782 Naval Air Squadron as Traveller Mk.I FT475. Postwar, it was returned to the US and flown by the US Air Force before passing into private hands. It came back to the UK in 1990 and has since flown with several owners under the UK registration G-BRVE.[44][45]
United States

Specifications (Beech Model D17S)

[edit]
3-view line drawing of the Beechcraft UC-43
3-view line drawing of the Beechcraft UC-43

Data from Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II[57]

General characteristics

  • Crew: one
  • Capacity: three or four passengers plus 125 lb (56.7 kg) baggage
  • Length: 26 ft 10 in (8.18 m)
  • Wingspan: 32 ft (9.8 m)
  • Height: 8 ft (2.4 m)
  • Wing area: 296.5 sq ft (27.55 m2)
  • Empty weight: 2,540 lb (1,152 kg)
  • Gross weight: 4,250 lb (1,928 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN-1 "Wasp Junior" radial engine, 450 hp (340 kW) at 2,300 rpm

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 212 mph (341 km/h, 184 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 202 mph (325 km/h, 176 kn)
  • Range: 670 mi (1,078 km, 582 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,600 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,500 ft/min (7.6 m/s)
  • Wing loading: 14.3 lb/sq ft (70 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 9.44 lb/hp (5.68 kg/kW)

See also

[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ Pelletier 1995, pp. 13–14, 53
  2. ^ Berry 1990, pp. 8–9
  3. ^ a b "The Beechcraft Biplanes". Sport Aviation. January 1961.
  4. ^ Barnes, Sparky (May 22, 2019). "The savior of the Staggerwing fleet". General Aviation News.
  5. ^ a b c Heinonen, Timo; Valtonen, Hannu (2010). Albatrossista Pilatukseen – Suomen sotilaslentokoneet 1917–2010 (in Finnish). Tikkakoski: Keski-Suomen ilmailumuseo. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-952-99989-2-0.
  6. ^ "Top 10 All-Time Favorites". Warner Publishing Corporation. March 2003. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved August 7, 2006.
  7. ^ Wilkinson, Stephan (2012). "Aviation History Magazine; "The Worlds Most Beautiful Airplanes"". Aviation History. Leesburg, VA: Weider History Group: 22–29. ISSN 1076-8858. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  8. ^ a b c Pelletier 1995, p. 54
  9. ^ Pelletier 1995, p. 53
  10. ^ Pelletier 1995, p. 175
  11. ^ a b c Pelletier 1995, p. 55
  12. ^ Pelletier 1995, pp. 55–56
  13. ^ a b c d e f Pelletier 1995, p. 56
  14. ^ a b c d Pelletier 1995, p. 57
  15. ^ Pelletier 1995, pp. 57–58
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pelletier 1995, p. 58
  17. ^ "Bygone Beechcrafts – Part One". King Air. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
  18. ^ Chris Thornburg (3 December 2006). "World Air Forces: Historical listings of the aircraft used". www.worldairforces.com. Chris Thornburg. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  19. ^ Jowett, Philip (2004). Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria. p. 96.
  20. ^ Thetford 1991, p. 404.
  21. ^ "Staggerwing – Beechcraft D17S | Beech Aircraft Corporation". Museu Aeroespacial. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  22. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Beech UC-43 Traveler, s/n 2778 FABr, c/n 6691, c/r PT-CVC". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Aircraft Exhibits & Memorabilia". Beechcraft Heritage Museum. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
  24. ^ "Beechcraft C17L Staggerwing". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  25. ^ Peijmen, Dré. "c/n 225 – 264". www.beech17.net. WordPress. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  26. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Beech UC-43F Traveler, s/n 42-49071 USAAF, c/n 0305, c/r N50959". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  27. ^ Baugher, Joe (December 28, 2016). "1942 USAAF Serial Numbers (42-39758 to 42-50026)". JoeBaugher.com. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  28. ^ "Beech D17S (UC-43)". Yanks Air Museum. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  29. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Beech UC-43 Traveler, s/n 43-10842 USAAF, c/n 4890, c/r N51746". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  30. ^ "GB-2 TRAVELLER". National Naval Aviation Museum. Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  31. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Beech GB-2 Traveler, s/n 32873 USN, c/n 6700, c/r N9459H". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  32. ^ "Currently Showing In Museum". Fantasy of Flight. November 14, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  33. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Beech UC-43 Traveler, s/n 44-67772 USAAF, c/n 6880, c/r N52962". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  34. ^ "Beechcraft D-17S Staggerwing: An Art Deco classic". Lone Star Flight Museum. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  35. ^ "Beech UC-43 Traveler". National Museum of the US Air Force. April 16, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  36. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Beech UC-43 Traveler, s/n 23733 USN, c/n 6913, c/r N67198". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  37. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Beech D17S Staggerwing, c/n 0403, c/r CF-DTE". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  38. ^ "Beech D-17S Staggerwing". Vintage Wings of Canada. Archived from the original on April 22, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  39. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Beech UC-43 Traveler, s/n 43-10826 USAAF, c/n 4874, c/r CF-GKY". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  40. ^ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [CF-GKY]". Transport Canada. August 28, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  41. ^ Peijmen, Dré. "c/n 4871 – 4900". www.beech17.net. WordPress. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  42. ^ Knights, Emma (March 25, 2014). "Video and photo gallery: Staggering sights on offer at this year's Old Buckenham Airshow". Eastern Daily Press. Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  43. ^ "FAA Registry [N9405H]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  44. ^ "Beech D-17S Staggerwing". The Fighter Collection. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  45. ^ "GINFO Search Results [G-BVRE]". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  46. ^ "FAA Registry [N47024]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  47. ^ Peijmen, Dré. "c/n 94 – 123". www.beech17.net. WordPress. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  48. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Beech UC-43D Traveler, s/n 42-61093 USAAF, c/n 0198, c/r N57829". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  49. ^ "FAA Registry [N57829]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  50. ^ "Planes". Legacy Flight Museum. City of Rexburg. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  51. ^ "FAA Registry [N217SD]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  52. ^ "Beechcraft UC-43 Staggerwing". National Warplane Museum. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  53. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Beech GB-2 Traveler, s/n 32876 USN, c/n 6704, c/r N582". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  54. ^ "FAA Registry [N582]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  55. ^ "Beechcraft Staggerwing". Historic Flight at KILO-7. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  56. ^ "FAA Registry [N67738]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  57. ^ Bridgeman, Leonard. "The Beechcraft Traveller." Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. p. 205. ISBN 1 85170 493 0.
Bibliography
[edit]
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