Battle of Peleliu order of battle
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On 15 September 1944, United States Marine Corps forces landed on the southwestern shore of the island of Peleliu in the Palau island chain, 470 nautical miles due east of the Philippine island of Mindanao. This action, called Operation Stalemate II by American planners, was a phase in the Pacific Theatre of World War II. Whether possession of the island was necessary for the Allied cause has been the source of much controversy.
Peleliu was the least-known island that the US invaded in the Pacific Theatre. Pre-war maps were sorely lacking and the results of photoreconnaissance were poor. Thus, the Marines were completely unprepared for the hard, sharp surface of blistering hot bare coral over much of the landing area.[1]
Defeating the entrenched Japanese forces turned out to be far more arduous than anticipated. Two regiments of Army troops were unexpectedly needed to finish conquest of the island. Peleliu was finally declared secure on 15 November 1944.
US Command Structure
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Naval
[edit]The roles of Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CINCPOA) and Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC), were both exercised by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz from his headquarters at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Since the Palaus lie in the Southwest Pacific, their capture was the responsibility of the U.S. Third Fleet, led by Admiral William F. Halsey from aboard his flagship, fast battleship New Jersey.
The ships and embarked troops of Operation Stalemate II, were under the overall command of Rear Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson aboard amphibious command ship Mount Olympus.
Ground Troops
[edit]Marine Corps planning for Stalemate II was conducted by Major General Julian C. Smith. However, because the III Amphibious Corps was still struggling with the capture of Guam, operational command for the Palaus was turned over to Major General Roy S. Geiger.[2]
III Marine Amphibious Corps (Maj. Gen. Roy S. Geiger, USMC)
- Peleliu landing, 15 Sep:
1st Marine Division (Maj. Gen. William H. Rupertus, USMC)[a] - Angaur landing, 17 Sep:
81st Infantry ("Wildcat") Division (Maj. Gen. Paul J. Mueller, USA)
US Forces
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Capture of Peleliu
[edit]
III Marine Amphibious Corps- Major General Roy S. Geiger, USMC
1st Marine Division[3]- Major General William H. Rupertus[b]
- Asst. Div. Cmdr.: Brig. Gen. Oliver P. Smith[c]
- Chief of Staff: Col. John T. Selden
- CO HQ Battalion: Col. Joseph F. Hankins (KIA 3 Oct), Lt. Col. Austin C. Shofner[d]
- Personnel officer (G-1): Maj. William E. Benedict (to 23 Sep), Lt. Col. Harold O. Deakin
- Intelligence officer (G-2): Lt. Col. John W. Scott Jr.
- Operations officer (G-3): Lt. Col. Lewis J. Fields
- Logistics officer (G-4): Lt. Col. Harvey C. Tschirgi
- Left sector (White Beaches 1 & 2)
1st Marine Regiment- Colonel Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller[e]
- Exec. Ofc.: Lt. Col. Richard P. Ross Jr.
- 1st Battalion (Maj. Raymond G. Davis)
- 2nd Battalion[f] (Lt. Col. Russell E. Honsowetz)
- 3rd Battalion (Lt. Col. Stephen V. Sabol)
- Co. A of the following:
- Left sector (White Beaches 1 & 2)
- Center sector (Orange Beaches 1 & 2)
5th Marine Regiment- Colonel Harold D. "Bucky" Harris
- Exec. Ofc.: Lt. Col. Lewis W. Walt
- 1st Battalion (Lt. Col. Robert W. Boyd)
- 2nd Battalion (Maj. Gordon D. Gayle)
- 3rd Battalion[g] (Lt. Col. Austin C. Shofner[h] (to 15 Sep), Maj. John C. Gustafson)
- Co. B of the following:
- Center sector (Orange Beaches 1 & 2)
- Right sector (Orange Beach 3)
7th Marine Regiment- Colonel Herman H. "Hard-Headed" Hanneken
- Exec. Ofc.: Lt. Col. Norman Hussa
- 1st Battalion (Lt. Col. John J. Gormley)
- 2nd Battalion (Lt. Col. Spenser S. Berger)
- 3rd Battalion (Maj. Edward H. Hurst)
- Co. C of the following:
- Right sector (Orange Beach 3)
- Landed after First Waves on D-Day
11th Marine Regiment (Artillery)- Colonel William H. Harrison
- Exec. Ofc.: Lt. Col. Edison L. Lyman
- 1st Battalion (Lt. Col. Richard W. Wallace)
- 2nd Battalion (Lt. Col. Noah P. Wood, Jr.)
- 3rd Battalion (Lt. Col. Charles M. Nees)
- 4th Battalion (Lt. Col. Louie C.Reinberg)
- Landed after First Waves on D-Day
- Other units
- 12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
- 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion
- 3rd Armored Amphibian Tractor Battalion
- 4th, 5th, 6th Marine War Dog Platoons
- UDT 6 and UDT 7
- Other units
81st Infantry ("Wildcat") Division (Army)- Major General Paul J. Mueller
- Conquest of Angaur, 17 - 20 Sep
- 321st Infantry Regiment (also landed on Peleliu, 23 Sep)
- 323rd Infantry Regiment (also landed on Peleliu, 15 Oct)
Japanese forces
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Palau District Group[4]
Lieutenant General Inoue Sadao[i] (HQ on Koror Island)
Vice Admiral Yoshioka Ito
Major General Kenjiro Murai[j]
- 14th Division (Lt. Gen. Sadao)
- Peleliu Sector Unit (Lt. Col. Kunio Nakagawa[k])
- 2nd Infantry Regiment, Reinforced
- 2nd Bttn. / 2nd Infantry Regiment
- 3rd Bttn. / 2nd Infantry Regiment
- 3rd Bttn. / 15th Infantry Regiment
- 346th Bttn. / 53rd Independent Mixed Brigade
- 2nd Infantry Regiment, Reinforced
Notes
[edit]- ^ Rupertus was not at peak effectiveness, having broken an ankle at Guadalcanal during landing practice for Stalemate II, but Smith learned of this too late to make a change in divisional command.[2]
- ^ Rupertus was not at peak effectiveness, having broken an ankle at Guadalcanal during landing practice for Stalemate II, but Geiger learned of this too late to make a change in divisional command.[2]
- ^ While commanding the 1st Marine Division at the Chosin Reservoir during the Korean War, Smith announced, "Retreat, hell ... we're just advancing in a different direction."
- ^ Captured on Corregidor, Shofner took part in the only successful escape from a Japanese POW camp.
- ^ Became the most decorated Marine in the history of the Corps.
- ^ Robert Leckie, later a prolific author on military topics including the best-selling Helmet for My Pillow, was wounded while serving in Company H of this unit.
- ^ Eugene B. Sledge, author of the noted memoir With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, served in Company K of this unit.
- ^ Captured on Corregidor, Shofner took part in the only successful escape from a Japanese POW camp.
- ^ "...stern-voice and strict disciplinarian;" served 10-year sentence on Guam for war crimes.[5]
- ^ Sadao sent Murai to Peleliu to provide sufficiently high Army rank to balance the command authority of Vice Adm. Ito, who was nominally in charge of Navy forces in the lower Palaus.[6]
- ^ Committed suicide along with Murai as the struggle for the Umurbrogol Pocket neared its end.
References
[edit]See also
[edit]Orders of battle involving United States Marine forces in the Pacific Theatre of World War II:
- Battle of Guadalcanal order of battle
- Battle of Tarawa order of battle
- Battle of Saipan order of battle
- Guam (1944) order of battle
- Battle of Leyte opposing forces
- Battle of Iwo Jima order of battle
- Okinawa ground order of battle
Bibliography
[edit]- Clark, George B. (2006). The Six Marine Divisions in the Pacific: Every Campaign of World War II. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-2769-7.
- Moran, Jim; Gordon L. Rottman (2004). Peleliu 1944: The Forgotten Corner Of Hell. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-8417-6512-0.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1953). Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. XII. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. LCCN 47-1571.