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Battle of Moscow (1612)

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For other battles, see Battle of Moscow (disambiguation).
Battle of Moscow
Part of Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)

Surrender of the Moscow Kremlin to Prince Pozharsky by Ernst Lissner
Date1 and 3 September 1612
Location
Moscow
Result Russian victory
Belligerents
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia
Commanders and leaders
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz Dmitry Pozharsky
Strength
12,000 relief army,
3,000 in Moscow[a]		 8,000 Russians,
2,500 Cossacks[b]
Casualties and losses
1,500 1,500
Polish cavalry armour from the 16th or 17th century
Russian Behterets from the first half of the 17th century

The Battle of Moscow was a series of two battles, which took place in Moscow, on September 1 and 3, 1612, during the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18), and Time of Troubles. Forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were commanded by Field Hetman of Lithuania, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, while the Russians were led by Dmitry Pozharsky. Battles ended in decisive Russian victories.

Prelude

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After the Battle of Klushino in summer of 1610, Tsar Vasili IV of Russia was deposed and taken to Warsaw. The Polish-Lithuanian army entered Moscow on September 21, 1610, and the boyars, clergy, and citizens of Moscow, in fear of False Dmitry II, accepted the Polish Prince Wladyslaw IV Vasa as new Tsar.[2]

But the foreign Tsar was not universally accepted outside Moscow, and the country was ransacked by Poles, mercenaries, and gangs of robbers.

In March 1611, citizens of Moscow rebelled against the Poles, and the Polish garrison was besieged in the Kremlin by the First People's Militia, led by Prokopy Lyapunov, a Ryazan-born noble. The poorly armed militia failed to take the fortress, and soon fell into disorder where Lyapunov was murdered by the Cossack leader Ivan Zarutski.[3]

Amidst anarchy and breakdown of the central government, citizens of Nizhny Novgorod led by Kuzma Minin assembled the Second People's Militia, under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. More well-armed and organized than the First Militia, the Second People's Militia took Yaroslavl in March of 1612 and set up a provisional government, obtaining support and provisions from many cities of Russia and Siberia.[4] Getting news that a Polish relief army under Hetman Chodkiewicz was approaching Moscow, Minin and Pozharsky entered Moscow in August 1612 and besieged the Polish garrison in the Kremlin.[2]

Minin (right) and Pozharsky (left) by Mikhail Scotti

First Battle

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On September 1, 1612, Polish–Lithuanian forces unsuccessfully tried to break the siege of the Moscow Kremlin, and rescue the Commonwealth garrison under Mikołaj Struś which was present there. To achieve this, they attacked from the west, towards the suburbs of Moscow. Polish hussars, backed by Polish, Hungarian, and German infantry, managed to break the Russian lines. At the same time, however, the right wing of the Commonwealth forces was exposed, which was immediately noticed by the Don Cossacks (allied with the Russians) of Dmitry Troubetskoy, who awaited the outcome of the battle on the other bank of the Moscow River. Part of their cavalry attacked together with forces Pozharsky sent to Trubetskoy’s aid beforehand, managing to disperse the Polish–Lithuanian forces. At the same time, the Commonwealth units in the Kremlin tried to attack the Russian positions, but also failed. On this day, both sides lost some 1,000 men.[3]

Second Battle

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On September 3 Chodkiewicz decided to attack Moscow via its southern suburb, the Zamoskvorechye District. Some 600 Hungarian infantrymen managed to reach the walls of the Kremlin. They were followed by main Commonwealth units, which however were halted in the narrow streets of the district. After a Russian counterattack, Chodkiewicz ordered a retreat, losing several hundred men.

Outcome

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Chodkiewicz's August advance was met with failure, as was King Sigismund's invasion, when he was stopped in November, less than 90 kilometres (56 mi) from Moscow. According to Dunning, "On October 26, Mstislavskii... led Ivan Romanov, Mikhail Romanov, and other sheepish aristocrats out of the Kremlin. The next day, October 27, the Polish garrison surrendered unconditionally, and national militia forces entered the capital."[5]

Notes

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  1. ^ The estimates belong to Mykola Kostomarov and Pavel Lyubomirov [ru].[1]
  2. ^ The estimates belong to G. N. Bibikov (8,000) and Pavel Lyubomirov (2,500).[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b Bibikov G. N. Бои русского народного ополчения 1612 г. Historical Transactions. Moscow, 1950. Vol. 32. pp. 176–177.
  2. ^ a b Željko, Fajfrić (2008). Ruski carevi (1. izd ed.). Sremska Mitrovica: Tabernakl. ISBN 9788685269172. OCLC 620935678.
  3. ^ a b Velikai︠a︡ russkai︠a︡ smuta : prichiny vozniknovenii︠a︡ i vykhod iz gosudarstvennogo krizisa v XVI-XVII vv. Strizhova, I. M.; Стрижова, И. М. Moskva: Dar. 2007. ISBN 9785485001230. OCLC 230750976.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ M., Volodikhin, D. (2012). Pozharskiĭ. Moskva. ISBN 9785953364034. OCLC 825551251.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Dunning, Chester (2004). A Short History of Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 296–297. ISBN 0271024658.

Sources

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  • Andrusiewicz, Andrzej (1990). Dzieje Dymitriad 1602–1614. t. I, II, Warszawa.
  • Bohun, Tomasz (2005). Moskwa 1612. Wydawnictwo Bellona. ISBN 83-11-10644-4.

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