Battle of Bolia
| Battle of Bolia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Fall of the Roman Empire and Roman–Germanic Wars | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ostrogoths |
Gepids Heruli Rugii Sarmatians Sciri Suebi Supported by: Western Roman Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Theodemir |
Hunimund Edeko Onoulphus Alaric Babai Beuca | ||||||
The Battle of Bolia took place in 468 between the Ostrogoths (Amal dynasty) and a coalition of Germanic tribes in the Roman province of Pannonia.[1] It was fought on the south side of the Danube near its confluence with the river Bolia, in present-day Hungary. The Ostrogoths won, achieving supremacy in Pannonia, but soon migrated south towards richer lands.[2][3][4]
Background
[edit]Following the death of Attila, various Germanic and other tribes sought their independence from his empire.[5] They allied under the command of Ardaric, the Gepid king, and defeated the Huns and supporting forces at the Battle of Nedao in 454 CE.[6] While the role of the Ostrogoths in that battle is unclear,[6][7] it resulted in their independence as well.[8] After the Battle of Nedao, the newly freed tribes jockeyed for supremacy in Pannonia for the next fifteen years, most eventually becoming federates of the Eastern Roman Empire.[9]
Battle
[edit]The Amal Goths were led by Theodemir, brother-in-law to the Ostrogoths' chief Valamir, who had been killed prior to the battle. The coalition included the Suevi under Hunimund, the Sciri under Hunulphus and Edicon (Edeko, Edica, Edika), the Sarmatians, the Gepids, the Rugians, and likely included the Heruli.[3] The Roman Emperor Leo I supported the anti-Goth coalition, despite the advice of his general Aspar.[2] Despite Valamir's death, the Ostrogoths won,[10] and the battle marked the end of the Sciri as a separate people.[1]
Location
[edit]While some authors[11] have simply stated that the Bolia River remains unidentified; nonetheless, in 1934 the historian Ludwig Schmidt attempted to identify the Bolia with the Ipeľ,[12] and this identification continued to be followed by Wolfram,[2] and several other modern authors, without further analysis.[13] However, as Émilienne pointed out such an identification would not place the battle in Pannonia.[14] In order to fix that, Wolfram then suggested that the battle was across the Danube from the mouth of the Ipeľ at 47°47′N 18°53′E / 47.783°N 18.883°E,[2] which would have placed it near what is now the village of Pilismarót, in present-day Hungary; however, that area is not a plain. As the battle is described as occurring in Pannonia on a plain,[15] some authors place it some sixty-five kilometers further west on the eastern side of the Little Hungarian Plain,[3] which would make the Bolia River the Concó River, and place the battle near present day Csém at 47°41′N 18°03′E / 47.683°N 18.050°E.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Reynolds, Robert L.; Lopez, Robert S. (1946). "Odoacer: German or Hun?". The American Historical Review. 52 (1): 40. doi:10.2307/1845067.
In the opening clashes the Ostrogothic king, Valamir, father of Theodoric the Great, lost his life; but shortly after, the Sciri met with crushing defeat near the Bolia river (468 A.D.),
- ^ a b c d Wolfram, Herwig (1990). "The Ostrogothic Kingdom in Pannonia". History of the Goths. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 264–265. ISBN 978-0-520-06983-1.
- ^ a b c Gračanin, Hrvoje; Škrgulja, Jana (2014). "The Ostrogoths in Late Antique Southern Pannonia". Acta Archaeologica Carpathica. 49: 165–205, page 176.
- ^ Christie, Neil (2007). "From the Danube to the Po: The defence of Pannonia and Italy in the fourth and fifth centuries AD". In Poulter, Andrew G. (ed.). The Transition to Late Antiquity, On the Danube and Beyond. Proceedings of the British Academy. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 547–580. ISBN 978-0-19-726402-7.
- ^ Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. Translated by Knight, Max. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0-520-01596-8.
- ^ a b Hodgkin, Thomas (1891). Theodoric the Goth: The Barbarian Champion of Civilization. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 29. OCLC 218093.
- ^ Wolfram 1990, p. 259
- ^ Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-107-00906-6.
- ^ Wolfram 1990, p. 260
- ^ While Jordanes, and most other authors, state that the Ostrogoths won, Kim states that they lost, apparently based upon the fact that they subsequently moved south further into the Roman Empire. Kim, Hyun Jin (2015). Huns. Milton Park, Oxfordshire: Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4.
- ^ For example Thompson, E. A. (2002). Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-299-08704-3., originally published in 1982.
- ^ This identification was made in 1934 in the second edition of his book on the eastern Germanic tribes. Schmidt, Ludwig (1934). Geschichte der deutschen Stämme bis zum Ausgang der Völkelrwanderung: Die Ostgermanen (in German) (second ed.). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 275. OCLC 895461758., and followed by Wolfram, as stated in his review by Émilienne, Demougeot (1983). "Herwig Wolfram, Geschichte der Goten, 1979". Revue des Études Anciennes (in French). 85 (3): 314–319. using the 1941 printing of Schmidt.
- ^ See authors cited at Gračanin, Hrvoje; Škrgulja, Jana (2014). "The Ostrogoths in Late Antique Southern Pannonia". Acta Archaeologica Carpathica. 49: 165–205, page 176, note 64.
- ^ Émilienne 1983, p. 318
- ^ Jordanes Getica LIII (paragraph 278)