Jump to content

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Germanic Wars)

"Germanic Wars" redirects here. For the book Bella Germanica, see Pliny the Elder.
The Varus battle by Otto Albert Koch, 1909

This is a chronology of warfare between the Romans and various Germanic peoples. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings, later Germanic invasions of the Western Roman Empire that started in the late second century BC, and more. The series of conflicts was one factor which led to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire in particular and ancient Rome in general in 476.

List of campaigns

[edit]

Chronology

[edit]

Second century BC

[edit]
The Defeat of the Cimbri by Alexandre Gabriel Décamps

First century BC

[edit]
Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar by Lionel Noel Royer, 1899

First century

[edit]

Battles of Idistaviso and the Angrivarian Wall.

Campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus in the years 10/11-13 CE. In pink the anti-Roman Germanic coalition led by Arminius. In dark green, territories still directly held by the Romans, in yellow the Roman client states

Second century

[edit]

Third century

[edit]
  • 213–214, Emperor Caracalla's successful campaign against the Alamanni, fortifications of Raetia and Germania Superior strengthened.[49]
  • 235–284, Crisis of the Third Century.
    • The area (Agri Decumates) between Main and Rhine was evacuated in 259 AD, dozens of Roman camps were abandoned.

    Fourth century

    [edit]
    The northern and eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire in the time of Constantine, with the territories acquired in the course of the thirty years of military campaigns between 306 and 337.
    Empire of the Huns, pushing the Germanic tribes over the Limes into the Roman Empire.

    Fifth century

    [edit]

    For the timeline of events in Britannia after its abandonment by Emperor Valentinian III, see Timeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain.

    Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow) and their allies the Sarmatian Alans before the invasion of Roman Africa, c. 418
    During his four-year reign Majorian reconquered most of Hispania and southern Gaul, meanwhile reducing the Visigoths, Burgundians and Suevi to federate status.
    Europe in the late fifth century (476–486).

    Sixth century

    [edit]
    Kingdom of the Visigoths (orange), Kingdom of the Suebi (green), Kingdom of the Burgundians, Kingdom of the Franks (purple), Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow), c. 490.
    The Byzantine Empire at the end of Antiquity in 555 AD.

    Eighth century

    [edit]
    • 751, the Lombards conquer Ravenna, but Pope Stephen II controlled the territories of Rome, Sicily, Sardinia and others.
    • 751–756, just when it seemed Aistulf was able to defeat all opposition on Italian soil, Pepin the Short, the old enemy of the usurpers of Liutprand's family, finally managed to overthrow the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul, deposing Childeric III and becoming king de jure as well as de facto. The support Pepin enjoyed from the papacy was decisive. Because of the threat this move represented for the new king of the Franks, an agreement between Pepin and Stephen II settled, in exchange for the formal royal anointing, the descent of the Franks in Italy.
    • In 754, the Lombard army, deployed in defence of the Locks in Val di Susa, was defeated by the Franks. Aistulf, perched in Pavia, had to accept a treaty that required the delivery of hostages and territorial concessions, but two years later resumed the war against the pope, who in turn called on the Franks. Defeated again, Aistulf had to accept much harsher conditions: Ravenna was returned not to the Byzantines, but to the pope, increasing the core area of the Patrimony of St. Peter; Aistulf had to accept a sort of Frankish protectorate, the loss of territorial continuity of his domains, and payment of substantial compensation. The duchies of Spoleto and Benevento were quick to ally themselves with the victors. Aistulf died in 756, shortly after this severe humiliation.
    • In 772 CE, the Roman pope Adrian I, of the opposite party of Desiderius, reversed the delicate game of alliances, demanding the surrender of the area never ceded by Desiderius and thus causing him to resume the war against the cities of Romagna.[112] Charlemagne, though he had just begun his campaign against the Saxons, came to the aid of the pope. He feared the capture of Rome by the Lombards and the consequent loss of prestige that would follow.
    • Between 773 and 774 Charlemagne invaded Italy. Once again the defence of the Locks was ineffective, the fault of the divisions among the Lombards.[112] Charlemagne, having prevailed against a tough resistance, captured the capital of the kingdom, Pavia. Charles then called himself Gratia Dei rex Francorum et Langobardorum ("By the grace of God king of the Franks and the Lombards"), realizing a personal union of the two kingdoms. Thus ended the Lombard Kingdom in Latin Italy, led by the Roman Pope Adrian I.

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b Mommsen, Theodor. "History of Rome: Book IV – The Revolution". p. 67. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
    2. ^ a b c d Theodor Mommsen, Römische Geschichte. Vol. 2. Von der Schlacht von Pydna bis auf Sullas Tod.. 3.Ed. Weidmann, Berlin 1861, S. 178. (in German) (Roman History: From the battle of Pydna down to Sulla's death.) Römische Geschichte: Bd. Von der Schlacht von Pydna bis auf Sullas Tod
    3. ^ a b c d Mossman, Theodor (1908). History of Rome. New York: Charles Scribner's SOns. p. 71. Archived from the original on 2009-09-01. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
    4. ^ Florus, Epitome 1.38.16–17 and Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Archived 2010-11-30 at the Wayback Machine 6.1.ext.3 Archived 2010-12-01 at the Wayback Machine (in Latin)
    5. ^ Caesar. In: Hans Herzfeld [de] (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 1: A-E. Das Fischer Lexikon [de] 37, Frankfurt 1963, p. 214. "Hauptquellen [betreffend Caesar]: Caesars eigene, wenn auch leicht tendenziöse Darstellungen des Gallischen und des Bürgerkrieges, die Musterbeispiele sachgemäßer Berichterstattung und stilistischer Klarheit sind" ("Main sources [regarding Caesar]: Caesar's own, even though slightly tendentious depictions of the Gallic and the Civil Wars, which are paradigms of pertinent information and stylistic clarity")
    6. ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.31–53
    7. ^ Dio Cassius, Roman History 38.34–50; see also Plutarch, Life of Caesar 19
    8. ^ "Dutch Archaeologists Find the Site of a Massacre Julius Caesar Boasted About". 18 December 2015.
    9. ^ Smith, William (1867). "Ambiorix". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 138–139. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
    10. ^ Florus, III. 10. § 8.
    11. ^ Birkhan, Helmut, 1997, Die Kelten, p. 238. (in German) (The Celts)
    12. ^ Dio LI.20.5; LI.21.6
    13. ^ Suetonius, Augustus, 23, Tiberius, 12; Tacitus, Annals, I.10, III.48; Velleius II.97, 102; Pliny, Nat. Hist. IX.35 (58); Dio, liv.6.
    14. ^ Dio, Roman History, LIV.33.
    15. ^ Cassius Dio 229:365, Roman History, Bk LIV, Ch 32.
    16. ^ Roller, Duane W. (2006). "Roman Exploration". Through the Pillars of Herakles: Greco-Roman Exploration of the Atlantic. Taylor and Francis. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-415-37287-9.
    17. ^ Interaktive Karte der Römerlager an der Lippe in Ulrike Kusak: Nach Sensationsfund fehlt das Geld für Grabungen Archived 2017-05-21 at the Wayback Machine, vom 6. Dezember 2014, auf ruhrnachrichten.de
    18. ^ Strabo 7, 1, 3; Velleius 2, 108, 2; 2, 109, 2f.; Tacitus, Annals, II.45
    19. ^ Cassius Dio, liv. 59
    20. ^ Cassius Dio, LV, 6.4–5
    21. ^ Suetonius, Augustus 21
    22. ^ Tacitus, The Annals 1.44
    23. ^ Cassius Dio (1917). Roman History (Thayer Lacus Curtius). Vol. VI Book LV. Loeb Classical Library.
    24. ^ Several examples by Max Ihm, s. v. Cheruski, in: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft[permanent dead link‍] (RE) III.2, Stuttgart 1899, cols. 2270–2272. (in German))
    25. ^ "Chatti in Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. September 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
    26. ^ Velleius, Compendium of Roman History, book 2, 104,2.
    27. ^ Velleius, Hist. Rom. II, 106. Schmidt, 5.
    28. ^ Velleius Paterculus, II.106.
    29. ^ Res Gestae Divi Augusti, 5.26.
    30. ^ "Legio V Alaudae". livius.org. September 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-04-26. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
    31. ^ Wells, Peter S. The Battle that stopped Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003, p. 187 ISBN 0-393-32643-8
    32. ^ "The Ambush That Changed History". Fergus M. Bordewich, Smithsonian Magazine. September 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
    33. ^ "Germans under Arminius Revolt Against Rome". Edward Shepherd Creasy, The Great Events by Famous Historians, Vol. 2. 1905. Archived from the original on 2010-10-03. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
    34. ^ "LacusCurtius • Velleius Paterculus — Book II, Chapters 94‑131". penelope.uchicago.edu.
    35. ^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History II, 120, 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History LVI, 22, 2a-2b
    36. ^ Tacitus, Annals 2, 44–46
    37. ^ Kevin Sweeney, Scholars look at factors surrounding Hermann's victory Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. www.nujournal.com 2010-10.
    38. ^ Tacitus. The Annals.2.63
    39. ^ Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome, p. 269
    40. ^ Tacitus 117:189–190, The Annals, Bk XI, Ch 18–19. Events of AD 47–48.
    41. ^ Tacitus, Annals, XII.27
    42. ^ Tacitus 117:253, The Annals, Bk XIII, Ch 55. Events of AD 54–58.
    43. ^ Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 53
    44. ^ R.Syme, Guerre e frontiere del periodo dei Flavi, pp.606 ss.
    45. ^ Frontinus, Stratagemata, I, 3, 10.
    46. ^ B.W.Jones, The emperor Domitian, p.129.
    47. ^ C.Scarre, Chronicle of the roman emperors, p.77.
    48. ^ Dean-Jones, Lesley (1992), p. 144
    49. ^ Scott, Andrew (2008). Change and Discontinuity Within the Severan Dynasty: The Case of Macrinus. Rutgers. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-549-89041-6.
    50. ^ a b Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, p. 18.
    51. ^ Jordanes, The Goths in the Third Century AD Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine in THE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS, translated by Charles C. Mierow, www.earth-history.com
    52. ^ State, Paul F., A Brief History of the Netherlands, Infobase Publishing, 2008, p. 8
    53. ^ Drinkwater (1987), pp. 30, 170.
    54. ^ Zosimus, Historia Nova, book 1.43 Archived 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
    55. ^ Potter, David S., A Companion to the Roman Empire, p. 270
    56. ^ Southern, pg. 129
    57. ^ Gibbon, p. 286
    58. ^ a b Williams, 50–51.
    59. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 7.
    60. ^ Grane, Thomas (2007), "From Gallienus to Probus – Three decades of turmoil and recovery", The Roman Empire and Southern Scandinavia–a Northern Connection! (PhD thesis), Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, p. 109
    61. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63; MacMullen, Constantine, 39–40; Odahl, 81–83.
    62. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 34; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63–65; Odahl, 89; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16.
    63. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 250.
    64. ^ Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History, book 1, chapter 8 & book 2, chapter 34.
    65. ^ Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 83–84.
    66. ^ Origo Constantini 6.32 mention the actions.
    67. ^ Eusebius, The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine, IV.6
    68. ^ Odahl, Charles M., Constantine and the Christian Empire, chapter X.
    69. ^ V.A. Makfield, "L'Europa continentale", in Il mondo di Roma imperiale, edited by J. Wacher, Roma-Bari 1989, pp. 210–213.
    70. ^ Y. Le Bohec, Armi e guerrieri di Roma antica. Da Diocleziano alla caduta dell'impero, Roma 2008. p. 52.
    71. ^ R.Ardevan & L.Zerbini, La Dacia romana, p.210.
    72. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 14, chapters 10.
    73. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 15, chapters 4.
    74. ^ John F. Drinkwater, The Alamanni and Rome 213–496, pp. 240–241.
    75. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 17, chapters 12–13.
    76. ^ a b c Larned, Josephus Nelson (1922). The New Larned History. C.A. Nichols Publishing Company. p. 204.
    77. ^ Gibbon, Ibid. p. 892, 893
    78. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 27, chapter 5.
    79. ^ Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 115–116.
    80. ^ a b c Zosimus, Historia Nova Archived 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, book 4 Archived 2010-07-16 at the Wayback Machine.
    81. ^ a b Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 31, chapter 3.
    82. ^ a b c Philostorgius, Ecclesiastical history, book 9, chapter 17.
    83. ^ a b c Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History, book 6, chapter 37.
    84. ^ a b Heather, Peter, 1998, The Goths, pp. 98–104.
    85. ^ a b Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 124–128.
    86. ^ Heather, Peter, 2010, Empires and barbarians, p. 215.
    87. ^ Heather, Peter, 1995, The English Historical Review, The Huns and the end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
    88. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 31, chapters 5–16.
    89. ^ Socrates Scholasticus, The Ecclesiastical History[permanent dead link‍], book 4, chapters 34–38 & book 5, chapter 1.
    90. ^ Heather, Peter, 1998, The Goths, pp. 130–138.
    91. ^ Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 130–153.
    92. ^ Hahn, Irene (2007). "The Day of the Barbarians: The Battle That Led to the Fall of the Roman Empire". Book review. Jenson Books Inc. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
    93. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 31, chapters 12–14.
    94. ^ Zosimus, Historia Nova, book 4.
    95. ^ Roman Empire – Adrianople Archived 2007-03-29 at the Wayback Machine roman-empire.net. Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. Retrieved April 2, 2007.
    96. ^ a b Heather, Peter, The Goths, p. 205
    97. ^ Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9, p. 345.
    98. ^ a b Heather, Peter, The Goths, p. 194
    99. ^ a b Kulikowski, Michael, "Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain", Britannia 31 (2000), 325–345.
    100. ^ Goffart, Walter (2010). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 95–98. ISBN 9780812200287. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
    101. ^ a b c d e f Lanting, J. N.; van der Plicht, J. (2010). "De 14C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie VI: Romeinse tijd en Merovische periode, deel A: historische bronnen en chronologische thema's". Palaeohistoria 51/52 (2009/2010) (in Dutch). Groningen: Groningen Institute of Archaeology. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9789077922736. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
    102. ^ Smith, Julia M. H. (8 September 2005). Europe after Rome: A New Cultural History 500-1000. Oxford University Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-19-151427-2.
    103. ^ "Butler, Rev. Alban, "St. Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, Confessor", The Lives of the Saints, Vol. VII, 1866". Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
    104. ^ Bury, J. B. (18 July 2012). History of the Later Roman Empire. Courier Corporation. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-486-14338-5.
    105. ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Carmina, V.385–440 and A. Loyen, Recherches historiques sur les panégiriques de Sidonine Apollinaire, Paris 1942, pp. 76–77 and note 5. Cited in Savino, Eliodoro, Campania tardoantica (284–604 d.C.), Edipuglia, 2005, ISBN 88-7228-257-8, p. 84.
    106. ^ History of the Goths. University of California Press. 13 February 1990. ISBN 9780520069831. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
    107. ^ "World Timeline of Europe AD 400–800 Early medieval". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
    108. ^ Getica, 303
    109. ^ Haldon, John, 2008, The Byzantine Wars, p. 39.
    110. ^ Amory, Patrick, 2003, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554.
    111. ^ De Bello Gothico IV 32, pp. 241–245
    112. ^ a b Jarnut, Jörg (2002). Storia dei Longobardi (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. p. 125. ISBN 88-464-4085-4.

    Works cited

    [edit]

    Further reading

    [edit]
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples&oldid=1258747795"