Balinese numerals
| Part of a series on |
| Numeral systems |
|---|
| List of numeral systems |
The Balinese language has an elaborate decimal numeral system.
Basic numerals
[edit]
The numerals 1–10 have basic, combining, and independent forms, many of which are formed through reduplication. The combining forms are used to form higher numbers. In some cases there is more than one word for a numeral, reflecting the Balinese register system; halus (high-register) forms are listed in italics.
Final orthographic -a is a schwa [ə].[1][2]
| Numeral | Basic | Combining | Independent |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | bésik | a-, sa-* | abésik, aukud |
| (a)siki | |||
| 2 | dua | duang- | dadua |
| kalih | kalih- | kakalih | |
| 3 | télu | télung- | tételu |
| tiga | tigang- | tétiga | |
| 4 | (em)pat | pétang- | pa(t)pat |
| 5 | lima | limang- | lélima |
| 6 | (e)ném | ném- | né(m)ném |
| 7 | pitu | pitung- | pépitu |
| 8 | (a)kutus | kutus-, ulung- | akutus |
| 9 | (a)sia | sia-, sangang- | asia |
| 10 | (a)dasa | dasa- | adasa |
* A less productive combining form of a- 1 is sa-, as can be seen in many of the numbers below. It, ulung-, and sangang- are from Javanese. Tiga 3 is from Sanskrit trika. Dasa 10 is from Sanskrit daśa.
Teens, tweens, and tens
[edit]Like English, Balinese has compound forms for the teens and tens; however, it also has a series of compound 'tweens', 21–29. The teens are based on a root *-welas, the tweens on -likur, and the tens are formed by the combining forms above. Hyphens are not used in the orthography, but have been added to the table below to clarify their derivation.
| Unit | Teens | Tweens | Tens |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | solas 11 | se-likur 21 | (a-dasa 10) |
| 2 | rolas 12 | dua-likur 22 | duang-dasa 20 |
| kalih-likur | kalih-dasa | ||
| 3 | telu-las 13 | telu-likur 23 | telung-dasa 30 |
| tigang-likur | tigang-dasa | ||
| 4 | pat-belas 14 | pat-likur 24 | petang-dasa 40 |
| 5 | lim-olas 15 | salaé 25 | seket 50 |
| 6 | nem-belas 16 | nem-likur 26 | nem-dasa 60 |
| 7 | pitu-las 17 | pitu-likur 27 | pitung-dasa 70 |
| 8 | pelekutus 18 | ulu-likur 28 | kutus-dasa, ulung-dasa 80 |
| 9 | siang-olas 19 | sanga-likur 29 | sia-dasa, sangang-dasa 90 |
The high-register combining forms kalih- 2 and tigang- 3 are used with -likur, -dasa, and higher numerals (below), but not for the teens.
The teens are from Javanese, where the -olas forms are regular, apart from pele-kutus 18, which is suppletive. Sa-laé 25 (one thread [of 25 Chinese coins]), and se-ket 50 (one tie [of two threads of coins]) are also suppletive, and cognate with Javanese səlawé 25 and səkət 50.
There are additional numerals pasasur ~ sasur 35 and se-timahan ~ se-timan 45 (one opium packet [costing 45 coins]), and a compound telung-benang (three threads [of coins]) for 75.
Higher numbers
[edit]
The unit combining forms are combined with atus 100, atak 200, amas 400, tali 1000, laksa 10,000, keti 100,000, and yuta 1,000,000 as they do with dasa 10:
| 100 | s-atus |
| 200 | s-atak |
| 300 | telung-atus (tigang-atus) |
| 400 | s-amas |
| 500 | limang-atus |
| 600 | telung-atak (tigang-atak) |
| 700 | pitung-atus |
| 800 | domas ( ← *dua-amas or *ro-amas) |
| 900 | sanga |
| 1000 | siu |
| 1200 | (e)nem-bangsit |
| 2000 | duang-tali (kalih-tali) |
| 1,000,000 | a-yuta |
Atak is a 'bundle' (of 200 coins) and amas is 'gold' (a gold coin being worth 400 copper coins). In addition, there is karobelah 150, lebak 175, and sepa (one pa?) for 1600. At least karobelah has a cognate in Javanese, ro-bəlah, where ro- is the short form for two (as in rolas 12).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Yonatan, Agnes Z. "Belajar Angka dalam Bahasa Bali dan Cara Penyebutannya". detikbali (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2022-12-14). "Penyebutan Angka 1 sampai 100 dalam Bahasa Bali Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-01-12.
Further reading
[edit]- Angka utawi wilangan Bali (Balinese numerals or numbers)
- Paplajahan Bahasa Bali: Angka Wilangan Bali Lengkap