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Bærum mosque shooting

Coordinates: 59°55′12″N 10°27′34″E / 59.9200°N 10.4595°E / 59.9200; 10.4595
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Bærum mosque shooting
Part of Right-wing terrorism in Europe
Al-Noor Islamic Centre in Bærum
Bærum (Viken (county))
Bærum (Norway)
LocationAl-Noor Islamic Centre, Bærum, Norway
Coordinates59°55′12″N 10°27′34″E / 59.9200°N 10.4595°E / 59.9200; 10.4595
Date10 August 2019
approx. 16:00 (CEST UTC+02:00)
TargetMuslims
Attack type
Far-right terrorism, sororicide, copycat crime
Weapons
Deaths1 (at perpetrator's home)
Injured2 (Rafiq and the perpetrator)
PerpetratorPhilip Manshaus
DefenderMohammad Rafiq
MotiveIslamophobia
ConvictionsMurder
Committing a terrorist attack
Sentence21 years' preventive detention

The Bærum mosque shooting or Al-Noor Islamic Centre shooting occurred on 10 August 2019 at the Al-Noor Islamic Centre mosque in Bærum, Norway, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of the capital city Oslo. Philip Manshaus, a 21-year-old Norwegian man, shot and killed his ethnically Chinese adopted stepsister at their home. He then drove to the mosque and shot his way through the glass door before opening fire, hitting no one. He was subdued by three worshippers after a scuffle and turned over to police. Manshaus was convicted of murder and committing an act of terrorism, and sentenced to 21 years preventative detention – an order which, in Norway, can be extended indefinitely.

Shooting

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A broken glass door.
The door to the mosque after the shooting

Before going to the mosque, Manshaus killed his younger stepsister while she was in her bed, firing three bullets into her head and one into her chest.[2] He was wearing a uniform and helmet when he entered the mosque,[3][4] shooting his way through the locked door.[5][6] Manshaus attempted to livestream the shooting on Facebook using a GoPro camera attached to his helmet, but failed.[7][8] He was carrying two rifles and a shotgun,[9][10] stolen from his father's gun cabinet.[11] He opened fire in the mosque, hitting no one.[12]

Prayers had just ended, with only three elders remaining in the mosque. One of the men, Mohammad Rafiq, approached the gunman and pinned him down, moving Manshaus's weapons away after he dropped them.[12][13] The two began to struggle, and the gunman poked Rafiq in the left eye.[13] Manshaus escaped from his grip 3 times, but was successfully recaptured.[12]

Another elder in the mosque, Mohamed Iqbal, hit the gunman on the head with his rifle to subdue him.[12][14] The police were called at 16:07 local time.[15] Another worshipper, Irfan Mushtaq, came to the mosque and helped restrain Manshaus by tying his legs together using the imam's shawl.[16][17]: 21:31  Manshaus was in a chokehold when police arrived at the mosque.[18]

Perpetrator

[edit]

Philip Manshaus (born (1997-08-29)29 August 1997)[19] a 21-year-old Norwegian man, perpetrated the attack.[20][21] He lived in Bærum.[22][23] He was indicted for terrorism and murder.[24] His biological mother and grandmother died by suicide when he was four years old.[25] As a teenager, he had been in a gay relationship[26][27] and had a history of experimenting with drugs.[25][26] Manshaus had been interested in conspiracy theories since the summer of 2017.[28][29] He openly discussed with his friends antisemitic conspiracy theories about the Holocaust[28] and attempted to convince them of his beliefs, which led to his friends avoiding him.[26][28] His internet activity included him reading about school shootings in Finland and in the US.[28]

On 18 June 2018, a tip about Manshaus was sent to the PST, stating that he had far-right views and that his friends called him a neo-Nazi.[26] After coordinating with the local police department, Oslo Police District, they found that the tip was vague and showed no signs Manshaus had any plans to commit a violent attack. Manshaus was not interviewed and the tip was not followed up on.[26][30] Manshaus's family were not informed of the report.[26]

In the weeks before the attack, Manshaus had tried to join the neo-Nazi Nordic Resistance Movement, but due to an internal split in the organization he never got beyond the first of two planned initiation interviews.[28][31] Manshaus's family noticed he had attached newspaper clippings about the Christchurch mosque shootings, a swastika, and information on other terrorist attacks to his wall, and hid it behind a Norwegian flag.[26][32] After he learned his stepmother was considering reporting him to the PST, he took them down, and tried to seem as if he was no longer far right.[26] The day of the shooting, his stepmother decided to inform the police.[32]

Manshaus drafted a manifesto, but did not finish it.[33] Shortly before the shooting, Manshaus posted a message on the imageboard EndChan.[5][7] His message included statements telling people that "it's my time, i was elected by saint tarrant", asking those he was messaging to "bump the race war thread irl", and stating that "valhalla awaits".[34] The messages praised Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings in March 2019,[35] and referred to him as "saint tarrant".[36]

Attached to the message was a meme depicting Tarrant, Patrick Crusius, and John Earnest as "chads". All three perpetrated racially and/or religiously motivated mass shootings in 2019, including Crusius's attack on a Walmart in El Paso, Texas only a week earlier.[7] Manshaus's post also featured him describing himself as the "third disciple"; internet extremism researchers connected this with the rhetoric of Tarrant, suggesting the other 'disciples' were Earnest and Crusius.[37] Online, Manshaus expressed far-right, anti-immigration views, and praised Vidkun Quisling, who headed a domestic Nazi collaborationist regime during World War II.[6][38] Norwegian police reported that they spoke with Manshaus prior to the shooting due to his online behavior.[39] When questioned by police, Manshaus declared that his goal was to intimidate Muslims in Norway.[40]

Victims

[edit]

Manshaus's 17-year-old stepsister, Johanne Zhangjia Ihle-Hansen, was found dead in their family home by police.[2][41][42] She was born in Jiangxi, China, and adopted at 9 months old by Manshaus's stepmother.[26][42] Manshaus stated in court that he killed her because she was not ethnically Norwegian.[43]

Ihle-Hansen sent various messages to others through the messaging app Discord expressing frustration and concern over Manshaus's views, and said she did not feel safe.[43] The day before her murder, she told her boyfriend that Manshaus listened to a speech that expressed racist views against those of Chinese descent, and stated that what she was going through was "madness".[26][43]

The injured man was 65-year-old Mohammad Rafiq. During the scuffle with the perpetrator, Rafiq overpowered and disarmed him before he could attack anyone else in the mosque.[6][24][13] He received minor injuries while the perpetrator tried to break free from a chokehold, including an attempt to gouge out Rafiq's left eye.[13][38][44] Rafiq is a Pakistani retired Air Force officer who had moved to Bærum to be with his son in 2017.[16] He was a frequent visitor to the Al-Noor Islamic Center.[13][45]

Investigation and criminal proceedings

[edit]

Arrest and charges

[edit]

Norwegian police stated the day after the arrest that they were planning to give the perpetrator a mental health assessment.[46] Manshaus appeared in court two days after the shooting, with his face and neck marked by bruises and scratches.[47] The same day, in a court hearing in Oslo District Court, Manshaus was put in pre-trial jail for four weeks with no visitation, mail or media access. Manshaus declared himself not guilty and called for his release.[48]

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Norwegian prosecutors formally charged Manshaus with murder and terror on 17 February 2020.[49] He later appeared in court on 7 May 2020, where he denied the charges.[50] Manshaus was found guilty of murder and terrorism on 11 June 2020. He was sentenced to 21 years in prison, with a minimum term of 14 years, along with a provision that he should be imprisoned indefinitely if he continued to be a threat to society.[9][50] Manshaus stated he would not appeal the charges, as he refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Norwegian courts.[25] In addition to his sentence, Manshaus was ordered to compensate his victim's families and pay their legal fees of 100,000 NOK (~US$9,000).[50]

In 2023, Manshaus's lawyer asked for the criminal case to be reopened, citing new evidence that he had been admitted to a psychiatric ward with symptoms of psychosis, which, in her view, raised significant doubt as to whether he had been sane when he committed the shooting.[51] According to his lawyer, he had become physically aggressive in prison, shouting that God was speaking to him through other inmates. He reportedly had delusions where he believed that he was the reincarnation of Anders Behring Breivik, was the antichrist, and had authored the Bible.[52]

The case was re-opened March 2024, after experts assessed that he had been psychotic at the time of the crime, and that had this information been available when he was sentenced he would have been instead sentenced to compulsory mental health care. His defense lawyer stated that after he had received mental health care Manshaus distanced himself from his previous beliefs, and that when he was not psychotic he was aware his ideas were a result of mental illness. The commission dealing with his case agreed unanimously, and it was then sent to the court of appeal.[53][54] The report stated Manshaus had possibly had a "serious disorder" as far back as 2017.[54]

Communication issues

[edit]

It was reported that when the members of the mosque called the police, the incident was initially classified as low-priority and the police would not respond; the men struggled to convey the situation to the operator due to poor Norwegian language skills.[55]

There were also claims that a user of an online forum had tried to notify the Norwegian police three times that he suspected an attack would happen, but that local police told him to call the FBI. Police say they are aware of this allegation, but that they are not aware of any such call.[56]

Aftermath

[edit]

Authorities reported that security in Norway would be increased after the attack, as it occurred during the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha,[57] with the Prime Minister raising the national security the following day.[13] The Al-Noor Islamic Centre had already added extra security after the Christchurch mosque shootings.[58] According to local Norwegian media, the mosque said that security would be improved again.[35]

The Prime Minister, Erna Solberg, condemned the attack.[57] Solberg and Abid Raja, a Liberal Norwegian politician, spoke together on the day of the attack, assuring the public that places of worship should be safe and calling for plans to break down Islamophobia in the country.[38] Another reaction to the incident was a speech given by Siv Jensen, the leader of the right-wing Progress Party, who also referred to Rafiq as a hero.[59]

The day after the attack, on the Eid-ul-Adha celebration day, Eid-ul-Adha prayer was led by Imam Al-Sheikh Syed Muhammad Ashraf (Imam Al-Noor Islamic Senter) at the Ton hotel in Sandvika. Prime minster Solberg and other important official figures, as well as the large Numbers of the Muslims attended a EID Pryer. Other religioun leaders, Community members wer present at the spot to show their solidarity held in Sandvika.[14][60]

As news of the shooting spread in the media, so did the actions of Rafiq and the other man in the mosque, which a Danish newspaper described as "courageous";[61] several media outlets described Rafiq as a "hero".[62]

A Norwegian philanthropist, Elisabeth Norheim, started a fundraising campaign[63] on a Norwegian crowdfunding website.[64] to help raise money so Rafiq and the other man who helped subdue the attack could undertake the hajj. After the initial goal of 55,000 NOK (~US$6100) for the cost of the two to travel was surpassed,[44][65] with more than 180,000 NOK (~US$20,000) raised in one day, the organizers said they could also fund the hajj for the third man in the mosque during the attack.[44] The fund raised was later passed the adjusted goal of 230,000 NOK (~US$25,000).

On 15 August 2019, a ceremony was held at the Sandvika Police House to praise Rafiq and the other man for their actions.[66][67] It was hosted by Beate Gangås, the Oslo Police Commander-in-Chief, and Lisbeth Hammer Krogh, the mayor of Bærum.[67]

EndChan deleted the thread that Manshaus created, and had its primary web domain taken offline following the attack.[5]

It emerged during the 2022 parole hearing of Anders Behring Breivik, the perpetrator of the 22/7 July attacks in Norway, that Breivik's lawyer wished for Breivik to serve his sentence with a cellmate. Breivik's lawyer requested that Manshaus be his cellmate, as he believed they would not harm each other.[68]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Braaten, Magnus; Fossheim, Kenneth (5 October 2020). "Faren til Manshaus må i retten: Nekter å la politiet inndra terrorvåpnene" [Manshaus' father goes to court: Refuses to let police confiscate terror weapons]. TV 2 (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  2. ^ a b Stubley, Peter (10 August 2019). "Man arrested as one injured in Norway mosque shooting". The Independent.
  3. ^ "Norway mosque shooting: Man opens fire on Al-Noor Islamic Centre". BBC News. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  4. ^ Becker, Mia; Elster, Kristian; Ali, Intisaar; Strand, Tormod (10 August 2019). "Norsk borger med norsk bakgrunn pågrepet etter meldinger om skudd avfyrt ved moske i Bærum" [Norwegian citizen with Norwegian background arrested after reports of shots fired at mosque in Bærum]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  5. ^ a b c "Norway mosque attack: Bruised suspect Manshaus appears in court". BBC News. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Sanchez, Ray; Stanand, Frode (10 August 2019). "Suspect in Oslo mosque shooting expressed right-wing sympathies, say police". CNN International. Oslo. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  7. ^ a b c Burke, Jason (11 August 2019). "Norway mosque attack suspect 'inspired by Christchurch and El Paso shootings'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  8. ^ Ighoubah, Farid (3 May 2020). "Nye bilder: Her er terroristen Philip Manshaus pågrepet og undersøkt av politiet" [New photos: Here is the terrorist Philip Manshaus apprehended and examined by police]. Nettavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  9. ^ a b Skille, Øyvind Bye; Holm-Nilsen, Sverre; Døvik, Olav; Jørstad, Runar Henriksen; Engen, Runa Victoria (21 August 2019). "Philip Manshaus hadde med tre våpen under terrorangrepet" [Philip Manshaus had three weapons with him during the terrorist attack]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  10. ^ Mogen, Trym (12 August 2019). "Moskéangrepet i Bærum – Philip Manshaus varetektsfengsles i fire uker" [The mosque attack in Bærum – Philip Manshaus remanded in custody for four weeks]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  11. ^ "Manshaus' far snur om våpen" [Manshaus's father turns over arms]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). 16 November 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d Riaz, Wasim; Ismaeli, Afshin (16 August 2019). "Heltene fra moskéskytingen forteller sin historie: – Han løsnet to skudd mot meg" [How the two pensioners overpowered the 21-year-old: "He fired two shots at me"]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Karagiannopoulos, Lefteris (11 August 2019). "Shooting at Norway mosque investigated as 'possible act of terrorism' -police". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
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  15. ^ Persen, Kjell; Zaman, Kadafi; Mengaaen, Anne Sofie; Ogre, Mathias; Nedrejord, Robert; Krosby, Silje Lunde (10 August 2019). "Pågrepet mann hyllet New Zealand-terrorist timer før han angrep moské i Bærum" [Arrested man praised New Zealand terrorist hours before he attacked mosque in Bærum]. TV 2 (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  16. ^ a b Riaz, Wasim; Ismaeli, Afshin (16 August 2019). "Heltene fra moskéskytingen forteller sin historie: – Han løsnet to skudd mot meg" [The heroes of the mosque shooting tell their story: "He fired two shots at me"]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  17. ^ Hammer, Anders (24 June 2021). "10. august 2019". Brennpunkt: Philips vei til terror. Season 1. Episode 1 (in Norwegian Bokmål). NRK TV. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
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  20. ^ Stubley, Peter (10 August 2019). "Man arrested as one injured in Norway mosque shooting". The Independent. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
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  23. ^ Pancevski, Bojan (11 August 2019). "Man Arrested in Norway Mosque Attack Expressed Anti-Immigrant Views". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  24. ^ a b Libell, Henrik Pryser (10 August 2019). "After Attack on Norway Mosque, Body Found at Home Tied to Assailant". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
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  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hammer, Anders (24 June 2021). "Terroristen Philip Manshaus' stemor advarer: – Ikke vent med å slå alarm" [The terrorist Philip Manshaus's stepmother warns: "Don't wait to sound the alarm"]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  27. ^ ""Utrygg identitet"" [Unsafe Identity]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). 19 May 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  28. ^ a b c d e Klungtveit, Harald S. (6 May 2020). ""Jeg hater jøder": Manshaus chattet med venner om antisemittiske konspirasjonsteorier" ["I hate Jews": Manshaus chatted with friends about anti-Semitic conspiracy theories]. Filter Nyheter (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  29. ^ Klungtveit, Harald S. (16 May 2020). "Terror-romaner, 8chan og norske nynazister: Dette vet politiet om Manshaus' aktivitet på nettet" [Terror novels, 8chan and Norwegian neo-Nazis: What the police know about Manshaus' online activity]. Filter Nyheter (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  30. ^ Løkkevik, Ole (12 August 2019). "PST fikk tips om siktede for ett år siden" [PST received a tip about the accused one year ago]. VG (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  31. ^ Ighoubah, Farid (5 May 2020). "Dette er søknaden til Philip Manshaus om opptak til nynazistisk organisasjon" [This is Philip Manshaus's application for admission to a neo-Nazi organization]. Nettavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  32. ^ a b Tollersrud, Emma; Bratlie, Tom Henning (30 May 2020). "Barndomsvenninna til drepte Johanne Zhangjia Ihle-Hansen forteller sin historie: DAGENE MED JOHANNE" [The childhood friend of murdered Johanne Zhangjia Ihle-Hansen tells her story: THE DAYS WITH JOHANNE]. Klassekampen (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  33. ^ "Legger frem manifest" [Presents manifesto]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). 7 May 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  34. ^ Holm-Nilsen, Sverre; H. W. Zondag, Martin; Bye Skille, Øyvind (11 August 2019). "Venner sier siktet 21-åring gjennomgikk en forandring den siste tiden" [Friends say accused 21-year-old underwent a transformation recently]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  35. ^ a b "Norway Mosque Shooting 'Attempted Act of Terror'". Voice of America. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  36. ^ Ighoubah, Farid (11 August 2019). "Dette vet vi om drapssiktede Philip Manshaus" [This is what we know about murder suspect Philip Manshaus]. Nettavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  37. ^ Frandsen, Søren (12 August 2019). "Mistænkt for moskeangreb så op til massemordere – nu mobbes han af sine egne på nettet" [Mosque attack suspect looked up to mass murderers - now he's bullied by his own people online]. TV 2 Nyhederne (in Danish). Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  38. ^ a b c "Norway: Police investigate mosque shooting as 'terrorist' attempt". Al Jazeera. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  39. ^ "Noruega confirma como "terrorista" el ataque a una mezquita" [Norway confirms mosque attack as "terrorist" attack]. France 24 (in Spanish). 12 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  40. ^ Lien, Marthe S.; Tommelstad, Bjørnar; Hopperstad, Morten S. (17 August 2019). "Politiet etter avhør: Ville skremme muslimer i Norge" [Police after questioning: Wanted to scare Muslims in Norway]. VG (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  41. ^ "Norway mosque shooting probed as terror act". BBC News. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  42. ^ a b Olsson, Svein Vestrum; Vigsnæs, Maria Knoph; Engen, Runa Victoria; Holm-Nilsen, Sverre; Hansen, Anette Holth; Malm, Mari (12 August 2019). "Terrorsaken: Politiet bekrefter at Johanne (17) ble funnet drept" [Terrorist case: Police confirm that Johanne (17) was found murdered]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  43. ^ a b c Ighoubah, Farid (7 May 2020). "Ukjente meldinger fra avdød stesøster: "Philip er rasistisk og hatefull. Jeg føler meg ikke trygg"" [Unknown messages from deceased stepsister: "Philip is racist and hateful. I don't feel safe"]. Nettavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  44. ^ a b c "Har samlet inn over 130.000 kroner til heltene i moskeen" [Raised over NOK 130,000 for the heroes of the mosque]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). NTB. 14 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  45. ^ Krosby, Silje Lunde; Rise, Mina Maria; Zaman, Kadafi (11 August 2019). "Eks-soldaten Rafiq (65) stanset gjerningsmannen" [Ex-soldier Rafiq (65) stopped the perpetrator]. TV 2 (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  46. ^ Zondag, Martin H. W.; Holm-Nilsen, Sverre; Swann, Ina Rønneberg (11 August 2019). "Bærum-siktede vil ikke la seg avhøre: Siktet for drap på stesøsteren" [The suspect from Bærum does not want to be questioned: Charged with murder of stepsister]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  47. ^ "Norway mosque attack suspect accused of terrorism". BBC News. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  48. ^ Hansen, Anette Holth; Malm, Mari (12 August 2019). "Terrorsiktet fengslet i fire uker" [Terrorism suspect jailed for four weeks]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  49. ^ "Suspect in Norway mosque attack charged with terror". The Detroit News. Associated Press. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  50. ^ a b c "Norway court jails mosque gunman Manshaus for 21 years". BBC News. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  51. ^ Ridola, Hilde Nilsson (28 March 2023). "Advokaten til Philip Manshaus ber om at saken gjenåpnes" [Philip Manshaus's lawyer requests reopening of criminal case]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  52. ^ Norum, Marie Lytomt (20 March 2024). "Manshaus' forsvarer: – Han er ikke del av en reell subkultur". Filter Nyheter (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  53. ^ Gabrielsen, Fredrik Moen (15 March 2024). "Manshaus-saken gjenåpnes" [Manshaus case reopened]. Dagsavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  54. ^ a b Zerener, Anders Bjørnerud (15 March 2024). "Manshaus-saken gjenåpnes: – Tar avstand fra holdningene". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  55. ^ Myrvang, Synne Eggum; Hole, Kari Mette; Bjørntvedt, Halvor; Løf, Andreas; Fjellanger, Runa; Kristiansen, Tore; Haram, Ola; Andersen, Gordon (10 August 2019). "Skyteepisode i moské i Bærum" [Shooting in a mosque in Bærum]. VG (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  56. ^ "Politiet om angivelige advarsler: - Vi har hørt om det" [Police about alleged warnings: - We've heard about it]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  57. ^ a b "Mannen bakom moskéattacken misstänks för mord" [Man behind mosque attack suspected of murder]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). TT. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
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  59. ^ "Jensen: – Mohamed Rafiq er en ekte helt" [Jensen: "Mohamed Rafiq is a true hero"]. ABC Nyheter (in Norwegian). NTB. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  60. ^ Vikøyr, Harald; Hem, Mikal; Tahseen, Rano (11 August 2019). "Erna Solberg etter moskéskytingen i Bærum: – Norge skal være trygt" [Erna Solberg after the mosque shooting in Bærum: "Norway must be safe"]. VG (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  61. ^ Taudal, Uffe (12 August 2019). "Mohammed Rafiq er Norges nye helt – men ikke alle er begejstrede" [Mohammed Rafiq is Norway's new hero - but not everyone is thrilled]. Berlingske (in Danish). Retrieved 13 August 2019.
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  63. ^ Solhei, Margrethe Håland; Zaman, Kadafi (13 August 2019). "Hindret moske-angrepet - nå samles det inn penger for sende dem til Mekka" [Prevented the mosque attack - now they're raising money to send them to Mecca]. TV 2 (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 14 August 2019.
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  66. ^ Dahl, Nils Johan (15 August 2019). "Det kan ikke være tvil om at innsatsen deres har reddet liv" [There can be no doubt that their efforts have saved lives]. Budstikka (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  67. ^ a b Zondag, Martin H. W. (15 August 2019). "Heltene etter moskéangrepet hedret: – Var med på å forhindre at liv gikk tapt" [Heroes of the mosque attack honored: - Helped prevent loss of life]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  68. ^ Olsson, Svein Vestrum (18 January 2022). "Aktor om Breiviks forklaring: – En måte å rettferdiggjøre det han gjorde på" [Prosecutor on Breivik's statement: "A way to justify what he did"]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 12 June 2023.

Further reading

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  • Hammer, Anders Sømme (2022). Terroristen fra Bærum: radikaliseringen av Philip Manshaus [The terrorist from Bærum: the radicalization of Philip Manshaus] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Oslo: J.M. Stenersens forlag. ISBN 978-82-7201-725-4.
  • Bitsch, Anne (2022). Den norske skyld – en beretning fra rettssaken mot Philip Manshaus [The Norwegian guilt – an account of the trial of Philip Manshaus] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Res publica. ISBN 9788202780104.
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