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Australian and New Zealand television frequencies

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Television frequency allocation has evolved since the start of television in Australia in 1956, and later in New Zealand in 1960. There was no coordination between the national spectrum management authorities in either country to establish the frequency allocations. The management of the spectrum in both countries is largely the product of their economical and political situation. New Zealand didn't start to develop television service until 1965 due to World War 2 and its economic harm in the country's economy.

The demand and planning for television in Australia intensified after WW2, with the Chifley government first favouring the existing British model (state monopoly) in 1948, and New Zealand used a similar model during the introduction of television in the 1960s. Private broadcasting did not come to the country until the 1980s, but there was no spectrum expansion to cope with the new arrangement.

History

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Australia

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Australian television broadcasting commenced in 1956 in Melbourne and Sydney to coincide with the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Three stations commenced operations on a ten-channel spectrum arrangement: the ABC operating in the VHF low band (VHF Ch 2), and the commercial stations operating in the VHF high band (VHF Ch 7 & 9). At the outset, commercial stations were independently owned, but due to economic forces network affiliations were soon established.

This pattern of television spectrum allocation was replicated in most of the state capital cities over the subsequent decade, with the exception of Hobart (one commercial service on VHF 6) and eventually Darwin (both the ABC and the commercial service were allocated in the VHF high band).

Geographical conditions differed in Melbourne and Sydney. The Melbourne transmission towers were located on the nearby Mount Dandenong, and their elevation and broadcasting power on an otherwise relatively flat terrain meant that the broadcasting signal could be received for some considerable distance, although there were some areas that experienced reception difficulties due to hills or buildings.

In the Sydney "basin" (formed by the Blue Mountains) the broadcast towers were collocated on the original studio sites, and given the undulating geography of Sydney there were many areas that experienced reception difficulties. The Blue Mountain terrain in the West of Sydney meant that capital city broadcasting did not penetrate into the hinterland of NSW, unlike that of Melbourne. It is possible that the penetration of weak signals into the Victorian hinterlands hastened the demand for the establishment of regional television stations, which commenced in 1961.

The Australian Government restricted regional television broadcasting to one commercial service and a repeater station of the national broadcaster from the capital city ABC station. Regional television stations tended to be allocated to VHF 6, 8 or in some cases 10.

New Zealand

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Allocation of channels on the VHF bands in New Zealand was rather haphazard. Originally, only channels 1 through 9 were used; channels 10 and 11 were added in the 1980s. Due to this artifact, TV One and TV2 (launched 1960 and 1975 respectively) largely used channels 1 through 9 while channels 10 and 11 were almost the exclusive domain of TV3 (launched 1989) and TV4 (launched 1997). One major exception to this was in Canterbury, where in the late 1980s several translators moved TV One or TV2 from channel 6 to channel 10 to allow the main Sugarloaf transmitter to broadcast TV3 on channel 6.[1]

Meanwhile, the allocation of the UHF band was much more organised. When originally allocated in 1989, each area was allocated UHF channels at four-channel (32 MHz) intervals. For example, Auckland was allocated channels 27, 31, 43, 47, etc., Wellington was allocated channels 28, 32, 44, 48, etc., and Christchurch was allocated channels 30, 34, 46, 50, etc. Infill channels were added at two-channel (16 MHz) intervals.

FM allocation artifacts

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The United Kingdom and New Zealand until recently shared an FM broadcasting allocation of 88.0 MHz to 105.0 MHz. Since the early 2000s both nations have full use of the standard FM band due to reallocation activities related to their separate implementation strategies for digital television.

This smaller FM Band allocation (less than 20 MHz: 88 MHz to 108 MHz as is used in most countries) can be traced to the 405-line television system's VHF allocation block. The UK adopted the 405-line system but NZ did not. The slightly smaller allocation only posed problems for the UK for its densely populated metropolitan regions, but NZ had few problems with the smaller allocation.

NZ's allocation for FM remained smaller as if NZ had adopted the 405-line system. New Zealand considered adopting the 405-line system in the late 1950s to early 1960s but adopted PAL instead. This impacted the frequency allocation block for FM broadcasting making it smaller. New Zealand's FM frequency allocation issue was not fixed until the late 1990s, when the FM band was expanded to the standard full 20 MHz block. As of the mid-2010s NZ totally abandoned its VHF band for UHF channels above 25.

Differences in frequencies

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There is a frequency offset for many DTV channels between Australia and NZ, because of historical reasons relating to the introduction of PAL.

  • Both Australia and New Zealand use 7 MHz channel spacing (for PAL B) on VHF, but the frequencies and channel numbers differ substantially because of Australia revising its VHF TV band usage.
  • Australia adopted Zweiton for stereophonic audio broadcasting, whilst NZ adopted NICAM.
  • For PAL, the only difference is the placement of the NICAM carrier vs the Zweiton carrier, for broadcasters using NICAM. NZ used 5.824 MHz NICAM carrier offset, as used in mainland Europe.
  • Australia's Zweiton offset was not changed with respect to the European standard.
  • Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and Papua New Guinea have the same UHF band allocation for TV broadcasting.

Obsolete channels

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  • With the introduction of digital terrestrial television in Australia in 2001, channels 10 and 11 were moved up by 1 MHz.
    • This allocation change allowed a full 7 MHz for a new channel (9A).
    • VHF channel 12 was added following the new channel 11 to compensate for the change.
  • channels 0-2 and 5A ceased to be used for television when analogue television broadcasting was discontinued. Channel 5A overlapped with frequencies reserved by the ITU for space research and VHF satellite downlink in the 137 MHz band.[2]
  • Television broadcasts on channels 3, 4, and 5 were previously discontinued in most regional areas in 1991 and 1992. Since the frequencies for these channels overlapped the range used for FM radio, any television broadcasts on these channels prevented the allocation of new FM radio licences, predominantly in regional areas.
  • VHF Low Band DX using ITU TV Band (I) and part of Band (III) from NZ may disappear with the transition to DVB-T.

Frequency allocation table

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DVB-T channel allocation notes:

  • The allocation for terrestrial television must be seen in terms of uniform system G 8 MHz blocks (for bands IV and V in NZ) and system B 7 MHz blocks (for bands I to V in Australia) after the cessation of analogue television.
  • DVB-T, analogue systems B and G utilize the same 250 kHz guard-band.
  • After analogue television transmissions have ceased, only the preferred main carrier wave centre frequency should be listed, because QAM modulates all AV channels and other data into a single H.222 data stream.
  • Digital services on channels above Ch 51 are going to change channel after the analog services are switched off. The ACMA has published the pre-stack and post-stack channel in a spreadsheet on its website.
  • Australian channel 12 was discontinued decades ago but is being reintroduced with digital television, generally for the ABC in the major metropolitan areas.
  • A common problem (for metropolitan areas in particular) of difficulty receiving digital 10 (on channel 11) and digital ABC (on channel 12) is because older antennas were not designed to receive channels 11 and 12. Many VHF Band III antennas were only designed to receive channels 6 to 10 for analog television transmissions.[3]
  • Australia and New Zealand analog sub-carriers use the standard B/G offsets from the vision carrier.
    • PAL color difference at +4.43361875 MHz
    • FM monaural full mixed down channel audio at +5.5 MHz
    • New Zealand (B/G version) NICAM stereo or dual monaural at +5.824 MHz
    • Australian A2 Stereo right or second monaural channel at +5.742 MHz (AM signalling at +5.46875 MHz)

DTT allocation

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NOTE: Text in italics means these frequencies are not currently used but set aside as a Guardband or for future use.

Very high frequency

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Main articles: Very high frequency § Australia, and Very high frequency § New Zealand
RF
Band 		Australia New Zealand
Channel
No. 		QAM
Centre
MHz 		Vision
Carrier MHz 		FM Mono Audio
Sub-Carrier MHz 		Channel
No. 		QAM
Centre
MHz 		Vision
Carrier MHz 		FM Mono Audio
Sub-Carrier MHz
Band I 0 Reallocated 46.25 51.75 1 Reallocated 45.25 50.75
1 57.25 62.75 2 55.25 60.75
2 64.25 69.75 3 62.25 67.75
Band II 3 FM radio (1975) 86.25 91.75 FM radio
4 95.25 100.75
5 102.25 107.75
5A Reallocated 138.25 143.75
Band III 6 177.5 175.25 180.75 4 Reallocated 175.25 180.75
7 184.5 182.25 187.75 5 182.25 187.75
8 191.5 189.25 194.75 6 189.25 194.75
9 198.5 196.25 201.75 7 196.25 201.75
9A 205.5 203.25 208.75 8 203.25 208.75
10 212.5 210.25 215.75 9 210.25 215.75
11[3] 219.5 217.25 222.75 10 217.25 222.75
12[3] 226.5 224.25 229.75 11 224.25 229.75

UHF

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Main article: UHF television broadcasting § Australia
RF
Band 		RF
Channel 		Australia New Zealand
QAM
Centre
MHz 		Vision
Carrier MHz 		FM Mono Audio
Sub-Carrier MHz 		QAM
Centre
MHz 		Vision
Carrier MHz 		FM Mono Audio
Sub-Carrier MHz
Band IV 25 506.00 503.25 508.75
26 514.00 511.25 516.75
27 522.00 519.25 524.75
28 529.5 527.25 532.75 530.00 527.25 532.75
29 536.5 534.25 539.75 538.00 535.25 540.75
30 543.5 541.25 546.75 546.00 543.25 548.75
31 550.5 548.25 553.75 554.00 551.25 556.75
32 557.5 555.25 560.75 562.00 559.25 564.75
33 564.5 562.25 567.75 570.00 567.25 572.75
34 571.5 569.25 574.75 578.00 575.25 580.75
35 578.5 576.25 581.75 586.00 583.25 588.75
Band V 36 585.5 583.25 588.75 594.00 591.25 596.75
37 592.5 590.25 595.75 602.00 599.25 602.75
38 599.5 597.25 602.75 610.00 607.25 612.75
39 606.5 604.25 609.75 618.00 615.25 620.75
40 613.5 611.25 616.75 626.00 623.25 628.75
41 620.5 618.25 623.75 634.00 631.25 636.75
42 627.5 625.25 630.75 642.00 639.25 644.75
43 634.5 632.25 637.75 650.00 647.25 652.75
44 641.5 639.25 644.75 658.00 655.25 660.75
45 648.5 646.25 651.75 666.00 663.25 668.75
46 655.5 653.25 658.75 674.00 671.25 676.75
47 662.5 660.25 665.75 682.00 679.25 684.75
48 669.5 667.25 672.75 690.00 687.25 692.75
49 676.5 674.25 679.75 698.00 695.25 700.75
50 683.5 681.25 686.75 Reallocated 703.25 708.75
51 690.5 688.25 693.75 711.25 716.75
52 Reallocated 695.25 700.75 719.25 724.75
53 702.25 707.75 727.25 732.75
54 709.25 714.75 735.25 740.75
55 716.25 721.75 743.25 748.75
56 723.25 728.75 751.25 756.75
57 730.25 735.75 759.25 764.75
58 737.25 742.75 767.25 772.75
59 744.25 749.75 775.25 780.75
60 751.25 756.75 783.25 788.75
61 758.25 763.75 791.25 796.75
62 765.25 770.75 799.25 804.75
63 772.25 777.75
64 779.25 784.75
65 786.25 791.75
66 793.25 798.75
67 800.25 805.75
68 807.25 812.75
69 814.25 819.75

External Data is from ACMA Register of Radiocommunications Licences – [1]

Australian frequencies

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Channels according to State

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Channel ACT NSW VIC QLD SA TAS WA NT Extra territorial* Nationwide
6 1 8 4 13 2 1 15 3 2 49
7 1 8 5 21 4 2 21 4 2 68
8 1 7 4 12 3 2 11 3 2 45
9 1 2 12 15
9A 1 1 10 1 13
10 4 3 5 2 18 3 2 37
11 1 8 5 12 3 2 15 2 2 50
12 1 7 4 9 2 1 17 41
28 24 9 14 6 4 6 2 65
29 17 11 16 4 4 5 1 58
30 25 10 27 6 3 7 3 81
31 23 10 17 3 2 7 1 63
32 27 6 27 5 3 4 2 74
33 17 6 18 3 1 8 1 54
34 7 18 34 16 12 6 2 1 96
35 1 9 19 27 15 13 4 1 1 90
36 1 12 18 21 15 12 2 2 1 84
37 1 12 19 29 15 12 4 1 93
38 1 11 19 28 4 3 2 3 1 72
39 1 11 2 19 11 9 3 56
40 45 20 40 4 5 15 5 2 136
41 2 51 26 44 11 8 17 4 2 165
42 1 52 17 49 11 8 19 5 2 164
43 1 52 24 40 10 8 15 3 2 155
44 1 50 23 50 12 7 18 4 2 167
45 2 14 11 24 10 5 7 1 74
46 31 25 46 9 10 20 1 142
47 33 27 42 11 15 15 1 144
48 32 25 41 11 12 21 1 143
49 31 26 38 9 10 17 1 132
50 31 24 32 9 7 18 121
51 11 7 6 1 6 8 39
52
53
54
55 1 1
56 1 1
57
58 1 1
59
60 3 3
61
62 2 1 3
63 1 1
64 1 1
65 1 1 2
66 2 2
67
68
69
Total 17 674 430 812 227 189 367 60 25 2801
  • The external territories include the Cocos Islands, Christmas Island & the Bayu-Undan Gas Project in the Timor Sea.

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State-owned stations

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The ABC has the highest number of transmission sites: often, but not always, SBS and ABC signals are transmitted from the same masts.

ACT NSW VIC QLD SA TAS WA NT Extra territorial* Nationwide
ABC Metropolitan 4 10 15 13 15 2 7 3 69
Regional 125 70 155 33 42 74 14 5 518
Total 4 135 85 168 48 44 81 17 5 587
SBS Metropolitan 4 10 15 13 15 2 7 3 69
Regional 120 70 141 27 36 64 7 5 470
Total 4 130 85 154 42 38 71 10 5 539

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Private networks

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Some commercial broadcasters have a call sign that operates over multiple areas, whereas others may only serve a single area. This is due to historical ownership of regional stations. Nevertheless, most regional stations are now affiliated with the major metropolitan networks.

Broadcast Call Sign ACT NSW VIC QLD SA TAS WA NT Extra territorial* Nationwide
CTC 3 67 70
AMN 3 3
ATN 11 11
BDN 1 1
BKN 1 1
CBN 3 61 64
MDN 3 3
MTN 3 3
NBN 46 4 50
NEN 44 4 48
NRN 41 4 45
SCN 1 1
TCN 11 11
TEN 11 11
TSN 1 1
WIN 3 61 64
AMV 8 66 74
ATV 16 16
BCV 1 29 30
GLV 7 39 46
GTV 16 16
HSV 16 16
MDV 4 4
MGV 2 2
PTV 4 4
STV 4 4
VTV 8 64 72
BTQ 15 15
CTQ 1 1
IDQ 1 1
ITQ 1 1
QQQ 6 37 4 7 1 55
QTQ 15 15
RTQ 108 108
STQ 102 102
TNQ 107 107
TVQ 16 16
ADS 18 18
CTS 1 1
GDS 10 10
GTS 13 13
LRS 6 6
MGS 6 6
NWS 18 18
RDS 6 6
RTS 7 7
SAS 18 18
SDS 6 6
SES 6 6
SGS 10 10
ACT 2 2
CDT 6 37 4 7 1 55
SMT 1 1
TDT 35 35
TNT 37 37
TVT 35 35
CTW 1 1
GDW 6 6
GTW 6 6
NEW 9 9
SDW 15 15
SSW 15 15
STW 8 8
TVW 9 9
VDW 7 7
VEW 7 7
WAW 34 4 38
WDW 34 4 38
WOW 62 4 66
DTD 3 3
NTD 3 3
TND 3 3
IMP 6 38 4 7 1 56
Total Commercial 9 409 260 490 137 107 213 32 15 1672

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New Zealand frequencies

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Digital television in New Zealand currently uses UHF frequencies between channels 26 and 39 (510-622 MHz), with channel 25 used as a guard band. Channels 40 to 48 are currently allocated but reserved; frequencies above this have been reallocated to 4G (LTE) mobile phone services in the 700 MHz band.

Rights held directly by the New Zealand Crown are managed by government entity Radio Spectrum Management. Frequency allocations are made to TV operators, both national (such as Television New Zealand and Warner Bros. Discovery New Zealand) as well as network operators Kordia (the former distribution arm of TVNZ) and JDA.

Channels 38 and 39 are currently provided to Te Mātāwai, a representative body established (by the Māori Language Act 2016) to represent Māori language interests, for use by the Māori Television Service.

Radio Spectrum Management last released a list of spectrum licence holders in June 2019,[5] with more recent data in their Register of Radio Frequencies.[6]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Malthus, Nigel (28 July 1988). "TV3 proposals given approval – Channel 6 'disastrous'". The Press. p. 8.
  2. ^ Greeney, Bob (August 1993). "How many television channels?" (PDF). ABA Update. Australian Broadcasting Authority. pp. 4–7. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Digital television services on Channel 12". Australian Government. August 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012.
  4. ^ a b c "List of licensed broadcasting transmitters". Australian Communications and Media Authority. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  5. ^ "Digital television channel usage table" (PDF). Radio Spectrum Management. June 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  6. ^ "Register of radio frequencies". Radio Spectrum Management. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
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New Zealand

Australia

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