André Furtado de Mendonça

André Furtado de Mendonça
André Furtado de Mendonça
Governor of Portuguese India
	In office; 1609 – 1609 or 1610
Monarch	Philip II of Portugal
Preceded by	Aleixo de Menezes
Succeeded by	Rui Lourenço de Távora
Personal details
Born	1558; Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	1611 (aged 52–53); Kingdom of Portugal
Military service
Allegiance	Portuguese Empire
Battles/wars	Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1591); Siege of Kottakkal; Siege of Malacca (1606); Battle of Bantam; Battle of Flores

André Furtado de Mendonça (1558 – 1 April 1611) was a captain and governor of Portuguese India, and a military commander during Portuguese expansion into Ceylon, India, Indonesia and Malacca.

Biography

He was a son of Afonso Furtado Mendoça, commander of Beja and Rio Maior and D. Joana Sousa. André Furtado was curious to develop combat knowledge and he started to study combat, meteorology and oceanography and cartography when he was 18 years old. He joined the military and became a successful captain at the age of 25. He served some of the Portuguese colonial countries in the Indian Ocean for the Portuguese Empire.

Portuguese Ceylon

André Furtado de Mendonça led the forces of a company of 1,400 Portuguese and 3,000 lascarins against King Puviraja Pandaram as the second expedition in Mannar and gained victory, and continued his campaign to the heartland of the Jaffna kingdom.^[3] Captain André Furtado killed king Puvirasa Pandaram in 1591.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] After the death of Puvirasa Pandaram, his son Ethirimana Cinkam was installed as the ruler by André Furtado. It created Portuguese overlordship in the region including freedom to Catholic Christian missions. Earlier, Christian missionaries were not allowed during the rule of Puvirasa Pandaram. Gradually, the incumbent king resisted Portuguese overlordship until he was ousted and hanged by Filipe de Oliveira in 1619.^[7]^: 166

Portuguese India

In 1598, he destroyed a fleet of Kunjali Marakkar naval captain of Zamorin of Calicut, and in 1600 Mendonça attacked and captured his fortress.^[8]

Portuguese Ambon and the Moluccas

Between 1601 and 1603, Furtado de Mendonça served as captain-general of the Southern Sea, and succeeded in expelling the Dutch from Ambon and Tidore, where the Portuguese held fortresses, and secured Portuguese holdings in the region against hostile native lords.

Portuguese Malacca

In April 1606, Portuguese forces under the captainship of André Furtado were besieged in Malacca by a Dutch fleet under the command of Cornelis Matelief de Jonge. Portuguese forces were no match to Dutch due to disproportional size of men and vessels. However, they managed to resist the besiegers until August 1606 and received support from Viceroy Martim Afonso de Castro.^[9]

Portuguese India

André Furtado engaged with several battles in India, including fierce battle with Kunhali Marakkar. His forces bombarded Marakkar fort from the sea while allies Samoodiri attacked it from the land in 1600. Kunjali Marakkar surrendered to Samoothiri as he lost the battle.^[10] Finally, the Portuguese seized the Kunjali, against the terms of the surrender, during a tumult caused by an enemy attack. Then Furtado ordered the fort and the town razed, the Kunjali executed, quartered, and his body displayed on a pike.^[11]

After the death of viceroy D. João Pereira Forjaz in 1609, André Furtado became the governor of Portuguese India for only three months until the arrival of new viceroy Rui Lourenço Tavora.^[12]^: 187^[13]

Death

He died due to illness in April 1611 and buried at the church of Covenant of Grace (Portuguese: Convento da Graça) in Lisbon.^[14]

References

^ Danvers, Frederick Charles (1894). The Portuguese in India: Being a History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire. Vol. 2. London: W. H. Allen & Co. Appendix B, p. 487 – via Archive.org.
^ Stephens, Henry Morse (1892). Albuquerque. Rulers of India, vol. 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 13 – via Archive.org.
^ ^a ^b "The Karava Singhe Dynasty of Jaffna". Karava of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
^ Abeysinghe, Tikiri (1986). Jaffna under the Portuguese (PDF). Colombo: Lake House. pp. 2, 3. ISBN 955-552-000-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2014.
^ Martyn, John H. (2003). Notes on Jaffna: Chronological, Historical, Biographical. Chennai: Asian Educational Services. pp. 2, 138.
^ Rajasingham, K. T. (3 July 2005). "Portuguese: Religious Conversion and Ending Tamils' Sovereignty". Asian Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
^ de Silva, K. M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. London: C. Hurst & Company. ISBN 0-905838-50-5 – via Archive.org.
^ André Furtado de Mendonça - Portugal, Dicionário Histórico
^ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century. Vol. 2: F-O. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 620. ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9.
^ "T'ien Hsia Monthly". T'ien Hsia Monthly. Vol. 9. 1939.
^ Murkot Ramunny (1993). Ezhimala: The Abode of the Naval Academy. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 43. ISBN 81-7211-052-9.
^ Faria e Sousa, Manuel de (1695). Ásia portuguesa (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Lisboa: en la officina de Antonio Craesbeeck demello.
^ "Furtado de Mendonça". Portugal: Dicionário Histórico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 April 2014.
^ "André Furtado de Mendonça, 37º Gov.or da Índia (1558–1611)". Geni. Retrieved 7 May 2014.

Government offices
Preceded by Aleixo de Menezes	Governor of Portuguese India 1609	Succeeded by Rui Lourenço de Távora

[1] Danvers, Frederick Charles (1894). The Portuguese in India: Being a History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire. Vol. 2. London: W. H. Allen & Co. Appendix B, p. 487 – via Archive.org.

[2] Stephens, Henry Morse (1892). Albuquerque. Rulers of India, vol. 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 13 – via Archive.org.

[karava-3] "The Karava Singhe Dynasty of Jaffna". Karava of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[4] Abeysinghe, Tikiri (1986). Jaffna under the Portuguese (PDF). Colombo: Lake House. pp. 2, 3. ISBN 955-552-000-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2014.

[5] Martyn, John H. (2003). Notes on Jaffna: Chronological, Historical, Biographical. Chennai: Asian Educational Services. pp. 2, 138.

[6] Rajasingham, K. T. (3 July 2005). "Portuguese: Religious Conversion and Ending Tamils' Sovereignty". Asian Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[deSilva-7] Silva, K. M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. London: C. Hurst & Company. ISBN 0-905838-50-5 – via Archive.org.

[8] André Furtado de Mendonça - Portugal, Dicionário Histórico

[9] Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century. Vol. 2: F-O. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 620. ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9.

[10] "T'ien Hsia Monthly". T'ien Hsia Monthly. Vol. 9. 1939.

[11] Murkot Ramunny (1993). Ezhimala: The Abode of the Naval Academy. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 43. ISBN 81-7211-052-9.

[Sousa1695-12] Faria e Sousa, Manuel de (1695). Ásia portuguesa (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Lisboa: en la officina de Antonio Craesbeeck demello.

[13] "Furtado de Mendonça". Portugal: Dicionário Histórico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[14] "André Furtado de Mendonça, 37º Gov.or da Índia (1558–1611)". Geni. Retrieved 7 May 2014.

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v t e Governors and Viceroys of the Portuguese State of India (1505–1961)
Kingdom	Dom Francisco de Almeida 1505–1509 Afonso de Albuquerque 1510–15 Lopo Soares de Albergaria 1515–18 Diogo Lopes de Sequeira 1518–22 Dom Duarte de Menezes 1522–24 Dom Vasco da Gama 1524 Dom Henrique de Menezes 1525–26 Lopo Vaz de Sampaio 1526–29 Nuno da Cunha 1529–38 Dom Garcia de Noronha 1538–40 Dom Estêvão da Gama 1540–42 Martim Afonso de Sousa 1542–45 Dom João de Castro 1545–48 Garcia de Sá 1548–49 Jorge Cabral 1549–50 Dom Afonso de Noronha 1550–54 Pedro Mascarenhas 1554–55 Francisco Barreto 1555–58 Dom Constantino de Bragança 1558–61 Dom Francisco Coutinho 1561–64 João de Mendonça 1564 Dom António de Noronha 1564–68 Dom Luís de Ataíde 1568–71 Dom António de Noronha "Catarraz" 1571–73 António Moniz Barreto 1573–76 Dom Diogo de Menezes 1576–78 Fernão Teles de Menezes 1581 Francisco de Mascarenhas 1581–84 Dom Duarte de Menezes 1584–88 Dom Manuel de Sousa Coutinho 1588–91 Matias de Albuquerque 1591–97 Dom Francisco da Gama 1597–1600 Aires de Saldanha 1600–05 Martim Afonso de Castro 1605–07 Aleixo de Meneses 1607–09 André Furtado de Mendonça 1609–10 Rui Lourenço de Távora 1610–12 Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo 1612–17 Dom João Coutinho 1617–19 Fernão de Albuquerque 1619–22 D. Francisco da Gama (second time) 1622–28 Luís de Brito e Meneses 1629–29 Miguel de Noronha 1629–35 Pero da Silva 1635–39 António Teles de Meneses 1639–40 João da Silva Telo e Meneses 1640–44 Filipe Mascarenhas 1644–51 João da Silva Telo e Meneses 1651 Vasco Mascarenhas 1652–55 Brás de Castro 1655 Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira 1655–56 Manuel Mascarenhas Homem 1656 António de Melo e Castro 1662–66 João Nunes da Cunha 1666–68 Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque 1671–76 Dom Pedro de Almeida 1676–78 António Brandão 1678–81 Francisco de Távora 1681–86 Rodrigo da Costa 1686–90 Dom Miguel de Almeida 1690–91 Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque 1692–97 António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara Coutinho 1697–1701 Caetano de Melo e Castro 1702–1707 Dom Rodrigo da Costa 1707–12 Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses 1712–17 Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha 1717 Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses 1717–20 Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro 1720–23 Cristóvão de Melo 1723 João de Saldanha da Gama 1725–32 Pedro de Mascarenhas 1732–40 Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses 1740–42 Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos 1745–50 Francisco de Assis de Távora 1750–54 Luís Mascarenhas 1754–56 Manuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque 1758–65 João José de Melo 1768–74 Filipe de Valadares Sotomaior 1774 Dom José Pedro da Câmara 1774–79 Dom Frederico Guilherme de Sousa Holstein 1779–86 Francisco da Cunha e Meneses 1786–94 Francisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara 1794–1806 Dom Bernardo José Maria da Silveira e Lorena 1806–16 Dom Diogo de Sousa 1816–21 Dom Manuel da Câmara 1823–25 Dom Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro 1826–35 Bernardo Peres da Silva 1835 Dom Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro 1835 Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama 1835 Bernardo Peres da Silva 1836–37 Simão Infante de Lacerda de Sousa Tavares 1837–39 José António Vieira da Fonseca 1839 Manuel José Mendes 1839–40 José Joaquim Lopes Lima 1840–42 Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira 1842–43 Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha 1843–44 José Ferreira Pestana 1844–51 José Joaquim Januário Lapa 1851–55 António César de Vasconcelos Correia 1855–64 José Ferreira Pestana 1864–70 Januário Correia de Almeida 1870–71 Joaquim José Macedo e Couto 1871–75 João Tavares de Almeida 1875–77 António Sérgio de Sousa 1877–78 Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque 1878–82 Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva 1882–86 Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral 1886 Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho 1886–89 Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque 1889 Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses 1889–91 Francisco Maria da Cunha 1891 João Manuel Correia Taborda 1891–92 Francisco Teixeira da Silva 1892–93 Rafael Jácome de Andrade 1893–94 João Manuel Correia Taborda 1894 Elesbão José de Bettencourt Lapa 1894–95 Rafael Jácome de Andrade 1895–96 Prince Afonso Henriques de Bragança 1896 João António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira 1896–97 João Manuel Correia Taborda 1897 Joaquim José Machado 1897–1900 Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo 1900–05 Arnaldo de Novais Guedes Rebelo 1905–07 José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa 1907–10
Republic	Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa 1910–17 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira 1917 José de Freitas Ribeiro 1917–19 Augusto de Paiva Bobela da Mota 1919–20 Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais 1920–25 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira 1925 Mariano Martins 1925–26 Tito Augusto de Morais 1926 Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis 1926–27 Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim 1927–29 Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis 1929 Alfredo Pedro de Almeida 1929–30 João Carlos Craveiro Lopes 1930–36 Francisco Craveiro Lopes 1936–38 José Ricardo Pereira Cabral 1938–45 Paulo Bénard Guedes 1945–46 José Ferreira Bossa 1946–47 José Alves Ferreira 1947–48 Fernando de Quintanilha e Mendonça Dias 1948–52 Paulo Bénard Guedes 1952–58 Manuel António Vassalo e Silva 1958–61
Note: The head of Portuguese India could have either the title of "Governor" or the more prestigious "Viceroy" though their responsibilities were the same

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Biography

Portuguese Ceylon

Portuguese India

Portuguese Ambon and the Moluccas

Portuguese Malacca

Portuguese India

Death

See also

References