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Afghan Interim Administration

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Afghan Interim Administration

Provisional government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan
Date formed22 December 2001 (2001-12-22)
Date dissolved13 July 2002 (2002-07-13)
People and organisations
Head of stateHamid Karzai
Head of governmentHamid Karzai
Deputy head of governmentMohammed Fahim, Sima Samar, Muhammad Mohaqiq, Mohammad Shakir Kargar and Hedayat Amin Arsala
No. of ministers30
Total no. of members30
History
Predecessor
SuccessorAfghan Transitional Administration
Part of a series on the
History of Afghanistan

The palace of the emir in 1839
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The Afghan Interim Administration (AIA), also known as the Afghan Interim Authority, was the first administration of Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban regime and was the highest authority of the country from 22 December 2001 until 13 July 2002.

Background

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After the September 11 attacks, the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom as part of its "Global War on Terrorism", to remove the Taliban regime from power in Afghanistan. Just after the commencement of the invasion of Afghanistan, the United Nations sponsored an international conference in Bonn, Germany, with Afghan anti-Taliban leaders to re-create the State of Afghanistan and form an interim government.

The Bonn Agreement established an Afghan Interim Authority which would be established upon the official transfer of power on 22 December 2001. The Interim Authority would consist of Interim Administration a Supreme Court of Afghanistan and a Special Independent Commission for the Convening of an Emergency Loya Jirga (Grand Council). The Emergency Loya Jirga was to be held within 6 months after the establishing of the AIA and would put in place an Afghan Transitional Authority which would replace the Afghan Interim Authority.[1] The Afghan Interim Administration, the most important part of the Interim Authority, would be composed of a chairman, five vice chairmen and 24 other members which each head a department of the Interim Administration. Also decided was that Hamid Karzai would be the chairman of the Interim Administration.

After the 2002 loya jirga concluded, the Interim Administration was replaced by a Transitional administration.

History

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Negotiations in Bonn

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Four delegations of anti-Taliban factions attended the Bonn Conference: the Northern Alliance or United Islamic Front; the "Cypress group," a group of exiles with ties to Iran; the "Rome group," loyal to former King Mohammad Zahir Shah, who lived in exile in Rome and did not attend the meeting; and the "Peshawar group," a group of mostly Afghan exiles based in Pakistan. At the time of the conference half of Afghanistan was in the hands of the Northern Alliance, including Kabul where Burhanuddin Rabbani had taken over the Presidential Palace and said that any talks on the future of Afghanistan should take place inside the country.[2]

There was a lot of debate about who would lead the interim government. Rabbani did not want the Bonn Conference to decide on names for the interim government but after pressure from the United States and Russia the Northern Alliance delegation headed by younger leader Yunus Qanuni, decided to go on with the talks with or without the support of Rabbani.[2]

At the beginning of the conference it seemed that King Zahir Shah had a lot of support, but the Northern Alliance opposed this. By the final days of the conference, it was down to two candidates: Hamid Karzai, whom the United States was promoting as a viable candidate and Abdul Satar Sirat, whose name was proposed by the Rome group.[2] The Bonn conference agreed that Karzai would head the Interim Administration.

Creation of the cabinet

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With Karzai chosen as "Chairman" of the Interim Administration, he created a 30-member cabinet. The Northern Alliance received about half of the posts in the interim cabinet, and members of the Rome group were named to eight positions. These included warlords with private militias. Among the most notable members of the interim administration were the trio Yunus Qanuni, Mohammad Fahim and Abdullah Abdullah, three of the most well-known leaders of the Northern Alliance. Afghanistan had been in a state of serious fragmentation and factionalism since the early 1990s; Karzai attempted to unify the country by working with and representing all four major ethnic groups in the cabinet.[3][4] The inclusion of different warlords in the cabinet (and appointment to high provincial positions) divided opinion in Afghanistan, but many saw it as an attempt by Karzai to include everyone in a post-Taliban era of Afghanistan to prevent further conflict.[5]

During the time in power of the administration, clashes between certain warlords did occur, notably ethnic clashes between followers of Abdul Rashid Dostum and Atta Muhammad Nur in northern Afghanistan[6] (their rift would continue until c. 2003), and factional clashes between the militias of Pacha Khan Zadran and rivals including Taj Mohammad Wardak in Paktia and Khost provinces.[7][8] Karzai's administration in Kabul did not always have power in the regions where warlords were battling.[9]

Composition of Afghan Interim Administration

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Interim Ministers[10]
Interim
Administration
Position		 Name Ethnicity Notes
Chairman Hamid Karzai Pashtun Independent Pashtun tribal leader in exile in Pakistan
Vice-Chair and
Defense Minister		 Mohammed Fahim Tajik Defense Minister of the United Islamic Front
Vice–Chair and
Women's Affairs		 Sima Samar Hazara Founder of the Shuhada Organization and Shuhada Clinic in Quetta, Rome Group.
Vice-Chair and
Planning Minister		 Muhammad Mohaqiq Hazara Warlord fighting against the Taliban for the People's Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan in the United Islamic Front
Vice-Chair and
Water and Energy Minister		 Mohammad Shakir Kargar Uzbek United Islamic Front
Vice-Chair and
Finance Minister		 Hedayat Amin Arsala Pashtun Foreign Minister of the Islamic State of Afghanistan in the 90s. Rome group.
Foreign Minister Abdullah Abdullah Tajik Foreign Minister of the United Islamic Front
Interior Minister Yunus Qanuni Tajik Interior Minister of the United Islamic Front
Communications Minister Abdul Rahim Tajik United Islamic Front
Borders Minister Amanullah Zadran Pashtun Taliban leader, who defected after the American invasion, Rome Group
Refugees Minister Enayatullah Nazari Tajik United Islamic Front
Small Industries Minister Mohammad Arif Noorzai Pashtun United Islamic Front
Mines and Industry Minister Mohammed Alim Razm Uzbek United Islamic Front
Health Minister Suhaila Siddiq Pashtun Has been in the governments of king Mohammed Zahir Shah and the communist regime of the 1970s and 1980s. Independent
Commerce Minister Sayed Mustafa Kazemi Hazara Spokesmen and leader of United National Front
Agriculture Minister Sayed Hussein Anwari Hazara Chief military commander of the Harakat-e Islami in the United National Front
Justice Minister Abdul Rahim Karimi Uzbek United Islamic Front
Information and Culture Minister Sayed Makhdoom Raheen Tajik Poet and writer, Rome group
Reconstruction Minister Mohammad Amin Farhang[11][12] Tajik[13] Rome Group
Haj and Mosques Minister Mohammad Hanif Balkhi Tajik Independent
Urban Affairs Minister Abdul Qadir Pashtun Leader in the United National Front for the Hezb-e Islami Khalis faction
Public Works Minister Abdul Khalig Fazal Pashtun Rome group
Irrigation Minister Mangal Hussain Pashtun Previously warlord for the Hezbi Islami Gulbuddin, Peshawar group
Martyrs and Disabled Minister Abdullah Wardak Pashtun Leader in the United National Front for the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan
Higher Education Minister Sharif Fayez Tajik United Islamic Front
Civil Aviation & Tourism Minister Abdul Rahman Tajik Member of United Islamic Front, but he threw his support to former king Zahir Shah and became a member of the Rome Group
Labor and Social Affairs Mirwais Sadiq Tajik Son of influential warlords Ismail Khan, United Islamic Front
Transportation Minister Sultan Hamid Sultan Hazara
Education Minister Rasul Amin Pashtun Member of the National Islamic Front and the Rome group.
Rural Development Minister Abdul Malik Anwar Tajik United Islamic Front

References

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  1. ^ "Bonn Agreement". afghangovernment.com.
  2. ^ a b c https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/campaign/withus/cbonn.html Filling the Vacuum: The Bonn Conferen Frontline
  3. ^ Oliver, Mark (5 December 2001). "The new Afghan administration". The Guardian.
  4. ^ Bezhan, Frud. "Remembering Karzai". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty.
  5. ^ Dipali Mukhopadhyay (August 2009). "Warlords As Bureaucrats: The Afghan Experience" (PDF). carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  6. ^ McCarthy, Rory (3 March 2002). "Warlords' tanks roll over peace". The Guardian.
  7. ^ Burns, John F. (31 January 2002). "A NATION CHALLENGED: WARLORDS; Fighting Erupts in Afghan City as Warlords Compete for Power". The New York Times.
  8. ^ Burns, John F. (19 February 2002). "A NATION CHALLENGED: THE FIGHTING; in a Shift, U.S. Uses Airstrikes to Help Kabul". The New York Times.
  9. ^ "Brothers in arms". The Economist. 8 August 2002.
  10. ^ Thomas H. Johnson (February 2006). "The Prospects for Post-Conflict Afghanistan: A Call of the Sirens to the Country's Troubled Past". Vol. V, no. 2. Strategic Insights. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  11. ^ "Ex-Minister Gets Year in Prison, $864K Fine". TOLOnews. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  12. ^ "Ex-minister Farhang sentenced to one year in jail". 23 February 2021.
  13. ^ "Database". www.afghan-bios.info. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
[edit]
Preceded by Afghan Interim Administration
22 December 2001 – 13 July 2002 		Succeeded by
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