Adelaide Street Circuit

Adelaide Street Circuit

Layout used by Supercars from 1999 Layout used by Formula 1 from 1985 to 1995 and ALMS in 2000
Location	Adelaide, South Australia
Time zone	UTC+09:30 (UTC+10:30 DST)
Coordinates	34°55′38″S 138°37′2″E
FIA Grade	3
Owner	Adelaide City Council
Opened	31 October 1985 (1985-10-31) Re-opened in 8 April 1999 (1999-04-08)
Closed	12 November 1995 (1995-11-12)
Former names	Adelaide Parklands Circuit
Major events	Current: Supercars Championship Adelaide 500 (1999–2020, 2022–present) Supercars Challenge (1993–1995) Stadium Super Trucks (2015–2018, 2020, 2024) Former: Formula One Australian Grand Prix (1985–1995) American Le Mans Series Race of a Thousand Years (2000) GT World Challenge Australia (2007–2013, 2015–2017, 2022–2023) S5000 (2023) S5000 Tasman Series (2022)
Supercars Circuit (1999–2020, 2022–present)
Length	3.219 km (2.001 miles)
Turns	14
Race lap record	1:16.0357 ( Aaron Cameron, Rogers AF01/V8, 2023, S5000)
Grand Prix Circuit (1985–1995, 2000)
Length	3.780 km (2.349 miles)
Turns	16
Race lap record	1:15.381 ( Damon Hill, Williams FW15C, 1993, F1)

The Adelaide Street Circuit (also known as the Adelaide Parklands Circuit) is a temporary street circuit in the East Parklands adjacent to the Adelaide central business district in South Australia, Australia.

The 3.780 km (2.349 mi) "Grand Prix" version of the track hosted eleven Formula One Australian Grand Prix events from 1985 to 1995, as well as an American Le Mans Series endurance race on New Year's Eve in 2000 (Race of a Thousand Years). Between 1999 and 2020 and again from 2022, a shortened 3.219 km (2.000 mi) version of the circuit has been used for the Adelaide 500 touring car race. It is also being used by the Adelaide Motorsport Festival.

Formula 1 Grand Prix

Keke Rosberg driving for Williams won the first Australian Formula 1 Grand Prix.

• 1985: McLaren's three time and defending World Champion Niki Lauda raced his last Grand Prix before retiring, crashing out of the lead on lap 57 with brake failure. It was the last win for Finland's 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg, driving his last race for Williams before taking Lauda's place at McLaren for 1986. Brazilian Ayrton Senna took pole position with a time of 1:19.843 in his Lotus-Renault. Senna retired from the lead with a blown engine on lap 62. Earlier in the race he had hit Rosberg's Williams-Honda at the pits hairpin as the Finn braked to pit for tyres, with Senna losing the front wing of his car. He did a full lap before missing the pits after driving too quickly through the previous turn, causing him to do a second lap with the missing front wing. Finishing 2nd and 3rd were Ligier pair Jacques Laffite and Philippe Streiff. Streiff tried to overtake his teammate with just over a lap to go and collided with him. Both carried on; Laffite was undamaged but Streiff's left front wheel was held on only by the suspension mounting points which had not broken all the way through. Only 8 of the 26 starters reached the chequered flag in a race run in 35 °C heat. It was the last Grand Prix for the factory Renault team, the pioneers of turbocharging in F1 bowing out as a constructor (Renault would return to Grand Prix Racing as a constructor in 2002). The Grand Prix won the Formula One Race Promoters' Trophy as the best run Formula One Grand Prix of 1985.
• 1986: Nigel Mansell's Williams Honda blew a tyre on Brabham straight at over 180 mph (290 km/h), destroying his world title chance on lap 63. He managed to drive the car to safety and avoid a heavy impact with the wall (Mansell later noted that had he not been able to control the car and had hit the wall, the accident most likely would have seen the race stopped, which would have left him as the World Champion). One lap earlier, Keke Rosberg, in his final race before retiring, had also suffered a tyre failure. Rosberg, who at the time led by over 30 seconds, thought it was an engine problem, pulled off the circuit and got out of the McLaren-TAG, not knowing he could have easily made it to the pits to change tyres (the Finn was seen looking at the back of his car soon after stopping before throwing his arms up in despair after a marshal pointed out the tyre). Rosberg's McLaren teammate Alain Prost won the title after his first victory in Adelaide becoming the first back-to-back F1 World Champion since Australian Jack Brabham had done so in 1959 and 1960, with Brabham in attendance to see Prost emulate his feat. Prost's win saw him become the first, and as of 2018, the only winner of the Australian Grand Prix in both World Championship and Australian domestic formats, having previously won the race in 1982. It was the last race for Australia's 1980 World Champion Alan Jones, who retired from F1 for good after qualifying his Lola-Ford 15th, and retiring from the race with a blown engine on lap 15. It was also the team's last race and the last race for his teammate Patrick Tambay. It was also the last race in which the Lotus team would carry the black and gold sponsorship colours of John Player Special, or run the Renault turbo engine, the turbo pioneers in F1 not supplying their turbocharged engines after the season.
• 1987: Both qualifying and the race were dominated by Ferrari's Gerhard Berger, who won from pole and set the fastest lap, after also having won the previous race in Japan from pole. Ayrton Senna finished 2nd on the road in his Lotus-Honda, but was later disqualified for oversized brake ducts, giving Berger's teammate Michele Alboreto 2nd place and Ferrari's first 1–2 since the 1985 Canadian Grand Prix. Thierry Boutsen finished 3rd in his Benetton-Ford in the last race for the Ford V6 turbo as the company had decided to build an all new V8 engine in readiness for the new naturally aspirated formula to be introduced in 1989.
• 1988: In a season almost totally dominated by the McLaren-Hondas of 1988 World Champion Ayrton Senna and his teammate Alain Prost, Senna took his 13th pole of the season, the pair over 1.6 seconds faster than Nigel Mansell in his atmospheric Williams-Judd. Ferrari's Gerhard Berger, knowing that he most likely would not finish before running out of fuel, told race favourites Prost and Senna that he was going to send the Ferrari turbo out in a blaze of glory by running full turbo boost and would pass them early to put on a show for the fans. Berger's teammate Michele Alboreto, in his last race for the team, had planned to do the same but a clash with the Dallara-Ford of fellow Italian driver Alex Caffi just 3 corners into the race saw him retire with suspension damage. Throwing caution to the wind, Berger made good on his promise and charged, first passing Senna on lap 3 then taking the lead from Prost on lap 14. He continued to build a lead until taken out by Ligier's René Arnoux on lap 25 while lapping the Frenchman. Prost then won from Senna, with outgoing World Champion Nelson Piquet in his Lotus-Honda making it an all Honda turbo podium in the last F1 race for turbo powered cars.
• 1989: The first of two wet races in Adelaide. Newly crowned World Champion Alain Prost (McLaren) pulled out after only one lap protesting the conditions. Only eight cars finished, with retirements including former World Champions Nelson Piquet who drove his Lotus into the back of Piercarlo Ghinzani's Osella on lap 19, and Ayrton Senna who drove his McLaren-Honda into the back of Martin Brundle's Brabham-Judd while some 30 seconds in the lead on lap 13. Television commentator Murray Walker described the vision from the rearward-facing camera on Brundle's car as "Senna bearing down on it like Jaws". Thierry Boutsen, who had finished 3rd in 1987, won his second Grand Prix of the season for Williams-Renault (and his second wet race) from the Benetton of the Japanese Grand Prix winner Alessandro Nannini. Satoru Nakajima spun at the chicane on the first lap, but then charged hard through the field, setting the fastest lap of the race (1:38.480 compared to Senna's pole time of 1:16.665) and was rewarded with 4th place, only 4.648 seconds behind the Williams of Riccardo Patrese.
• 1990: The 500th World Championship Grand Prix held was again held in oppressive heat. Newly crowned World Champion Ayrton Senna again dominated qualifying and won the pole in his McLaren-Honda. He then led the race for 61 laps before crashing out when his gearbox failed. Nelson Piquet (Benetton-Ford) won his second F1 GP in a row having won the previous race in Japan. Ferrari's Nigel Mansell set numerous lap records chasing Senna and later Piquet, only to finish 2nd by 3 seconds after a passing move on the last lap at the hairpin at the end of the Brabham Straight just missed taking both cars out. Mansell pulled out to lap the Brabham of Stefano Modena and attempted to take the Benetton as well, but was too far back and only just managed to slow his Ferrari up enough to avoid Piquet as he turned into the corner.

Ayrton Senna driving for McLaren in 1991

• 1991: Due to the wet conditions, the race was stopped after 14 laps. Race winner Ayrton Senna had waved furiously from his cockpit that the conditions were too wet to race. 1990 winner Nelson Piquet retired from Formula One after the race, having won 24 races and 3 World Championships (1981, 1983 and 1987) in his career which started in 1978. Only half points were awarded for the race, the first time it had happened in F1 since the wet 1984 Monaco Grand Prix. This race held the record for the shortest Grand Prix until that record was broken by the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix.
• 1992: In his last F1 race before moving to the US-based Indy Car championship, 1992 World Champion Nigel Mansell qualified his Williams-Renault on pole position. He was taken out at the pits hairpin while leading on lap 18 by the McLaren-Honda of outgoing World Champion Ayrton Senna. Senna's teammate Gerhard Berger narrowly won his second Australian Grand Prix, finishing only 0.741 in front of Michael Schumacher's Benetton-Ford. Martin Brundle finished 3rd in his Benetton, 54 seconds behind Berger and Schumacher. After five years (1988–92), four World Drivers' Championships, four Constructors Championships (1988–91) and 44 wins (15 turbo and 29 non-turbo), it was the last F1 race for McLaren using Honda engines with the Japanese company pulling out of Formula One.

Alain Prost during the race in Adelaide on 7 November 1993

• 1993: Ayrton Senna's 41st and last Grand Prix win in his last race for McLaren, and the 62nd pole position of his career. It was also the last of 199 Grands Prix for four time (1985, 1986, 1989 and 1993) World Champion Alain Prost who finished 2nd in his Williams-Renault. Prost's teammate Damon Hill, the son of twice (1962 and 1968) World Champion Graham Hill (who also won the non-championship 1966 AGP), finished 3rd.
• 1994: In 1994 the World Championship was decided in Adelaide for the second time. Damon Hill (Williams-Renault) and Michael Schumacher (Benetton-Ford) collided on lap 35 at turn 6, and neither was able to complete the race. Schumacher therefore won the drivers' championship, with Hill finishing in second place, one point behind. Making what was thought to be a one off comeback, 1992 World Champion Nigel Mansell, driving for Williams, claimed the pole position for the race which also won Williams their 3rd straight Constructors' Championship and their 7th overall (Mansell had driven for the team in four of their Constructors' title winning years). He went on to score his 31st and last F1 win from the Ferrari of his former Ferrari teammate of 1989 Gerhard Berger, and Martin Brundle in the McLaren-Peugeot.
• 1995: McLaren-Mercedes driver Mika Häkkinen suffered a tyre failure during the first qualifying session on Friday at the high speed Brewery Bend between Jones and Brabham Straights. He crashed heavily into the wall and required an emergency tracheotomy, which was performed by the side of the track by an off-duty local doctor who happened to be spectating where Häkkinen crashed. The Finnish driver was then transported to the Royal Adelaide Hospital, less than 1 km from the point of the circuit where he crashed. He would spend a month recovering in the hospital. Damon Hill won the final Grand Prix held at the circuit, lapping all the finishers by at least two laps. Hill's win saw he and his late father Graham (1966) join Stan (1959) and Alan Jones (1980) as the only father-son combinations to win the Australian Grand Prix (they would later be joined by Keke and Nico Rosberg who won in 1985 and 2014 respectively). The final Grand Prix in Adelaide set a Formula One attendance record of 210,000, which stood until 250,000 attended the 2000 United States Grand Prix held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The race was also the third time the Australian Grand Prix in Adelaide had won the Formula One Race Promoters' Trophy as the best run Formula One Grand Prix of the season, having also won in 1985 and 1990.

Supercars

The street circuit as seen from a helicopter in November 2024

Main article: Adelaide 500

During Adelaide's era hosting the Australian Grand Prix, the circuit hosted annual non-championship races for the Australian Touring Car Championship.

From 1999 until 2020, the track hosted an annual Supercars race, the Adelaide 500, (in most years a 2 x 250 km race) on a shorter, 3.219 km (2.000 mi) variant of the track. The event became one of the most acclaimed on the Supercars calendar, and is the only event added to the Supercars Hall of Fame. The event returned in 2022.

Circuit

Pit Straight

The view looking North down Victoria Park pit straight towards the Senna Chicane during Friday qualifying of the 2008 Adelaide 500.

The Adelaide Street Circuit pit straight on Victoria Park is 500 m (550 yd) long and faces northwest. All the buildings and grandstands are temporary and were removed each year due to ongoing campaigning by the Adelaide Parklands Preservation Association Inc.

Senna Chicane (Turns 1, 2 and 3)

Senna Chicane viewed from Pit Straight

At the end of the straight, drivers negotiate the Senna Chicane, so named after triple World Champion Ayrton Senna following his death at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. Senna had sat on the pole for the first Adelaide Grand Prix in 1985, and would go on to take the pole in Adelaide 6 times in 9 races, while winning in 1991 (the second shortest race in Formula One history due to torrential rain, after the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix), as well as his last career victory in 1993.

Wakefield Road climb

After the chicane the cars take a fast left turn to go uphill on a short straight on Wakefield Road to East Terrace.

Christian Brothers College (Turn 4)

The first of a series of three 90 degree corners. The first corner was notable for the fortunate vantage point of Christian Brothers College.

Market Chicane (Turns 7 and 8)

Followed by fourth onto Bartels Road back across the parklands. Then the track follows the fast turn 8 sweeper. This corner was re-configured in 2009 and it produced some protests from many of the teams due to its speed and lack of runoff area. Turn 8 has been the site of many crashes in the various categories that have used the shortened version of the circuit.

Stag Corner (Turn 9)

Stag corner is named after the Stag Hotel.

The full Grand Prix circuit bypasses the turn onto Bartels Road and continues with a sweeping left-right-right into Stag Turn (turn 9). This leads onto the 360 m (390 yd) long Jones Straight, known as Rundle Road for the rest of the year and named after Australia's 1980 World Champion Alan Jones.

In 2017, the building and opening of the O-Bahn Busway access and tunnel running off of Grenfell Street and across the circuit where the sweeping left-right-right (turns 7, 8 and 9) were made it necessary to actually move turns 7 and 8 approximately 100 metres to the south. While not affecting the overall length of the full circuit, it would made the run from turn 6 shorter and the run to turn 9 longer. The sweeping bends were also known as Banana Bend due to its location adjacent to the Adelaide Fruit Markets.

Brewery Bend (Turn 10)

Brewery Bend is a fast right-hand sweeper named after the Kent Town Brewery that opens onto Dequetteville Terrace.

Dequetteville Terrace

The Dequetteville Terrace straight (named after Jack Brabham for Formula One and Peter Brock for the Adelaide 500) was a 900 m (980 yd) stretch where the over 1,000 bhp (746 kW; 1,014 PS) Formula One cars in the turbo era (1985–88) were reaching speeds in excess of 200 mph (320 km/h) making Adelaide easily the fastest street circuit of the time as the only others were the much tighter Monaco, Detroit and Phoenix circuits. The short form of the track rejoins Brabham Straight two-thirds of the way down, so the 640 m (700 yd) long Bartels Road straight is longest on that layout. In 2007 this section of track was renamed Brock Straight after touring car driver Peter Brock.

Britannia Roundabout / Fosters Corner (Turn 11)

Hairpin corner at the end of the Dequetteville Terrace straight

At the end of Brabham Straight is a right hand hairpin turn (at the Britannia Roundabout) that directs the driver back onto Wakefield Road.

Victoria Park (Turns 12, 13, 14 and 15)

After accelerating out of the hairpin the driver faces a left turn and a long sweeping right-hand curve back into Victoria Park behind the pit area. The lap concludes with another right-hand hairpin (Racetrack Hairpin) onto the pit straight.

The track is essentially flat except for a small valley on the Brock Straight, and a slight incline on Jones Straight, while the run-up Wakefield Road from turns 3 to 4 also has a slight incline. All of these sections of the track run in an east–west direction. The elevation ranges from 36–53 m (118–174 ft).

During the Formula One and early V8 Supercar eras the Victoria Park Racecourse, a horse racing track, was located at the park, though has since been removed.

Sprint Circuit

Between 2014 and 2018, an annual Adelaide Motorsport Festival ran on the Victoria Park Sprint Circuit, a shortened 1.4 km (0.87 mi) layout. The layout turned right along Wakefield Street after the Senna Chicane and then rejoined the main circuit for the final corners. The event had attracted older Formula 1 machinery, with Ivan Capelli holding the lap record in a March CG891. The event was returned on March 24–26, 2023; and was also held on March 15–17, 2024.

Lap records

The fastest ever recorded lap of the original 3.780 km (2.349 mi) Grand Prix Circuit was 1:13.371 by triple World Champion Ayrton Senna driving a McLaren MP4/8 Ford during qualifying for the 1993 Australian Grand Prix. However, as this was in qualifying and not a race, it does not count as the lap record.

The fastest officially recorded lap of the 3.219 km (2.000 mi) Supercars circuit is 1:16.0357 set by Aaron Cameron on 24 November 2023 driving a Rogers AF01/V8 in 2023 S5000 Australian Drivers' Championship. As of November 2024, the fastest official race lap records at Adelaide Street Circuit are listed as:

Category	Driver	Vehicle	Time	Date
Supercars Circuit: 3.219 km (1999–present)
S5000	Aaron Cameron	Rogers AF01/V8	1:16.0357	24 November 2023
GT3	Matt Campbell	Porsche 911 (992) GT3 R	1:17.2337	25 November 2023
Formula Three	Simon Hodge	Mygale M11	1:17.9726	28 February 2014
Formula Holden	Simon Wills	Reynard 94D	1:19.9556	8 April 2001
Supercars Championship	David Reynolds	Ford Mustang GT	1:19.9571	25 November 2023
Porsche Carrera Cup	Bayley Hall	Porsche 911 (992) GT3 Cup	1:20.1441	24 November 2023
Super2 Series	Ryan Wood	Holden ZB Commodore	1:20.5121	25 November 2023
Super3 Series	Cameron McLeod	Nissan Altima L33	1:21.6779	26 November 2023
GT1 (GTS)	Allan Simonsen	Ferrari 550 Millennio	1:23.1553	21 March 2004
Trans-Am Australia	Todd Hazelwood	Ford Mustang Trans Am	1:23.3466	17 November 2024
Sports Racer	Josh Hunt	West WR1000 Kawasaki	1:24.5335	13 March 2010
N-GT	Allan Simonsen	Ferrari 360 Modena GT	1:24.851	4 March 2007
GT4	Sam Brabham	Mercedes-AMG GT4	1:25.7405	3 December 2022
Formula Ford	Cameron Waters	Mygale SJ010A	1:26.5441	18 March 2011
Touring Car Masters	George Miedecke	Chevrolet Camaro RS	1:26.7998	3 December 2022
Group 3E Series Production Cars	Ray Hislop	Ford BF Falcon	1:29.4477	4 March 2018
Formula One	Pete Lovely	Lotus 49B	1:30.96	8 April 2000
Aussie Racing Cars	Joel Heinrich	Mustang-Yamaha	1:31.4449	3 December 2022
Production Cars	Chris Alajajian	Subaru Impreza WRX STi	1:32.6755	19 March 2005
SuperUtes Series	Adam Marjoram	Isuzu D-Max	1:33.6751	15 November 2024
V8 Ute Racing Series	Ryal Harris	Ford FG Falcon Ute	1:35.3306	1 March 2015
Australian Mini Challenge	Paul Stokell	Mini John Cooper Works Challenge	1:37.2144	12 March 2010
Group N Historic Touring Cars	Paul Stubber	Chevrolet Camaro SS (1969)	1:37.6254	23 March 2003
Lotus Super Series	Dean Evans	Lotus Exige	1:38.4984	26 March 2006
Australian Saloon Car Series	Bruce Heinrich	Ford EA Falcon	1:39.7741	20 March 2003
Stadium Super Trucks	Matthew Brabham	Stadium Super Truck	1:43.2613	17 November 2024
Mirage Cup	Gavin Harvey	Mitsubishi Mirage	1:43.5619	9 April 2000
HQ Holdens	Philip Collier	Holden HQ Kingswood	1:49.6988	10 April 1999
Grand Prix Circuit: 3.780 km (1985–1995, 2000)
Formula One	Damon Hill	Williams FW15C	1:15.381	7 November 1993
LMP900	Rinaldo Capello	Audi R8	1:25.2189	31 December 2000
Formula Brabham	Paul Stokell	Reynard 91D	1:29.97	12 November 1995
Formula Mondial	Ross Cheever John Bowe	Ralt RT4 Ralt RT4 Cosworth	1:33.20	2 November 1985 25 October 1986
GT1 (GTS)	Ni Amorim	Chrysler Viper GTS-R	1:35.5296	31 December 2000
Formula 2	David Brabham	Ralt RT30 Volkswagen	1:35.90	15 November 1987
Sports Sedan	Kerry Baily	Nissan 300ZX Turbo	1:36.5959	31 December 2000
ALMS GT	Dirk Müller	Porsche 911 (996) GT3-R	1:36.8501	31 December 2000
Group 3A Touring Car	John Bowe	Ford EF Falcon	1:37.72	12 November 1995
250cc Superkart	Stefan Rindeström	250cc Superkart	1:37.99	4 November 1989
Group A Touring Car	Glenn Seton	Ford Sierra RS500 Cosworth	1:42.47	4 November 1990
Ferrari Challenge	Mark Noske	Ferrari 360 Challenge	1:43.2832	31 December 2000
Formula Ford	Jason Bright	Van Diemen RF95	1:44.02	11 November 1995
Group N Touring Cars	Darren Edwards	Ford Mustang	1:53.42	11 November 1995
Group 3E Series Production Cars	Kent Youlden	Ford EA Falcon	2:02.14	3 November 1990
HQ Holdens	Peter Holmes	Holden HQ Kingswood	2:06.05	11 November 1995

Sprint circuit

The fastest recorded lap of the 1.4 km (0.87 mi) Victoria Park Sprint circuit is 0:42.5753 set by Ivan Capelli on 2 December 2018 driving a March CG891 car from the 1989 Formula One season.

Class	Driver	Vehicle	Time	Date
Outright	Ivan Capelli	March CG891 Ilmor	0:42.5753	2 December 2018

Other information

When the idea of holding a Grand Prix in the parklands was first raised, there was some opposition from people concerned about environmental damage, as the parks have a number of mature trees with birds and possums living in them. There is no larger wildlife in the parklands, as they are heavily developed. These concerns seem to have been proven unfounded, as spectators often watch magpies and rosellas when there is nothing happening on the track. Indeed, the total road traffic during race weekend is significantly less than there is any other day of the year.

The race meetings have the feature race, but also a number of races for "lesser" categories, making four days of entertainment for the crowds of spectators, without long periods of boredom that could occur if only practice and qualifying for the main event preceded it. Many of the events also have after-race concerts on a stage erected for the purpose on a playing field in the middle of the track. Some of the artists who have performed the concerts either at the Grand Prix or the Clipsal 500 include Cher, Paul Simon, Tina Turner, Daryl Braithwaite, INXS and Kiss. During her concert following the 1993 AGP, Tina Turner had an impromptu visitor in the form of the race winner and triple World Champion Ayrton Senna. Although she had already performed the song earlier, as a tribute to Senna, Turner again sung her hit song "The Best".

The stadium section also hosted the Pedal Prix and a prologue stage of the Classic Adelaide Rally and the replacement Targa Adelaide Rally.

The pit straight is used each November for the Sporting Car Club of South Australia's annual John Blanden's Climb to the Eagle. This event commenced as part of the 1985 Formula One with many well known racing identities taking part. The event sees up to 600 sports and exotic cars lined up on the starting grid before leaving to drive to Eagle on the Hill in the Adelaide Hills on the Friday of the weekend when the F1 Grand Prix was traditionally held in Adelaide. Another event held in November is the annual Toy Run which features over 1,000 motorcycle riders donating toys for under privileged children. The Toy Run moved to using the pit straight as its starting point in 2012 after previously starting from Glenelg.

• 
  Shorter route used by V8 Supercars
• 
  Longer route used by Formula 1 and ALMS

Gallery

• 
  Pole position for the Adelaide 500
• 
  Adelaide GP circuit pole position

See also

• Supercars Championship
• Formula One
• American Le Mans Series
• Australian Grand Prix
• Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit

External links

• Clipsal 500
• Adelaide Street Circuit race results at Racing-Reference
• Grandprix.com GP Encyclopedia: Circuits: Adelaide
• Satellite picture by Google Maps