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4 World Trade Center

Coordinates: 40°42′37″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7104°N 74.0119°W / 40.7104; -74.0119
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This article is about the current skyscraper known as 4 World Trade Center. For the original building that was damaged during the September 11 attacks, see 4 World Trade Center (1975-2001).

4 World Trade Center
4 World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, 2015
Map
Alternative names4 WTC
150 Greenwich Street
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeOffice, Retail
Architectural styleModern
Location150 Greenwich Street
Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
Coordinates40°42′37″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7104°N 74.0119°W / 40.7104; -74.0119
Construction startedJanuary 2008; 16 years ago (2008-01)
OpenedNovember 13, 2013; 11 years ago (2013-11-13)[3]
CostUSD $1.67 billion[1]
OwnerSilverstein Properties
Height
Roof978 ft (298 m)
Top floor74[2]
Technical details
Floor count78 (including 4 basement floors)
Floor area2,500,004 sq ft (232,258.0 m2)
Lifts/elevators55
Design and construction
Architect(s)Fumihiko Maki
DeveloperSilverstein Properties
EngineerJaros, Baum & Bolles (MEP)
Structural engineerLeslie E. Robertson Associates
Main contractorTishman Realty & Construction
Website
wtc.com/office-space/4-world-trade-center
References
[4][5][6][7]
World Trade Center
Towers
Other elements
Artwork
History

4 World Trade Center (4 WTC; also known as 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street at the southeastern corner of the World Trade Center site. Fumihiko Maki designed the 978 ft-tall (298 m) building.[8] It houses the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).[9]

The current 4 World Trade Center is the second building at the site to bear this address. The original building was a nine-story structure at the southeast corner of the World Trade Center complex. It was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, along with the rest of the World Trade Center. The current building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008, and it opened to tenants and the public on November 13, 2013. The building has 2.3 million square feet (210,000 m2) of space.

Site

[edit]
Main article: World Trade Center site

4 World Trade Center is at 150 Greenwich Street,[10] within the new World Trade Center (WTC) complex, in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The land lot is bounded by Greenwich Street to the west, Cortlandt Way to the north, Church Street to the east, and Liberty Street to the south.[11][12] Within the World Trade Center complex, nearby structures include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and Liberty Park to the southwest; the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to the west; One World Trade Center to the northwest; and the World Trade Center Transportation Hub. 2 World Trade Center, and 3 World Trade Center to the north.[13] Outside World Trade Center, nearby buildings include 195 Broadway and the Millennium Hilton New York Downtown hotel to the northeast; the American Stock Exchange Building to the south; One Liberty Plaza to the east; and Zuccotti Park to the southeast.[14][15]

Original building (1975–2001)

[edit]
Main article: 4 World Trade Center (1975–2001)
See also: World Trade Center (1973–2001) and List of tenants in 4 World Trade Center
The southwest corner of the Original 4 World Trade Center, as seen from Liberty Street. August 21, 2001.

The original 4 World Trade Center was a nine-story low-rise office building completed in 1975 that was 118 ft (36 m) tall, and located in the southeast corner of the World Trade Center site. The building was designed by Minoru Yamasaki and Emery Roth & Sons. The first tenants, the Commodities Exchange Center, started to move into the building in January 1977.[16] On July 1, 1977, the Mercantile Traders finalized the move.[17] The building's major tenants were Deutsche Bank (Floor 4, 5, and 6) and the New York Board of Trade (Floors 7, 8, and 9). The building's side facing Liberty Street housed the entrance to The Mall at the World Trade Center on the basement concourse level of the WTC.

4 World Trade Center was home to commodities exchanges on what was at the time one of the world's largest trading floors (featured in the Eddie Murphy movie Trading Places). These commodities exchanges collectively had 12 trading pits.[18][19]

Destruction

[edit]

The World Trade Center's Twin Towers were destroyed during the September 11 attacks, creating debris that destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, such as the original 4 World Trade Center.[20] Much of the southern two-thirds of the building was destroyed, and the remaining north portion virtually destroyed, as a result of the collapse of the South Tower. The structure was subsequently demolished to make way for reconstruction.

At the time of the September 11 attacks, the building's commodities exchanges had 30.2 million ounces (860,000,000 g) of silver coins and 379,036 ounces (10,745,500 g) of gold coins in the basement.[21] The coins in the basement were worth an estimated $200 million.[22] Much of the coins had been removed by November 2001;[22] trucks transported the coins out of the basement through an intact but abandoned section of the Downtown Hudson Tubes.[23] Many coins belonging to the Bank of Nova Scotia were purchased in 2002, repackaged by the Professional Coin Grading Service, and resold to collectors.[24]

[edit]
  • Former site plan, with original 4 World Trade Center at the southeast corner.
    Former site plan, with original 4 World Trade Center at the southeast corner.
  • WTC complex and neighboring buildings, on September 23, 2001. Remaining portion of 4 WTC visible at southeast corner. Footprints of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC highlighted.
    WTC complex and neighboring buildings, on September 23, 2001. Remaining portion of 4 WTC visible at southeast corner. Footprints of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC highlighted.
  • Site of 4 WTC in NOAA aerial image, oriented with south at left of image (September 23, 2001). Much of 4 WTC is destroyed (entire left of image), with only the damaged northern portion identifiable (at right).
    Site of 4 WTC in NOAA aerial image, oriented with south at left of image (September 23, 2001). Much of 4 WTC is destroyed (entire left of image), with only the damaged northern portion identifiable (at right).
  • A bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center complex, September 17, 2001, with the original locations of the buildings.
    A bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center complex, September 17, 2001, with the original locations of the buildings.

Current building

[edit]

Site redevelopment

[edit]

Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001.[25] His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks.[26] In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.[27] The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003.[28][29] The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.[30][31] By July 2004, two towers were planned on the southeast corner of the site: the 62-story 3 World Trade Center and the 58-story 4 World Trade Center.[30] The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.[32] The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.[33][34]

Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki was hired to design the new 4 World Trade Center, on the eastern part of the World Trade Center site at 150 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers were selected as the architects for 2 and 3 World Trade Center, respectively.[35][36] The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006.[11][12] 4 World Trade Center would be a 61-story, 947-foot-tall (289 m) building.[11][37][38] The building would have contained 146,000 sq ft (13,600 m2) of retail space in its base and 1.8×10^6 sq ft (170,000 m2) of offices. The lower stories would have had a trapezoidal plan, changing to a parallelogram on the upper stories.[11] The lowest stories of 4 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall.[39] The same month, PANYNJ agreed to occupy 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) within 4 WTC,[40] paying $59 per square foot ($640/m2), a lower rental rate than what Silverstein had wanted.[41][42] The city government offered to rent another 581,000 square feet (54,000 m2),[43] thus allowing Silverstein to obtain a mortgage loan for the tower's construction.[44] Silverstein would be allowed to evict the city government if he could rent out the space at market rate.[43]

As part of the project, Cortlandt Street (which had been closed to make way for the original World Trade Center) was planned to be rebuilt between 3 and 4 WTC.[45] The plans for Cortlandt Street affected the design of the lower stories of both 3 and 4 WTC, as one of the proposals called for an enclosed shopping atrium along the path of Cortlandt Street, connecting the two buildings.[46] The street was eventually rebuilt as an outdoor path.[47] Final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were announced in September 2007.[48][49] The three buildings would comprise the commercial eastern portion of the new World Trade Center, contrasting with the memorial in the complex's western section.[50] At the time, construction of 4 WTC was planned to begin in January 2008.[51] As part of its agreement with the PANYNJ, Silverstein Properties was obliged to complete 3 and 4 WTC by the end of 2011.[52]

Construction

[edit]

Initial progress

[edit]
Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild

In 2007, the PANYNJ started constructing the East Bathtub, a 6.7-acre (2.7 ha) site that was to form the foundations of 3 and 4 WTC.[53] The process involved excavating a trench around the site to a depth of 70 feet (21 m), then constructing a slurry wall around the site.[54] The PANYNJ was supposed to give the site to Silverstein Properties at the end of 2007; the contractors would have received a $10 million bonus if they had completed the work early.[55] If Silverstein did not receive the site by January 1, 2008, the PANYNJ would pay Silverstein $300,000 per day until the site was transferred.[53][56] The agency ultimately gave the site to Silverstein on February 17, 2008.[57][58] The PANYNJ paid a $14.4 million penalty for turning over the site 48 days after the deadline.[55]

The PANYNJ voted in early 2008 to extend the deadline for 4 WTC's completion to April 2012.[52][59] Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk.[60] A study published in early 2009 predicted that 4 WTC, the first of Silverstein's three towers at the World Trade Center site, would not be fully leased until 2014 due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[61] 4 WTC's construction was temporarily halted that March after city officials found that workers were operating a construction crane without a permit.[62] Disputes between the PANYNJ and Silverstein continued through late 2008, when Silverstein claimed that the agency owed him $300,000 per day for failing to demolish a barrier around the site, as the barrier prevented him from erecting the tower's foundations. The PANYNJ claimed that the barrier was several feet outside the excavation site and that it did not owe Silverstein anything.[63] That December, an arbitration panel ruled that the PANYNJ owed Silverstein an extra $20.1 million.[64]

By May 2009, Silverstein wanted the PANYNJ to fund the construction of 2 and 4 WTC, but the PANYNJ was only willing to provide funding for 4 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein.[65][66] At the time, the PANYNJ had leased one-third of 4 WTC's office space, but no tenant had been signed for 2 WTC.[67] Silverstein also held an option to lease space to the city government for $59 per square foot ($640/m2), but he was reluctant to exercise the option, since he believed that market-rate rents for the space would increase drastically when the building opened.[66] Silverstein expressed confidence that the building would attract financial tenants since it was close to Wall Street.[68] Three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 4 WTC's power.[69] By the end of that year, the building had reached the tenth story; the project to date had been funded entirely by insurance proceeds.[70]

Funding and completion

[edit]

A New York state board voted in November 2010 to allow Silverstein to finance 4 WTC and another tower with up to $200 million of bonds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.[71] Silverstein also wanted to sell $1.36 billion worth of Liberty bonds to fund 4 WTC's completion.[72] Silverstein decided in December 2010 to postpone the bond offering because of instability in the municipal bond market.[70][73] Early the next year, he exercised his option to lease space to the New York City government.[74][75] After the muni market stabilized, the PANYNJ planned to vote on the Liberty bond offering in early 2011.[76] The vote was delayed after several institutional investors objected to the fact that the Liberty bonds would have greater seniority than a bond offering that had previously been placed on the building.[77] If the Liberty bonds were not sold by the end of that year, Silverstein would not have enough money to complete the tower.[78]

Meanwhile, during early 2011, the building was constructed at an average rate of one floor per week,[79][80] and the building had reached the 23rd floor by May 2011.[80][81] After five months of negotiations, the PANYNJ announced a revised financing plan for the tower in September 2011, in which the Liberty bonds were subordinate to the existing bond offering.[82][83] The agency started selling Liberty bonds in November 2011.[84][85] The building's steel frame was built first, followed by the concrete core and the exterior curtain wall.[79] The building had reached the 61st story by the beginning of 2012.[86] A cable on one of the building's construction cranes snapped on February 16, 2012, dropping a steel beam 40 stories;[87][88] no one was seriously injured, and work resumed shortly afterward.[89] The building's superstructure was topped out on June 26, 2012, when workers installed the final steel beam on the 72nd floor.[90][91] In the two days after the tower's topping-out, there were two construction accidents, neither of which resulted in serious injuries.[92]

The building's basements were flooded in late 2012 during Hurricane Sandy, although the tower was still expected to be completed the following year.[93] Structural steel and concrete completed by June 1, 2013, followed by the removal of construction fencing in September 2013.[94] The building opened on November 13, 2013, along with the neighboring section of Greenwich Street.[95][96] It was the second tower to open as part of the new World Trade Center, after 7 World Trade Center.[97] 4 World Trade Center had cost US$1.67 billion to build, having been funded by insurance payouts and Liberty bonds.[98] At the time, the PANYNJ and the city government were the building's only tenants.[99][100] Though the two governmental tenants collectively occupied around 60 percent of the building,[101][102] the Financial Times reported that some of the space could be subleased.[101] Janno Lieber of Silverstein Properties expressed optimism that the building's design would attract tenants, saying: "We have a building that's going to feel like a tower on Park Avenue."[99]

  • Construction on March 26, 2011.
    Construction on March 26, 2011.
  • Construction on August 7, 2011.
    Construction on August 7, 2011.
  • Construction on October 4, 2011.
    Construction on October 4, 2011.
  • Construction on March 12, 2012.
    Construction on March 12, 2012.
  • Construction on October 17, 2012.
    Construction on October 17, 2012.

Usage

[edit]
West and south facades with reflection of One World Trade Center

The first tenants to move in were the PANYNJ and the city government.[103] The New York City government leased 581,642 sq ft (54,036.3 m2) of space in the completed building.[104] The PANYNJ leased approximately 600,766 sq ft (55,813.0 m2) for its headquarters,[105][104] having relocated in 2015 from 225 Park Avenue South in Gramercy Park, Manhattan.[106] When 4 WTC opened, there was relatively low demand for office space in lower Manhattan, in part because many of the area's financial firms were downsizing their spaces.[107][108] There was so little demand for office space in the new tower that Silverstein rented out the vacant space for events, charging $50,000 per day for each floor.[109][110] According to The Wall Street Journal, these included a Super Bowl commercial, a film shoot for the 2014 movie Annie, and a wine-tasting event.[110]

By July 2015, the tower was 62 percent leased.[111] A February 2017 announcement by Spotify that it would lease floors 62 through 72 for its United States headquarters, along with a subsequent expansion announcement that July, brought 4 World Trade Center to full occupancy.[112][113] SportsNet New York, carrier of New York Mets broadcasts, moved its headquarters from 1271 Avenue of the Americas to an 83,000 sq ft (7,700 m2) facility in 4 WTC.[114] The SportsNet New York studios in 4 WTC also double as the New York City studios for NFL Network, hosting their morning show Good Morning Football.[115]

Silver Art Projects, a nonprofit organization operated by Larry Silverstein's grandson Cory Silverstein, opened 28 art studios on the 28th floor in 2020.[116][117] Twenty-five of the studios are reserved for the program's artists, who are selected through an annual application process and occupy each studio for free, while the remaining three studios are for the program's mentors.[117]

Architecture

[edit]

4 WTC is described as being either 977 feet (298 m)[98][118] or 978 feet (298 m) tall,[119][120] with 2.3 million square feet (210,000 m2) of office space.[121]

Form and facade

[edit]
Upper windows reflecting the Hudson River; viewed from One World Observatory

The facade is a curtain wall with glass panes that span the full height of each story.[79] The facade consists of glass panes measuring 5 feet (1.5 m) wide and 13 or 14 feet (4.0 or 4.3 m) tall.[102] Most of the facade is made of reflective glass, except at the lobby, where the facade is made of clear glass.[122] Five of the lowest stories are mechanical floors and contain narrow vertical louvers. The western facade of the tower, which faces the National September 11 Memorial, does not have louvers.[98] The New York Daily News wrote that Maki and Associates wanted the building's design to "pay deference to the memorial".[97] Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the MEP engineer.[123]

According to Engineering News-Record, Maki and Associates had designed 4 WTC as a "minimalist tower with an abstract sculptural presence".[79] The upper floors accommodate offices using two distinct floor shapes. Floors 7 to 46 each span 44,000 square feet (4,100 m2) and are parallelogram in plan, reflecting the shape of the World Trade Center site. the shape of a parallelogram. Floors 48 to 63 each cover 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2) and are trapezoidal in plan.[79] At the two obtuse angles of the parallelogram, there are deep grooves along the facade.[98] The top story contains a penthouse office.[124]

Structural features

[edit]

The structural engineer for the building is Leslie E. Robertson Associates, founded by Robertson, the chief engineer for the original Twin Towers in the 1960s.[125] The tower's foundation is composed of concrete footings that descend to the underlying bedrock. When the original World Trade Center was developed, the contractors found that there was a gap in the bedrock at the southeast corner of the site. Although the bedrock under most of the site is 70 feet (21 m) deep, the southeast corner contains a pothole, where the bedrock descends to 110 feet (34 m) because of erosion during the Last Glacial Period.[126] The current tower's foundation is surrounded by a slurry wall.[54] The slurry wall is largely anchored to the bedrock, except at the southeast corner of the site, where the pothole made this impossible.[126]

DCM Erectors manufactured the steel for the building's superstructure.[127][128] The superstructure consists of a steel frame weighing 25,000 short tons (22,000 long tons; 23,000 t). In addition, the building uses 100,000 cubic yards (76,000 m3) of concrete and 17,000 short tons (15,000 long tons; 15,000 t) of rebar. The center of the tower contains a mechanical core made of reinforced concrete, which includes mechanical equipment, stairs, and elevators.[79] Schindler manufactured the building's elevators, which operate at a speed of 1,800 feet per minute (550 m/min).[129][130] The retail space on the lower stories contains six escalators, two passenger elevators, and two freight elevators. The upper stories are served by 37 elevators, which consist of 34 passenger elevators and three service elevators.[130]

Interior

[edit]

Lower stories

[edit]
Retail facade and east entrance on Church Street

Six floors are used for retail. They consist of the ground floor, the three floors immediately above the ground floor as well as the two floors below ground.[79] The retail space occupies the eastern part of the ground floor.[98] The lower levels of the building are used by retail businesses, including Eataly.[131] These are connected via an underground shopping mall and concourse, connecting to the PATH and the New York City Subway via the World Trade Center Transportation Hub.[95][132]

The building's ground-floor lobby is two stories high,[133] with a 46-foot (14 m) ceiling.[132][118] The lobby occupies the western part of the ground floor, facing the National September 11 Memorial.[98][134] The space contains wood-beamed ceilings, white-granite floors,[95] and Swedish black granite walls.[98][134] Suspended from the lobby's ceiling is Kozo Nishino's sculpture Sky Memory,[119][135] which consists of seven pieces of titanium trusses collectively weighing 474 pounds (215 kg).[122] Sky Memory measures 98 feet (30 m) across and hangs 22 feet (6.7 m) above the floor.[122][135] The lobby also contains Vandal Gummy, a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m) sculpture of a bear by street artist WhIsBe.[136] The artist Ivan Navarro designed an LED sculpture near the bottom of the lobby's escalators.[137] Leading from the lobby are three hallways, where video art is displayed on wood-paneled walls.[133][138] The Wall Street Journal wrote that 4 WTC's lobby "will be the largest lobby by volume in New York".[138]

Critical reception

[edit]

When the building was being constructed, David W. Dunlap of The New York Times wrote that 4 WTC was "the biggest skyscraper New Yorkers have never heard of".[139] The Wall Street Journal wrote that the lobby "offers a grand front to the World Trade Center Memorial" and that the effect of the lobby's design "is intriguingly calming for a building soon to rest at the heart of the Financial District."[138] Upon the tower's opening, Daniel Libeskind wrote: "The WTC site has emerged from 12 years of contention and construction to become what we all hoped it would be: a place that will show the world everything that is great about cities, especially New York."[140]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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