James Watson House

	James Watson House
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	New York City Landmark No. 0036
	James Watson House (right) next to the Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton
Location	7 State Street, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates	40°42′9.04″N 74°0′50.77″W / 40.7025111°N 74.0141028°W
Built	1793, 1806 (extension)
Architect	John McComb, Jr. (west ext., attributed)
Architectural style	Federal, Georgian
NRHP reference No.	72000891
NYCL No.	0036
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	July 24, 1972
Designated NYCL	November 23, 1965

The James Watson House, at 7 State Street between Pearl and Water Streets in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1793 and extended in 1806, and is now the rectory of the Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton.^[3] It is located near the southern tip of Manhattan Island, across from Battery Park.

History

Early history

James Watson was the first Speaker of the New York State Assembly and a Federalist member of the New York and United States Senates. He was a Yale University graduate who became a prosperous importer-exporter. Once part of a row of late-eighteenth-century mansions, the building recalls the time when New York's merchant families lived at Manhattan's southern tip, near the river, in order to have an unobstructed harbor view and to be in close proximity to their shipping interests. At that time it was numbered 6 State Street.

In 1806 Watson sold the house to Moses Rogers and the address was changed to 7 State Street. Rogers was the brother-in-law of shipping magnate, Archibald Gracie, who built the spacious home on the northeast side of Manhattan that came to be known as Gracie Mansion. Moses Rogers combined his house with the residence next door which sat significantly back due to the curve of the street. In order to create a unified facade, a colonnaded portico was added, reportedly using masts from his fleet of merchant ships which he was converting to steam power. The architect of the eastern (original) half is unknown, but the western extension, next to the church, is attributed to John McComb, Jr.^[4]

With the exodus of wealthy families northward, the building housed the office of the Ithaca Line.^[5] The United States government took it over during the Civil War. Afterwards it became the headquarters of the Harbor's Pilot Commissioners.^[6]

Immigrant services

A bad harvest in Ireland in 1879, combined with Irish political turmoil, led to much emigration to America. Between 1856 and 1921, 3.6 million emigrants left Ireland for North America; a majority of them were women. For every eight Irishmen who left between 1871 and 1951, ten Irishwomen emigrated. Eighty-nine percent of those women were single and younger than twenty-four.^[7]

On a visit to Queenstown, the main port of embarkation, Charlotte Grace O'Brien was appalled at the conditions faced by immigrant women, who encountered overcrowded, overpriced lodgings and robbery. In April 1882 she opened the 105-bed "O'Brien Emigrants Home", a boarding-house for the reception and protection of girls on the point of emigrating. She also visited the ships for which her lodgers were destined, along with a medical officer. Finally, O'Brien sailed to New York to investigate conditions upon arrival.^[7]

O'Brien found little effort to provide food or drink or accommodation at the Castle Garden entry facility and illiterate young women being tricked into prostitution through spurious offers of employment.^[8] She contacted Archbishop John Ireland, who through his contacts with the Irish Catholic Association, arranged the establishment of an information bureau at Castle Garden. Ireland also contacted Cardinal John McCloskey, Archbishop of New York, about providing a chaplain specifically for immigrants arriving at Castle Garden.^[9]

John J. Riordan

The Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary for the Protection of Irish Immigrant Girls opened on January 1, 1884, with the appointment of Rev. John J. Riordan as the first chaplain at Castle Garden. Immigrant girls needing accommodation were placed in local boarding houses until May 1 when a Home for Immigrant Girls was opened at 7 Broadway. In 1885, the Watson House at 7 State Street was purchased from Isabella Wallace for the Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary to serve as a way station for young immigrant women.^[4]

Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary

John J. Riordan, chaplain at Castle Garden, was the first Director until his untimely death from pneumonia, at age thirty-six, on December 15, 1887.^[10] He was followed by the Rev. Hugh J. Kelly, as Director of the Mission, who in turn was succeeded by Rev. Michael Callaghan. In May 1890, a fair was held over three weeks, to raise funds to meet the mortgage, which was in danger of foreclosure. Frances Folsom Cleveland, who at that time was residing with her husband in New York City between Presidential terms, presided over a flower booth. In the sixteen years ending with July 1, 1899, 476,149 Irish people landed in New York, of which 249,995 were women, nearly all under forty years of age.^[11]

The Mission used its influence to persuade steamship lines to better safeguard their immigrant passengers. It guided those at landing who intended to proceed by rail or steamboat to another destination. It provided a home on State Street for 70,000 girls whose friends did not show up on the day of arrived, or who had no one expecting them, or who were unable to proceed on their journey. It attempted to locate relatives of those who had only an incomplete address, and examined the fitness of those claiming to be relatives and friends who called for the immigrant. It secured positions for over 12,000 young women, mostly in domestic services, for those ready to go to work. and it provided an on-site chapel for spiritual support.^[11]

The house was designated a New York City Landmark in 1965, and in 1972 was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

References

Notes

^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
^ White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
^ ^a ^b "Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton and James Watson House" on the New York Architectural Images website
^ Williams, Edwin. William's New York Annual, J. Leavitt, 1840
^ ""Watson House", The Battery Heritage Foundation". Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
^ ^a ^b Miller, Chandra. "‘Tumbling Into the Fight’ Charlotte Grace O’Brien (1845-1909); The Emigrant’s Advocate", History Ireland, Vol. 4, Issue 4 (Winter 1996)
^ Owen, William Benjamin. "O'Brien, Charlotte Grace", Dictionary of National Biography, 1912
^ ""Charlotte Grace O'Brien", The Battery Heritage Foundation". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
^ "A Priest's Work Ended.; The Reverend John J. Riordan, So Well Known At Castle Garden, Dead.", New York Times, December 16, 1887
^ ^a ^b Henry, Michael J., Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary for the Protection of Irish Immigrant Girls, New York, 1900

Further reading

Henry, Michael J., Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary for the Protection of Irish Immigrant Girls, New York, 1900

External links

NYC-Architecture.com
Watson House (Historic American Buildings Survey photographs, with descriptions and history), American Memory project, Library of Congress

[nris-1] "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.

[aia-2] White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.

[nycland-3] New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.

[archNY-4] "Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton and James Watson House" on the New York Architectural Images website

[williams-5] Williams, Edwin. William's New York Annual, J. Leavitt, 1840

[6] ""Watson House", The Battery Heritage Foundation". Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2015-08-10.

[Miller-7] Miller, Chandra. "‘Tumbling Into the Fight’ Charlotte Grace O’Brien (1845-1909); The Emigrant’s Advocate", History Ireland, Vol. 4, Issue 4 (Winter 1996)

[8] Owen, William Benjamin. "O'Brien, Charlotte Grace", Dictionary of National Biography, 1912

[9] ""Charlotte Grace O'Brien", The Battery Heritage Foundation". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-10.

[10] "A Priest's Work Ended.; The Reverend John J. Riordan, So Well Known At Castle Garden, Dead.", New York Times, December 16, 1887

[Henry-11] Henry, Michael J., Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary for the Protection of Irish Immigrant Girls, New York, 1900

[2]

[3]

[1]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

v t e New York City historic sites
National Register	Manhattan Below 14th St 14th–59th Sts 59th–110th Sts Above 110th St Smaller islands Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx National Historic Landmarks New York City
City Landmarks	Manhattan Below 14th St 14th–59th Sts 59th–110th Sts Above 110th St Smaller islands Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx Scenic landmarks

v t e U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York
Topics	Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types
Lists by county	Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates
Lists by city	Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers
Other lists	Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks New York City Outside New York City
Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal