4 Baruch
Fourth Baruch is a pseudepigraphical text of the Old Testament. Paralipomena of Jeremiah appears as the title in several Ancient Greek manuscripts of the work, meaning "things left out of (the Book of) Jeremiah."[1] It is part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible.
Description
[edit]Fourth Baruch is regarded as pseudepigraphical by all Christian churches, except the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (see Rest of the Words of Baruch).
The text is known in both full-length and reduced versions. The full-length versions came down to us in Greek (older manuscripts dated 10th–11th centuries[2] and 15th century[3]), in Ethiopic Ge'ez (titled Rest of the Words of Baruch, the older manuscript dated to the 15th century), in Armenian,[4] and in Slavic.[5] The shortened versions have come down to us in Greek (named Meneo), Romanian and Slavic.[6]
4 Baruch is usually dated to the first half of the 2nd century AD. Abimelech's sleep of 66 years, instead of the usual 70 years of Babylonian captivity, makes scholars tend toward the year AD 136, that is, 66 years after the fall of the Second Temple in AD 70. This dating is coherent with the message of the text.[2]
4 Baruch uses a simple and fable-like style, with speech-making animals, fruit that never rots, and an eagle sent by the Lord that revives the dead.
Some parts of 4 Baruch appear to have been added in the Christian era, such as the last chapter; due to these insertions, some scholars consider 4 Baruch to have Christian origins.[2] Like the greater prophets, it advocates the divorce of foreign wives and exile of those who will not do so. According to 4 Baruch, the Samaritans are the descendants of such mixed marriages.
Content
[edit]The Lord reveals to Jeremiah that Jerusalem will be destroyed because of the impiety of the Israelites. Jeremiah informs Baruch, and that night they see angels open the door to the city. Jeremiah is instructed by the Lord to miraculously hide in the earth the vestments of the high priest of the Temple. The Chaldeans enter Jerusalem, and Jeremiah follows the Israelites into exile, while Baruch remains in Jerusalem. Abimelech (= Ebedmelech the Ethiopian of Jeremiah 38:7) falls asleep for 66 years and awakens next to a basket of figs, preserved perfectly fresh. Because the figs are fresh out of season, Abimelech realizes that he slept for years miraculously. Abimelech reunites with Baruch. They want to communicate with Jeremiah, who is still in Babylon, so Baruch prays to the Lord, who sends him an eagle. The eagle takes a letter and some of the figs to Jeremiah. It finds Jeremiah officiating at a funeral and alights on the corpse, bringing it back to life, thus announcing the end of the exile. The Israelites return to Jerusalem, but only those men who have no foreign wives are allowed to pass the Jordan.
History of the Babylonian captivity
[edit]This Jewish pseudepigraphical text belongs to the cycle of Baruch and is related to 4 Baruch. It is longer and probably older than 4 Baruch.[7][8] It has very few and circumscribed Christian insertions and it hasn't the fable-like style of 4 Baruch. Abimelech's sleep is here of 70 years, the usual duration of the Babylonian captivity.
The original Greek is lost, but we have Sahidic Coptic manuscripts[9] and, even if less ancient, Arabic Garshuni manuscripts[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Paraleipomena Jeremiah English".
- ^ a b c manuscripts n. 6 and n. 34 of the Jerusalem Taphos Library, published in Harris J. R. The Rest of the Words of Baruch: a Christian Apocalypse of the year 136 AD, The text revised with an Introduction, London-Cambridge 1889; it is also known the P. Paris Greek Manuscript 1534 (11th century)
- ^ n. AF,IX,31 of Biblioteca Braidensis of Milan, published in 1868 by Ceriani
- ^ n. 920 of Etchmiadzin Library dated 1465, published in 1895 by Ter Mkrtcian
- ^ Long form of 4 Baruch was translated and edited by R. A. Kraft and A. -E. Purintun, Paraleipomena Jeremiou, Society of Biblical Literature., 1972, pp. 12-48. Cited in S. E. Robinson, 4 Baruch (First To Second Centuries A.D.). A New Translation and Introduction, in James H. Charlesworth (1985), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company Inc., Volume 2, ISBN 0-385-09630-5 (Vol. 1), ISBN 0-385-18813-7 (Vol. 2), pp. 413-414.
- ^ Turdeanu E. Apocryphes slaves et roumain de l'Ancient Testament, Leiden 1981
- ^ Kuhn, K.H. A Coptic Jeremiah Apocryphon Le Muséon 83 (1970)
- ^ Rosenstiehl Histoire de la Captivité de Babylone, Introduction, traduction et notes Strasbourg, 1980
- ^ complete text in M. 578 (9th century) of the Morgan Library & Museum, edited by Kuhn 1970
- ^ Bibliothèque Nationale: Syr. 65 (dated 1594 and edited by Leroy-Dib 1910 and by Mingana 1927) and Syr. 238 (dated 1474 and edited by Coquin 1995)
External links
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