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2020 Zagreb flash flood

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2020 Zagreb flash flood
Satellite picture of Croatia affected by the storm system of 24–25 July 2020
Date24–25 July 2020
LocationZagreb, Croatia
CauseHeavy rain, combined sewer system failure
Deaths1

On the night of 24–25 July 2020, after 21:00 local time (CEST, 19:00 UTC), Zagreb, Croatia, was struck by a storm which produced one of the worst flash floods in the city's history. An episode of intense rainfall dumped more than 50 millimetres (2 in) of rain within two hours. The torrential streams of the mountain overlying Zagreb surged and overwhelmed the city's combined sewer system, causing flooding. The effects were worst felt in the inner city, notably Ilica, Donji grad, and Trnje, though many suburbs were also affected, including Buzin, Črnomerec, Jankomir, and Maksimir. Public transport and automobile traffic ceased in many streets, while trapped people had to be rescued from flooded cars and apartments. A firefighter died at an intervention. No financial estimate of damages was released by the authorities. The city government reported receiving over 2,000 damage claims during an eight-day filing period.

Zagreb lies on the foothills of Medvednica mountain, with the inner city squeezed on a floodplain between the mountain and the River Sava. Both the mountain streams and the river have produced deadly floods in the past. A system of flood defences has since been created to prevent flooding, and is under the jurisdiction of the state water management company, Hrvatske vode. However, in spite of flash flood hazard warnings issued by Croatian and international agencies in the preceding 48 hours, the flood defences were not activated. A group of Trnje residents broke into the empty building of the Kuniščak dam, which functions as the outlet to many of the torrential streams, and opened the dam to drain the flood waters from the city. In the following days, a controversy ensued about who was responsible for the dam being closed, and its control building locked and unstaffed. Hrvatske vode, the mayor, and the city's water and sewer utility company all denied responsibility for the flood and faced criticism from the public. Additionally, a local man broke in and operated the dam controls was arrested by the police in an incident described by some as a case of police brutality, prompting a public outcry. Hrvatske vode filed a police complaint for breaking and entering against the group of residents. The man was exonerated of all charges in May 2021.

Background

[edit]
Medveščak stream near its source at Kraljičin zdenac

Zagreb faces flooding hazard from two sources: the River Sava, which caused the devastating flood of 1964; and the so-called Zagreb streams of Medvednica Mountain, on whose southern side the city lies.[1][2][3] There are several dozen streams on the Zagreb-facing side of Medvednica.[4][5] They are known for torrential flow during rainstorms.[6] A particularly violent flash flood occurred in July 1651, when the Medveščak stream overflowed during a night-time storm, washing away numerous houses and trees in Potok Street and causing 52 deaths.[7][8][9] Flood defences were built around Medveščak as early as the 17th century.[7] The last major flooding event in the city was the overflowing of Zagreb streams during record rains of 3–4 July 1989,[5][10][11][12] causing flooding in the area from the Zagreb Zoo in Maksimir Street to Žitnjak,[13] which prompted the construction of retentions and sluices to control the drainage of storm waters from Medvednica foothills, as well as channelling and covering of Zagreb streams.[14] As of 2004, 19 out of planned 39 retentions had been built. No new retentions have been constructed since.[15][16][17] Risk of flooding from Zagreb streams is exacerbated by the city's geography. The terrain transitions abruptly from hills to impermeable highly urbanised river lowland, occasionally overwhelming the sewer system during heavy rainfall events.[18][19]

On 23 July at 02:00 CEST the European Flood Awareness System issued a flood warning for Central Croatia.[20][21][22] The Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (Croatian: Državni hidrometeorološki zavod, DHMZ) had issued a red Meteoalarm thunderstorm warning, the highest level, for 24 July in Central Croatia, specifying a danger of flash flooding and power failures, and expected rainfall over 50 mm (2.0 in).[23][24][25] The European Storm Forecast Experiment issued a Level 2 alert for an area including Zagreb, warning of possibilities of large hail, severe wind gusts and tornadoes, and noting that "an excessive rainfall risk could arise over parts of Slovenia and Croatia during the overnight hours."[26]

Meteorological history

[edit]

An upper-level trough with cool air was approaching Croatia from the Alps in the west, meeting humid air arriving from the sea in the southwest. Together with orographic lift stemming from coastal Dinaric Alps, this created conditions highly conducive to forming strong thunderstorms, signalled by high convective available potential energy (CAPE) and deep layer wind shear of 10–20 m/s (20–40 kn).[27][11] Severe thunderstorms first developed during the night of 23–24 July over northern Italy.[27] By mid-day, storms began forming over Croatia. Hail was recorded in Istria, and in the afternoon a flash flood struck Senj, a coastal city south of Zagreb.[11][27][28] Storms also caused damage in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with flash flooding and high winds recorded in Tuzla.[27]

The storm cell which caused flooding formed southwest of the city around 21:00 CEST. As the trough turned into a low, the storm system stalled over Zagreb around 21:45, causing heavy rainfall and a high incidence of lightning. The storm dropped unusually high amounts of rain over a short period of time.[11] The Zagreb-Grič meteorological station, which has kept hourly rainfall records since 1910,[11][29] measured a record-breaking 58.9 millimetres (2.32 in) of rain in the one-hour period from 21:00 to 22:00 and a total of 77.0 mm (3.03 in) from 21:00 to 23:00, the latter occurrence having a return period of over 400 years. The Zagreb-Maksimir station measured 51.5 mm (2.03 in) in the same time period, an amount with a 76-year return period. The 24-hour totals were 89 mm (3.5 in) for Grič, 70 mm (2.8 in) for Mt Sljeme, Medvednica's peak, and 65 mm (2.6 in) for Maksimir, in places higher than the average for the entire month of July, but fell short of the rainfall of the 1989 flash flood and the 24-hour rainfall records established in 1926.[11] In an average year, the rainiest day sees 47.6 mm (1.87 in) of precipitation.[3]

Flooding

[edit]
External videos
video icon Videos of flooding in Zagreb, collected and published by 24 sata (Croatia).

The rainfall quickly caused torrential flow in the Zagreb streams. Water level of the Štefanovec stream rose nearly sixfold in a short period of time. According to the DHMZ, overflowing of streams was avoided due to summer low water levels and the precipitation being concentrated on Zagreb city centre, but the high amount of inflowing water strained the mixed sewage–stormwater drain system in the inner city, causing flooding in substantial areas of Zagreb.[30] The flooding was worst in the city centre,[20] which lies south of the transition to lowlands, on the River Sava floodplain which is protected from river waters by embankments.[12] Water interrupted tram traffic and rendered major streets and underpasses impassable, while the failure of the sewer system caused water to back into homes and buildings.[20][25]

Areas affected by flooding included Ilica street, British Square,[25][31][32] Donji grad district, Trnje, Stara Trešnjevka,[25] Rudeš,[33] Jazbina,[34] Črnomerec neighbourhood of Šestinski dol[35][36][37] Jankomir, and Buzin.[38] In Črnomerec, Fraterščica Road was closed due to water damage, while drivers had to be helped out of stranded cars in numerous places.[38] Torrential flow blocked the Črnomerec stream culvert at Črnomerec Road, later causing flooding during another hailstorm on 26 July.[39]

In the low-lying district of Trnje, local residents reported that the flood arrived after 22:00, blowing out manhole covers before entering homes. The water accumulated until some of the residents broke into the empty, flooded control room of the Kuniščak dam and managed to open the sluice gate, after which the water level in the neighbourhood receded.[40][41][42][43] According to the residents, the flood tripped the building's residual-current device, so one of them manually operated the control valve.[41] The Kuniščak dam on the Sava's left embankment is part of Zagreb metropolitan area's flood defence system. The dam controls water flow between Sava and many Zagreb streams[44] whose natural mouths have been blocked and flows re-routed to prevent backward flow at high Sava water levels.[17] The dam is managed by Hrvatske vode, who could not be reached during the emergency according to the residents.[45] According to Vodoopskrba i odvodnja (ViO), Zagreb's public water and sewer utility company, the flooding was additionally exacerbated because all 19 retentions on Zagreb streams were left opened. The retentions are intended to be closed when flooding is likely, in order to retard the water flow, thus preventing flash floods downstream.[17]

The flood claimed a single indirect fatality, a volunteer firefighter who died while responding to an emergency.[46][47][48][49] Among the injured was a disabled man who was helped out of his car by a passerby after his car was dragged by the torrent into a underpass under 2.5 metres (8 ft) of water.[50][51][52][53][54][55] There were several thousand calls to emergency services. Around 23:00, Zagreb Fire Department requested that citizens not call them except in cases of extreme urgency.[24][56] There were around 50 ambulance interventions.[57]

Kuniščak dam

[edit]
The Kuniščak dam control building
External videos
video icon Water flowing through Kuniščak dam two hours after the dam was opened, by unnamed Trnje resident, published by 24 sata (Croatia).

The closed sluice gate quickly became a point of controversy. Both the City of Zagreb and Hrvatske vode, the state company responsible for flood protection, disavowed responsibility for the inactivated flood defences. On 26 July, Hrvatske vode held a press conference at the Kuniščak dam, denying responsibility for the flood. The representatives cited lack of urgency due to low water in Sava, at 161 cm (5 ft 3 in) below the zero level, as the reason for not staffing the dam.[58] They were heckled by assembled residents.[59][60] The following day, Hrvatske vode stated on the Otvoreno talk show that the sluice gate was closed to avoid river water backing into the city, and because all wastewater was intended for the wastewater treatment plant at the main wastewater canal (Gradski odvodni kanal, GOK), which also has an outlet into Sava, downriver from Zagreb.[17] The ViO director credited a new interceptor sewer in eastern Zagreb with saving the neighbourhoods of Trnava and Sesvete,[61] which are not connected to the treatment plant.[62][63] Hrvatske vode later stated that it had been ViO's responsibility to staff the dam, and that flash flooding is not their area of responsibility.[22][64]

During a storm on 3 August, the sluice gate was staffed by Hrvatske vode due to "expected water level rises in ephemeral water courses",[22] and was opened to prevent flooding. In response to a subsequent media inquiry, Hrvatske vode stated that they would have opened the gate during the flash flood, had they received such a request from ViO.[22][65] The official of Hrvatske vode responsible for flood control in the upper course of Sava was removed from his position as a result of the controversy.[66]

Arrest

[edit]

Tihomir Blagus, the Trnje resident who operated the sluice gate was arrested by the police the day after the storm.[40][67][68][69][70] He had returned to the dam control shed, where he encountered and engaged in conversation with several police officers who were investigating the break-in, confessing to them his actions of the previous night.[67] He was released from custody the same day, allegedly due to public pressure.[67] According to Blagus, he was tackled and arrested after asking for his mobile phone back, after he tried to film the conversation with his phone and a policeman knocked it out of his hands.[67] According to a statement by the police, he was under the influence of alcohol, yelled and made gestures at the officers, and refused to cease this behaviour.[71] The police statement described the cause of arrest as breach of peace, not the control building break-in.[72] A video of Blagus' arrest was published on Facebook, showing an officer applying pressure on the man's neck with his knee.[71][73] The police said that the footage is incomplete and taken out of context.[74] Police did not take disciplinary action against the involved officers, stating that the method of applying shin pressure on the arrestee's neck was legal, while former Croatian interior minister Ranko Ostojić said the method had been banned several years earlier.[75]

The manner of the arrest gave way to accusations of police brutality,[76][77] and sparked a discussion on whether citizens are allowed to film police officers on duty.[74][78][79][80] Attorneys consulted by the Jutarnji list newspaper and RTL television network stated that citizens are within their rights to film police officers in similar situations.[78][80] Ombudswoman of Croatia [hr] Lora Vidović announced her office was investigating the incident, but declined to comment on the legality of the arrest.[78] Social and news media condemned the use of force and hailed Blagus as the "hero who saved Trnje"[40][68][76][81] for his actions during the flood.[74][82][83] An online petition was started in his support.[84]

External videos
video icon Recording of Trnje resident's arrest by a bystander, published by Večernji list
video icon Video taken by Trnje resident before his arrest, published by Net.hr.

Hrvatske vode reported the control building break-in to the police,[61] and in September charges were filed against Blagus for breach of peace and disrespecting an officer of the law.[68][83] While Hrvatske vode stated they attempted to retract the break-in complaint.[66] In Croatian law, breaking and entering is punishable by a fine or a jail sentence up to one year.[83] Court cases against some of the residents who broke in were still ongoing as of December 2020;[85][86] in May 2021, however, Blagus was found not guilty.[87][88]

In Blagus' home, the flood destroyed furniture, appliances, flooring[65][89] and most of his possessions, including his car.[65][90] Trnje residents stated they had to wash away accumulated mud from their streets on their own, as city services did not arrive to clean the streets for several days.[65] Blagus was allegedly offered a compensation of 2,500 Croatian kuna (€330) by Mayor Milan Bandić through the neighbourhood council, an offer described as "generous"[81] by the message, which he declined.[81][91] His employer donated 43,000 kuna (€5,600) worth of furniture to his household. Blagus said that the city estimated the damage at 100,000 kuna (€13,000).[86]

Damages

[edit]

Numerous households were inundated by storm waters and backed up sewage. Zagreb Fire Department conducted several hundred interventions, mainly pumping out water from homes, and rescuing people from stranded cars, and basement and ground floor apartments.[38][92][93] The flood caused further damage to some of the buildings already damaged in the earthquake four months earlier. Among those were the Children's Hospital Zagreb in Klaić Street, where the flood destroyed the hospital pharmacy and medical equipment, including the hospital's supply of artificial skin,[94] the University of Zagreb Faculty of Science administrative building,[61] and a number of public libraries.[95][96] Initial estimates put the damage in the children's hospital at 1–1.5 million kuna (€130,000–€200,000) not including furniture and computer equipment. Equipment was lent from other hospitals. Hospital workers spent the night of the flood pumping and bailing out water which reached a height of 60 cm (2 ft).[97] Other buildings with significant flood damage included the Museum of Arts and Crafts[98] and Importanne Centar shopping mall,[56] the recently opened Backo Mini Express model train museum,[99] and University of Zagreb's Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology.[57]

As of September 2020, Zagreb city government had not released information about the extent of the damages.[100] On 26 July, the Ministry of Regional Development and EU Funds considered requesting financial assistance for flood damage from the EU;[101] there were no further announcements on this matter.

Response

[edit]

President Zoran Milanović, Prime Minister Andrej Plenković and Mayor Milan Bandić expressed their condolences for the deceased firefighter and his family.[46][57] Mayor Bandić said the city would help with flood damages, but denied local government's responsibility for the damages.[57] He said that damages were "minimal",[34] the "cause was chiefly do-it-yourself [construction]", and the flood would have been "forgotten in 24 hours" if it were not for the deceased firefighter.[102][103] These comments were criticised by the opposition and by residents affected by the floods.[81][104][105][106][107] The residents and neighbourhood councils were initially given less than two days to file damage claims and have them relayed to the city government.[108] The deadline was later extended by one week[109] after requests from opposition parties.[110] The city government reported receiving 2,277 damage claims, of which 1,738 were accepted.[111][112] Mayor Bandić stated that the flood did not fulfill the requirements for proclaiming a state of natural disaster because it caused less than 1 billion kuna (€130 million) in damage. Although Bandić initially promised compensation of up to 50,000 kuna (€6,600) or accommodation in public housing,[112][113] in February 2021, the City requested further documentation for the claims, and announced that uninsured flood victim households would receive lump sum payments of 3,000 to 12,000 kuna (€400–1,580) as compensation.[114]

News reports covered the poor shape of storm drains in Zagreb, the maintenance of which had ceased after the earthquake, according to ViO director.[115][35] ViO and the city also received criticism for poor sewerage design from residents of a number of flooded neighbourhoods, citing recurring flooding issues that started after sewer or road works.[34][33][35][38][116] Residents of Jazbina street blamed the city's 2011 street reconstruction, which re-routed storm runoff around the 614 m (2,014 ft) long Jazbina retention, for recurrent flooding at heavy rainfall.[34] Newspapers questioned why the city of Varaždin, 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Zagreb, saw more rainfall from the same storm system (128 mm, 5.04 in), yet did not experience significant flooding as in Zagreb.[117][118][119][120] An expert credited lower intensity of rainfall in Varaždin, different terrain, and better sewerage maintenance.[117]

On 28 July, Mayor Bandić announced the city would sue Hrvatske vode for "stealing 450 million kuna [€60 million] in utility charges" from Zagreb residents.[121] Opposition politicians criticised Bandić's response, blaming the disaster on a lack of communication between the City and Hrvatske vode, and a long-term state of disrepair of utility services in Zagreb, citing frequent water and district heating outages, open sewers near the city centre, and sinkholes opening up on street surfaces.[122][106][123][124]

Future

[edit]

ViO announced a 2 billion kuna (€260 million) project,[17] and plans to retrofit Zagreb's stormwater drain system to prevent such floods in the future, though "warning"[111] that it would not be possible without cooperation with Hrvatske vode.[111][125] The plans would involve replacement of aged pipes and adding computer-controlled valves and sensors.[126] ViO announced a plan to transfer the Kuniščak dam under its own responsibility and outfit it with a remote control system.[127] Zagreb's sewers date back to 1892, and inner city drains transport both sewage and storm waters.[21][128] According to ViO, the day's rainfall was three times more than the sewers can handle.[93] The DHMZ said that such heavy rainfall events will become more common and more extreme in the future due to climate change.[51] As in many other large cities, the risk and severity of urban flooding has also increased due to the urban area expanding and taking over previously permeable ground.[129] Over the preceding 15 years, ViO and its parent company, Zagreb Holding, had raised several hundred million euro through bonds for improvements to Zagreb's water and sewerage network, but nearly all of the money was spent on other purposes, including real estate deals.[130][131]

Together with the COVID-19 pandemic and the earthquake, the flood contributed to the growth in the number of homeless people in Zagreb in 2020.[132]

The flood was also commemorated in art. Filip Šovagović and Dubravko Mihanović wrote Zagreb 2020, a play about the calamities which struck the city in 2020, including the flood.[133][134] The play premiered on 27 November 2020 at the Lauba House,[135] and is as of June 2021 performed at other venues by the staff of Gavella Drama Theatre, whose building awaits earthquake damage repairs.[136][137] Performance artist Aleksandar Battista Ilić hung large red crosses made of canvas on several damaged buildings in Ilica street as part of the Project Ilica: Q'Art community art event.[138][139]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Flood defence plan for Area C14, 2014, p. 8.
  2. ^ "Osnovna hidrogeološka karta Hrvatske – list Zagreb" [Basic hydrogeological map of Croatia – Zagreb] (PDF) (in Croatian). Zagreb: Croatian Geological Survey. 1998. p. 37. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b Bonacci & Roje-Bonacci 2020, p. 60.
  4. ^ "Prostorni plan Parka prirode Medvednica: Obrazloženje plana" [Development plan for Medvednica Nature Park: Plan rationale] (PDF) (in Croatian). Zagreb: City of Zagreb Urban Development Institute. January 2014. p. 37. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  5. ^ a b Oskoruš & Bošnjak 2006, p. 1.
  6. ^ Bonacci & Roje-Bonacci 2020, p. 58.
  7. ^ a b Petrić 2012, p. 171.
  8. ^ Vujasinović 2015, p. 32.
  9. ^ Klindić, Ivan (13 July 2020). "Potok Medveščak – potok u srcu Zagreba: Tematsko vodstvo u Muzeju grada Zagreba". Licegrada.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
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  12. ^ a b "Zagreb – grad na Savi?" [Zagreb – city on Sava?]. Geografija.hr (in Croatian). Croatian Geographical Society. 4 April 2004. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  13. ^ "Jazbina čeka bolje dane" [Jazbina waits for better days]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 30 June 2003. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  14. ^ Bučar, Dajana K. (26 October 2004). "Zagreb i Sava više nisu neprijatelji" [Zagreb and Sava are no longer enemies]. Public Open University Zagreb (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
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  34. ^ a b c d Dimitrijević, Andrej (30 July 2020). "Bandić za poplave krivi građane. Stanari ove ulice nisu imali nijednu dok se obnove nije primio Grad". Telegram.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
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  36. ^ "Kaos u Šestinskom dolu: 'Ne znam što mi je draže, kad sam plivao u fekalijama ili u vodi do koljena'". Zagreb.info (in Croatian). 24 September 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  37. ^ Ivković, Hana (24 September 2020). "Nakon "sanacije" kanalizacije od poplava nas brane zečji nasipi" [After "repairs" to sewerage, makeshift dykes defend us from floods]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
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  42. ^ Pavić, Ivan; Pandžić, Ivan (25 July 2020). "Ljutiti Zagrepčani: 'Otvorili smo branu koju su Hrvatske vode držale zatvorenu i spasili kvart'" [Angry Zagrebers: 'We opened the dam kept closed by Hrvatske vode and saved the neighbourhood]. 24 sata (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  43. ^ Mikić, Domagoj (25 July 2020). "Spasili centar grada pa dobili kaznenu prijavu: "Bila je postapokaliptična situacija. Ušli smo unutra riskirajući živote, bosi i pod prijetnjom udara struje"" [They saved the city centre and ended up with criminal charges: "The situation was postapocalyptic. We entered the building risking our lives, barefoot and in danger of electrocution]. Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  44. ^ Flood defence plan for Area C14, 2014, p. 5.
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  47. ^ Pavlović, Andrea (25 July 2020). "Zagrebački vatrogasci s tugom javljaju: Naš kolega preminuo je na intervenciji" [Zagreb firemen report with sorrow: Our colleague died at an intervention]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  48. ^ Veršić, Marin (25 July 2020). "Vatrogasac preminuo, stotine intervencija zbog poplava u Zagrebu" [Firefighter dead, hundreds of interventions due to flood in Zagreb]. Al Jazeera Balkans (in Bosnian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  49. ^ "'Tata je mogao sve': Kći vatrogasca preminulog tijekom srpanjskih poplava: 'Otišao je pomažući drugima'". Zagreb.info (in Croatian). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  50. ^ "V katastrofalnih poplavah v Zagrebu tudi zgodba o neustrašni junakinji" [Also in the catastrophic flood in Zagreb, a story of a fearless heroine]. Slovenske novice (in Slovenian). 26 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  51. ^ a b "Ravnateljica DHMZ-a nakon poplava u Zagrebu: Stižu nam još češći i žešći ekstremi" [DHMZ director after Zagreb flood: We expect worse and more frequent extremes]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 26 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  52. ^ "Vozača u Miramarskoj spasila kći suca Vrhovnog suda: 'Čovjek je tonuo u autu, nije mogao otvoriti vrata'" [Driver in Miramarska Street saved by daughter of Supreme Court judge: 'Man was in a sinking car, unable to open the car door']. Večernji list (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  53. ^ Petrović, Davor (2 August 2020). "Zagrepčanka koja je spasila invalida iz auta pod vodom. Rekla sam si: "To je samo voda, a plivat' znaš, samo plivaj". I onda sam zaplivala..." [Zagreber who saved disabled man from submerged car. I said to myself: "It's just water, just swim". And then I dived in...]. Novi list. Rijeka. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  54. ^ "Zagrepčanka pomogla invalidu da izađe iz auta potopljenog u podvožnjaku" [Zagreber helps disabled man out of submerged car in underpass]. Nacional (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  55. ^ Kukec, Tomislav (1 January 2021). "Heroina velike zagrebačke poplave: 'Noć u Miramarskoj u potpunosti mi je promijenila život'" [Heroine of great Zagreb flood: 'The night in Miramarska Street completely changed my life']. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  56. ^ a b "Video: Totalni potop u Zagrebu; Ilica pod vodom, prekinut tramvajski promet, automobili zapeli u podvožnjacima" [Video: Deluge in Zagreb; Ilica underwater, tram traffic stopped, cars stuck in underpasses]. Telegram.hr (in Croatian). 24 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  57. ^ a b c d "Apokalipsa u Zagrebu, utvrđuju se razmjeri štete" [An apocalypse in Zagreb, extent of damage to be determined]. Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  58. ^ "Čovjek koji je otvorio branu u zagrebačkom naselju Trnje i završio u policiji, nakon svega poručuje: "Opet bih to učinio bez trunke razmišljanja"" [Man who opened the dam in Zagreb neighbourhood of Trnje and was arrested by police says: "I would do it again without a second thought"]. Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). 26 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  59. ^ "Ogorčeni Trnjani zbog poplave napali predstavnike Hrvatskih voda, oni se brane: 'Mi nismo odgovorni'". Vijesti.hr (in Croatian). RTL. 26 July 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  60. ^ "Burno na Trnju. Iz Hrvatskih voda stanarima objašnjavali da za oborine nisu nadležni oni, već Grad Zagreb". Telegram.hr (in Croatian). 26 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  61. ^ a b c "Hrvatske vode: Ustava Kuniščak nije predviđena za oborinsku odvodnju. Poziv s Trnja nismo dobili" [Hrvatske vode: Kuniščak dam is not intended for stormwater management. We did not receive call from Trnje]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  62. ^ "Zagrebačke otpadne vode: Preskupo i neefikasno" [Zagreb wastewater: Too expensive and inefficient]. SEEbiz.eu (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  63. ^ "Apsurd! Zagrepčani će svu kišu koja je pala i nanijela štetu dodatno platiti!". Vijesti.hr (in Croatian). RTL. 27 July 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  64. ^ "Iz Hrvatskih voda uporno ponavljaju da nisu oni krivi za poplavu na Trnju i kažu da ih nitko iz Grada nije zvao" [Hrvatske vode keep repeating that they are not responsible for Trnje flooding and say that nobody in the City contacted them]. Telegram.hr (in Croatian). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  65. ^ a b c d Branica, Ema (6 August 2020). "Heroj s Trnja nije dobio prijavu nakon uhićenja: "Odšteta? Od koga ćemo je dobiti kad se ne zna tko je kriv!"". Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  66. ^ a b "Hrvatske vode smijenile voditelja koji je bio zadužen za poplavljenu ustavu u Trnju" [Hrvatske vode replace manager in charge of the flooded dam in Trnje]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 7 August 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  67. ^ a b c d Zadro, Ana (26 July 2020). "Kvart ga slavi, a policija ga privela: Pustili su me jer internet gori, bijesan sam" [The neighbourhood praises him, the police arrested him: They let me go because the internet is on fire, I am angry]. Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
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  69. ^ Rudež, Tanja (25 July 2020). "Poslušali savjet starice, spasili kvart i zaradili prijavu za narušavanje javnog reda i mira!" [They listened to the old woman's advice, saved the neighbourhood, and ended up with breach of peace charges!]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  70. ^ "Policija je takole aretirala heroja Zagreba, ljudje so na nogah" [This is how the police arrested the hero of Zagreb, the public is upset]. Žurnal24 (in Slovenian). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  71. ^ a b "Noga na vratu: Objavljen video uhićenja čovjeka koji je spasio Trnje od poplave" [Leg on his neck: Video of the arrest of the man who saved Trnje from flood published]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  72. ^ Petrović, Sanja (28 July 2020). "Policija o uhićenju koje je zgrozilo javnost: 'Došlo je do naguravanja. Izjavio je da su se međusobno šalili'" [Police about the arrest that appalled the public: 'There was a commotion. He stated that they were just teasing each other]. Vijesti.hr (in Croatian). RTL. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  73. ^ "Spasio čitav komšiluk od katastrofe: Zbog toga priveden, a prijeti mu i zatvorska kazna" [He saved the whole neighbourhood from disaster: He was arrested for this, and may go to prison]. Dnevni avaz (in Bosnian). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  74. ^ a b c "Policija tvrdi da snimka brutalnog privođenja čovjeka u Trnju 'uskraćuje uvid u cjeloviti događaj'" [Police claims that the recording of brutal arrest in Trnje 'denies insight in the entirety of the event']. Telegram.hr (in Croatian). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  75. ^ Čirjak, Kristina (29 July 2020). "Kontroverzna metoda: Policija na tonskom snimatelju RTL-a pokazala kako se izvodi 'policijska koljenica'". Vijesti.hr (in Croatian). RTL. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  76. ^ a b Čirjak, Kristina (29 July 2020). "Kap koja je prelila čašu: Heroj koji je spasio Trnje od poplave postao državni neprijatelj broj jedan". Vijesti.hr (in Croatian). RTL. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  77. ^ "Je li policija zbilja morala ovako brutalno privesti 54-godišnjaka koji je zbog poplave provalio u ustavu?". Telegram.hr (in Croatian). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  78. ^ a b c Lukić, Slavica (30 July 2020). "Krše li građani zakon snimajući policajce? Docent kaznenog prava otklonio sve dvojbe" [Do citizens break the law by filming the police? Criminal law lecturer dispels all doubts]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  79. ^ Felić, Edis (3 August 2020). "Krajnja nužda opravdava protupravno djelovanje" [Extreme urgency justifies illegal actions]. Lider.media (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  80. ^ a b Petrović, Sanja (29 July 2020). "Odvjetnik za RTL.hr otkriva smije li se snimati policiju, a kriminalist kaže: 'Čovjek je spašavao ljude. Da je sin političara, dobio bi nagradu'" [Attorney reveals to RTL.hr if filming the police is allowed, forensic expert says: 'The man was saving people. If he had been the son of a politician, he would have received an award']. Vijesti.hr (in Croatian). RTL. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  81. ^ a b c d "Bandić ponudio pomoć. Heroj koji je spasio Trnje od poplave poručio: 'Nek' si te novce zabije v r*t'". Vijesti.hr (in Croatian). RTL. 9 September 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  82. ^ Derifaj, Danka (9 September 2020). "Potraga istražuje kako postupa policija: Do procesuiranja prekomjerne sile dolazi obično ako se snimka pojavila u javnosti" [Potraga ("The Search") investigates police conduct: Cases of excessive force use are usually processed if a video recording has appeared in public]. Vijesti.hr (in Croatian). RTL. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  83. ^ a b c "Heroju s Trnja prijeti zatvor! Spasio je kvart od potopa, a sada zbog toga ide na sud" [Hero of Trnje under threat of jail! He saved the neighbourhood from a deluge, and now he has to go to court]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 6 September 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  84. ^ Šimac, Goran (29 July 2020). "Reakcija zgroženih građana na brutalno policijsko uhićenje Tihomira Blagusa i peticija: Dosta nam je! Pustite heroja Trnja na miru i kaznite odgovorne!" [Reaction of citizens aghast at brutal arrest of Tihomir Blagus and petition: We've had enough! Leave the Trnje hero alone and punish those responsible!]. TRIS portal (in Croatian). Šibenik. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  85. ^ "Poslušajte pjesmu čovjeka koji je spasio Trnje od poplave". Index.hr (in Croatian). 18 December 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  86. ^ a b Ferara, Ante (20 December 2020). "Dobro se dobrim vraća: "Heroju iz Trnja" šef poklonio novi namještaj, vrijedan 43 tisuće kuna" [One good deed deserves another: Employer gives new furniture worth 43,000 kuna to "Hero of Trnje"]. Metropolitan.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  87. ^ "Heroj Trnja, čovjek kojeg su uhitili nakon što je usred oluje podigao branu i spasio kvart, oslobođen je optužbi" [Hero of Trnje, the man who was arrested after he opened the dam in the middle of a storm and saved the neighbourhood, is cleared of charges]. Telegram.hr (in Croatian). 14 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  88. ^ Pandžić, Ivan; Uremović, Kristina (13 May 2021). "Heroj Trnja ipak neće u zatvor: 'Sve je dobro završilo. Bilo mi je stresno, voda mi je ušla u kuću'" [Hero of Trnje not going to prison after all: 'Everything has ended well. It was stressful, water was rushing into my home']. 24sata (in Croatian). Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  89. ^ Pandžić, Ivan (6 September 2020). "Heroj Trnja Blagus ide pred suca, prijeti mu i zatvor: Bojim se, u životu nisam bio na sudu!" [Trnje hero faces judge, possibility of jail time: I am scared, I have never been to court my whole life!]. 24 sata (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  90. ^ "Tihomir Blagus: "Ogorčeni smo"" [Tihomir Blagus: "We are disgusted"]. Nacional (in Croatian). 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  91. ^ "Odbio Bandićevu smiješnu ponudu; Heroj Trnja, kojemu prijeti zatvor, sam obnavlja poplavljenu kuću" [Bandić's ridiculous offer refused; Trnje hero, facing possibility of jail, repairs flooded home on his own]. Promise.hr (in Croatian). 9 August 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  92. ^ "Bandić: Nažalost, ovoliko kiše ne mogu popiti" [Bandić: Unfortunately, I cannot drink this much rain]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  93. ^ a b "Kalinić pokušava braniti Bandića pa priča da je trebalo istražiti je li potres oštetio odvode i prouzročio poplave" [Kalinić attempts to defend Bandić, then says that it should be investigated whether the earthquake damaged the sewers and caused the flood]. Telegram.hr (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  94. ^ Kovačević, Romana; Mitrović, Mia (25 July 2020). "VIDEO Poplavljena i Klaićeva bolnica: Voda je prevrnula frižider s umjetnom kožom težak nekoliko tona" [Klaić Street hospital flooded: Water overturned an artificial skin refrigerator weighing several tons]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  95. ^ Vuković, Silvija (27 July 2020). "Dio knjižnica u Zagrebu pretrpio veća oštećenja uslijed poplava" [City libraries in Zagreb suffer significant damage in the flood]. Srednja.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  96. ^ "Rad Knjižnica grada Zagreba nakon poplave" [Operation of Zagreb City Libraries after the flood] (in Croatian). Zagreb City Libraries. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  97. ^ "Tuga u Klaićevoj, uništeni skupi lijekovi i zalihe umjetne kože" [Sorrow in Klaić Street, expensive drugs and artificial skin supplies destroyed]. Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  98. ^ "Snimke Zagreba izgledaju zastrašujuće; poplavljena dječja bolnica, muzeji, stanovi... Pogledajte štetu dan poslije". Tportal.hr (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  99. ^ Ivković, Hana (27 July 2020). "Muzej vlakića pretrpio je znatnu štetu u poplavi i treba pomoć" [Model Train Museum suffered significant damage in the flood and needs assistance]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  100. ^ "Lijevi blok traži da se objave razmjeri štete od poplave u Zagrebu u srpnju" [Left Bloc seeks disclosure of the extents of damage from July flood in Zagreb]. Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). 8 September 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  101. ^ "Tramišak u Dnevniku HTV-a: Ove godine za obnovu Zagreba 89 milijuna eura" [Tramišak on HTV Dnevnik news: €89 million this year for Zagreb reconstruction]. Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). 26 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  102. ^ "Bandić: "Uzrok poplava je većinom 'sam svoj majstor', štete su minimalne"" [Bandić: "The cause of floods is chiefly 'do-it-yourself', damages are minimal"]. Nacional (in Croatian). 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  103. ^ "Bandić o oluji: Šteta je minimalna. Da nije ovaj čovjek poginuo, to bismo zaboravili za 24 sata" [Bandić on storm: Damage is minimal. Had that man not died, we would have forgotten it in 24 hours]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  104. ^ "Ovako izgleda suterenski stan u Zagrebu nakon dvodnevnih poplava" [This is what a souterrain apartment looks like after two days under water]. N1 (in Croatian). 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  105. ^ "Bandić o štetama od poplava: 'Uzrok je sam svoj majstor'" [Bandić on flood damages: 'The cause is DIY']. Poslovni dnevnik. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  106. ^ a b "Tomašević: Zašto vodoopskrba i odvodnja nisu bile spremne, ako se najavljivalo nevrijeme" [Why was ViO not ready when the storm was announced]. Nacional (in Croatian). 26 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  107. ^ "Rene Bitorajac nakon potopa u Zagrebu u kojem je stradao i njegov podrum: 'Ne glasaj za gradonačelnika kojem je kriv Bog'" [Rene Bitorajac after Zagreb deluge which ruined his basement: 'Do not vote for a mayor who blames God']. Tportal.hr (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  108. ^ "Traži se produljenje roka za prijavu štete od poplava: 'Ovo nije dovoljno ni da se obavijesti građane'" [Flood damage claim deadline extension sought: 'This is not enough to even notify the citizens']. Tportal.hr (in Croatian). 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  109. ^ "Zagreb je produljio rok za prijavu štete od poplava do 6. kolovoza" [Zagreb extends flood damage claim deadline to 6 August]. Telegram.hr (in Croatian). 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  110. ^ "Zagreb je naš! i Za grad traže dulji rok za prijavu šteta od poplava" [Zagreb Is Ours! and For The City seek a later deadline for flood damage reports]. N1 (in Croatian). 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  111. ^ a b c Hlupić, Ivan (10 December 2020). "Grad prihvatio više od 1,700 prijava štete od poplava". Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  112. ^ a b "Bandić: "Zatrpani smo prijavama za štete od poplave"" [Bandić: "We are buried in flood damage claims"]. Nacional (in Croatian). 3 August 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  113. ^ "Neće biti proglašavanja prirodne nepogode zbog poplava u Zagrebu" [There will be no declarations of state of natural disaster in connection with the Zagreb flood]. 01Portal.hr (in Croatian). 14 August 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  114. ^ "Grad Zagreb dijelit će novčanu pomoć za štetu od poplava u srpnju prošle godine. Ovo su uvjeti" [City of Zagreb will give financial aid for damages in last July's flood]. Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). 17 February 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  115. ^ Puhalo, Dijana (27 July 2020). "Obišli smo nekoliko ulica u Zagrebu da vidimo u kakvom su stanju slivnici. Nemamo dobre vijesti" [We have checked the state of storm drains in several Zagreb streets. We have bad news]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  116. ^ Ivković, Hana. "Voda je šikljala sa svih strana i uništila ormare, krevet, parket... Cijeli stan!" [Water came in from all sides, ruined wardrobers, bed, parquetry... The whole apartment!]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  117. ^ a b Grudiček, Ivica (31 July 2020). "Zašto je Zagreb poplavio, a Varaždin ne?" [Why was Zagreb flooded, and Varaždin was not?]. Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  118. ^ "U Zagrebu je palo 80, a u Varaždinu 127 mm kiše. Jeste li vidjeli možda neku vijest o poplavama u Varaždinu?" [80 mm of rain fell in Zagreb, but 127 mm in Varaždin. Did you see any news about floods in Varaždin?]. Telegram.hr (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  119. ^ "Poruka za Bandića: U Varaždinu palo znatno više kiše nego u Zagrebu, a poplava nema" [Message for Bandić: Much more rain fell in Varaždin than in Zagreb, but no flooding]. SEEbiz.eu (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  120. ^ "Tomislav Tomašević traži polaganje računa: Bandić mora podnijeti izvješće o čišćenju slivnika i održavanju mreže. Zagreb je pretrpio milijunsku štetu" [Tomislav Tomašević requests accountability: Bandić must give an account on storm drain claining and sewerage maintenance]. Novi list (in Croatian). 25 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  121. ^ "Bandić će tužiti Hrvatske vode: 'Zagrepčanima su ukrali 450 milijuna kuna'" [Bandić to sue Hrvatske vode: 'They stole 450 million kuna from Zagreb residents']. Večernji list (in Croatian). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  122. ^ "Mrak-Taritaš o poplavama u Zagrebu: "Ulaže se u spomenike i fontane, a ne u vodu, odvodnju i infrastrukturu"" [Mrak-Taritaš about Zagreb flood: "Money is being invested in monuments and fountains, and not in water and sewer maintenance and infrastructure]. Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). Nova TV. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  123. ^ "Klasić: Dva kilometra od Trga bana Jelačića imamo otvorenu kanalizaciju" [Klasić: We have open sewers two kilometers [1.2 mi] away from Ban Jelačić Square]. N1 (in Croatian). 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  124. ^ "Tomašević: Prebacivanje odgovornosti na građane klasičan je Bandićev manevar" [Tomašević: Transferring responsibility to the citizens is a classic Bandić manoeuvre]. N1 (in Croatian). 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  125. ^ Ivković, Hana (1 August 2020). "Da, dio mog kafića u gradskom je prostoru, ali čekamo povrat" [Yes, part of my cafe bar is on city property, but we are waiting for a return]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  126. ^ Ivković, Hana; Ježovita, Mateja; Mitrović, Mia (28 July 2020). "'Da, metropola treba nove cijevi, no pomoći će i centralizacija sustava'" ['Yes, the capital needs new pipes, but centralisation of the system will also help]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  127. ^ "Žestoka svađa u Otvorenom: 'Nisam bebač ni frajer!'" [Heated argument in Otvoreno: 'I am neither a baby nor a tough guy!']. Večernji list (in Croatian). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  128. ^ Ježovita, Mateja (25 July 2020). "Stručnjak objasnio zašto su neki kvartovi pošteđeni poplave, ali i da se mogao dogoditi i gori scenarij" [Expert explains why some neighbourhoods were spared in the flood, but also that a worse scenario could have occurred]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  129. ^ Bonacci & Roje-Bonacci 2020, p. 61.
  130. ^ Mazzocco, Vojislav (26 November 2020). "Zagreb se 2007. u Londonu zadužio za 300 milijuna eura. Novac je potrošen" [In 2007 Zagreb borrowed 300 million euro in London. The money has been spent]. Index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 29 April 2021.
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Bibliography

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