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2020 Salvadoran political crisis

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2020 Salvadoran political crisis
Soldiers in the Legislative Assembly
Date9 February 2020; 4 years ago (2020-02-09)
Location
El Salvador
GoalsAttain approval for a 109 million dollar loan from the United States
MethodsTroop entry into the Legislative Assembly
Resulted in
  • Demonstrations in support and opposition of Nayib Bukele
  • Supreme Court order to desist
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Nayib Bukele's signature

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The 2020 Salvadoran political crisis, commonly referred to in El Salvador as the numeronym 9F[1][2] or El Bukelazo,[3] was an incident in El Salvador on 9 February 2020. During the political crisis, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele sent 40 soldiers of the Salvadoran Army into the Legislative Assembly building in an effort to coerce politicians to approve a loan request of 109 million dollars from the United States for Bukele's security plan for the country.

The event has been condemned by foreign governments, the political opposition, and human rights organizations and is considered the first major political crisis in the country since the conclusion of the Salvadoran Civil War in 1992 and has been referred to as a coup attempt.[4]

Background

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In early 2020, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele wanted to secure a loan of 109 million dollars from the Central American Bank for Economic Integration for law enforcement funding in the Territorial Control Plan.[5][6][7] The plan sought to increase funding for the National Civil Police and reduce street crime by violently confronting gangs.[8] His plan was met by resistance from opposition parties, notably the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) and the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), as his previous policies regarding law enforcement witnessed an increased militarization of police forces.[9]

Neither the political party Bukele ran under during the 2019 election, the center-right Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA), nor his newly formed center-right political party, Nuevas Ideas (NI), held a majority in the Legislative Assembly which was held by ARENA and the FMLN. During his campaign, he swore he would crack down on gang violence and corruption.[8] The two parties refused to approve Bukele's loan request as they demanded greater transparency regarding where the funds would be allocated, which Bukele refused to accept.[10] Negotiations broke down leading to an effective gridlock in the Legislative Assembly by the end of January 2020.[10]

Crisis

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On 6 February, Bukele invoked article 167 of the Constitution of El Salvador, calling on the Council of Ministers to convene in the Legislative Assembly on 9 February to convene a vote on the loan.[11][12] The article itself provides for the convening of extraordinary session of the Council of Ministers of the Legislative Assembly in cases of national emergency.[13][14] Less than half of the Legislative Assembly's voting members attended the session.[12] Hours before the meeting in the Legislative Assembly was due to occur, Bukele met with fifty top military officials and discussed sending soldiers into the Legislative Assembly during the meeting.[15] The military officers already been aware that Bukele had intended to do so since the day prior.[15]

Blue Room of the Legislative Assembly

On 9 February, Bukele entered the Blue Room, the room where the Legislative Assembly met, by force accompanied by 40 military personnel and sat in the chair of Assembly President Mario Ponce.[8][11][13] He spoke saying, "It's clear who's in control of the situation and we're going to put the decision in the hands of God," and he began to pray.[4][11][13] After a few minutes, he exited the building and addressed a crowd of supporters stating that God urged him to be patient.[4] He further stated, "We're going to give these scoundrels a week and if they haven't approved the plan by then, we convene them again," in reference to the politicians he needed to approve the loan request.[4][6]

Aftermath and domestic reactions

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Politics of El Salvador
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Administrative divisions
Elections
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Small demonstrations protesting Bukele's military action were reported, mainly grouped at the University of El Salvador in San Salvador.[16] In contrast, many Salvadorans spoke out on social media in support of Bukele, praising him for his hard stance on crime and gang violence.[4] On 16 February, a crowd of supporters protested outside the Legislative Assembly demanding the approval of the loan.[17]

The day after the incident, lawmakers condemned Bukele's action.[4] Ponce stated "We cannot respond to the executive branch with a gun to our head" and called the incident an attempted coup.[4] When met with accusations of staging a coup and acting with dictatorial powers, he stated: "If I was a dictator, I would have taken control of everything."[4][12] The government claims that around 50,000 supporters were present, while local media outlets place the figure at 5,000.[4][12] That day, no murders were reported in the country and Bukele cited that as evidence that his policies were effective.[4] Bukele later Tweeted: "If the deputies do not attend they will be breaking with the constitutional order and the people will have the power to apply Article 87 of the Constitution."[18] Article 87 allows the people to begin an insurrection to restore constitutional order in the country.[19]

ARENA and the FMLN denounced the incident as a self-coup attempt, where a national leader or group illegally seizes more control than allowed by laws or a constitution, and called for the Organization of American States to intervene.[12][20] Leonardo Bonilla, then the only independent deputy of the Legislative Assembly, stated, "So they’re going to make us vote with a rifle to the head? ... This isn’t the way a democracy works."[11][21] Felissa Cristales, a politician from the Nationalist Republican Alliance, stated that "No Salvadoran can be in favor of this; El Salvador is a country where democracy has cost blood."[2] FMLN leadership accused Mauricio Arriaza Chicas, the Police Chief of El Salvador, of ordering soldiers and officers to harass politicians and their families.[22] The FMLN also stated that it would seek to hold an inquiry with René Merino Monroy, the Minister of National Defense, and Rogelio Eduardo Rivas Polanco, the Minister of Justice and Public Security, in regards to the events of 9 February.[23] On 21 August 2020, Merino Monroy was summoned to the Legislative Assembly and asked who ordered the military to be mobilized in the Legislative Assembly, but Merino Monroy refused to answer.[24][25] Félix Ulloa, the Vice President of El Salvador, stated in an interview with Jorge Ramos in March 2021 that the entry of soldiers into the legislature was a "mistake" and that it was not necessary.[26]

The Supreme Court of El Salvador prohibited the President from calling the Legislative Assembly and also prohibited all public forces, including the Ministry of Defense, from exercising functions other than those allowed by the Constitution.[11][27] Bukele expressed dissatisfaction with the order and stated that "the system protects itself," but abided by the Supreme Court's order.[27]

On 24 February, Monsignor José Luis Escobar Alas, President of the Episcopal Conference of El Salvador and the Archbishop of San Salvador, asked people to "lower the tone of mutual attacks, or one for the other, because in this way we cannot move forward, because in the end the one that is affected is the people to avoid a new conflict," in reference to the Salvadoran Civil War.[28]

International reactions

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A spokesperson for the United States Department of State stated that Bukele's actions were "unacceptable" and "violates the separation of powers of the democratic institutions of that country."[27] The United States Ambassador to El Salvador, Ronald D. Johnson, denounced Bukele's actions but supported his calls for patience.[11]

Erika Guevara Rosas, the Director for the Americas of Amnesty International, condemned the military and the police and raised concerns of what the event could mean for the future of human rights in the country.[29] Birgit Gerstenberg, the resident coordinator of the United Nations System in El Salvador, stated that "El Salvador has made important achievements and has been deepening its democracy and the rule of law through respect for different opinions and dialogue as way to reach agreements that benefit the whole country; We trust that the spirit of dialogue will always prevail."[29]

Legacy

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The crisis has been cited as an instance of democratic backsliding by several organizations and political scientists which state that it endangered the future of democracy in El Salvador.[30][31][32][33] Both the Nationalist Republican Alliance and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front subsequently compared the entry of the soldiers to the legislative to the storming of the United States Capitol in January 2021.[34][35] The Grand Alliance for National Unity has stated that there is no valid comparison between the attack on the United States Capitol and the entry of soldiers to the Legislative Assembly.[35] Bukele sending the soldiers to the Legislative Assembly, together with his later actions during the COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador, have led many of his opponents to call him authoritarian and a dictator.[1][4][20][36]

Several sources and politicians have called the incident a coup or self coup attempt.[2][4][12][20][37] Prior to 9F, the last successful coup d'état in Salvadoran history was the 15 October 1979 coup d'état which overthrew President Carlos Humberto Romero and began the Salvadoran Civil War.[38][39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Amaya, Alba Miriam (8 February 2021). "El Impacto del 9F en la Cultura Democrática de El Salvador" [The Impact of 9F on the Democratic Culture of El Salvador]. DW (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  2. ^ a b c McDonnell, Patrick J.; Renderos, Alexander (28 February 2020). "Is El Salvador's Millennial President a Reformer or an Autocrat?". LA Times. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  3. ^ Peña, Juan (3 February 2024). "El Salvador: The Results from Nayib Bukele's First Term". Voz Media. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "El Salvador Parliament Denounces President's 'Attempted Coup'". BBC News. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  5. ^ Brigida, Anna-Cat (10 February 2020). "Constitutional crisis in El Salvador over Bukele's security plan". AlJazeera. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Crisis en El Salvador: Cuáles son los Motivos de la Fuerte Tensión entre el Presidente Nayib Bukele y el Congreso" [Crisis in El Salvador: What are the Motives of the Strong Tension between President Nayib Bukele and Congress]. BBC News (in Spanish). 10 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  7. ^ Agren, David (16 February 2020). "Nayib Bukele's Military Stunt Raises Alarming Memories in El Salvador". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  8. ^ a b c "Heavily-Armed Police and Soldiers Enter El Salvador Parliament". BBC News. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  9. ^ Papadovassilakis, Alex (5 August 2019). "El Salvador's Peaceful Month Not Due to Bukele Security Plan". Insight Crime. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  10. ^ a b "El Salvador: Ejecutivo y Legislativo Enfrentados por Préstamo" [El Salvador: Executive and Legislative Facing Loans]. DW (in Spanish). 8 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Vivanco, José Miguel (14 February 2020). "President Bukele, Brute Force Is Not the Way Forward for El Salvador". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d e f García, Jacobo (10 February 2020). "Si Fuera un Dictador Habría Tomado el Control de Todo el Gobierno Anoche" [If I was a dictator, I would have taken control of everything]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  13. ^ a b c Maldonado, Carlos Salinas (10 February 2020). "Bukele se enfrenta al Parlamento de El Salvador y genera una crisis constitucional". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  14. ^ "El Salvador's Constitution of 1983 with Amendments through 2014" (PDF). ConstituteProject.org. Oxford University Press. p. 42. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  15. ^ a b Beltrán, Jorge (4 March 2021). "Más de 50 Jefes Militares se Reunieron para Planear el Asalto a la Asamblea Legislativa el 9F" [More than 50 Military Officers met to Plan the Assault on the Legislative Assembly on 9F]. El Salvador.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  16. ^ "Débiles Protestas contra la Actuación de Bukele en el Congreso Salvadoreño" [Weak Protests Against Bukele's Action in the Salvadoran Congress]. Agencia EFE (in Spanish). 13 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  17. ^ "El Salvador: Simpatizantes de Bukele Protestan frente a Parlamento" [El Salvador: Bukele Sympathizers Protest in Front of Parliament]. DW (in Spanish). 16 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  18. ^ Bukele, Nayib (7 February 2020). "Bukele's Tweet Regarding Deputies and Article 87". Twitter (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  19. ^ "El Salvador's Constitution of 1983 with Amendments through 2014" (PDF). ConstituteProject.org. Oxford University Press. p. 23. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  20. ^ a b c "El Salvador: Oposición Señala de "Irresponsable" a Bukele y Denuncia "autogolpe"" [El Salvador: Opposition Signals Bukele "Irresponsible" and Denounces "Self-Coup"]. DW (in Spanish). 9 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  21. ^ Ortiz, Wilfredo (10 February 2020). "Diputado Dice «¿A Caso con el Fusil en la Cabeza nos van a Hacer Votar?»" [Deputy Says "So They are Going to make Us Vote with a Gun at Our Heads?"]. El Clarinero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  22. ^ Villarroel, Gabriela (13 February 2020). "FMLN Recopila Denuncias por Persecución contra Diputados" [FMLN Collects Complaints for Persecution Against Deputies]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  23. ^ Villarroel, Gabriela (14 February 2020). "FMLN Pide Interpelar a Rivas y Merino, ARENA aún Evalúa" [FMLN asks to Question Rivas and Merino, ARENA still Evaluates]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  24. ^ Velásquez, Eugenia (21 August 2020). "Finaliza: Ministro de Defensa se Rehúsó Revelar Quién le Ordenó Militarizar la Asamblea el 9 de Febrero" [Finalized: Minister of Defense Refused to Reveal who Ordered him to Militarize the Assembly on 9 February]. El Salvador.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  25. ^ Avelar, Ricardo (22 August 2020). "5 Momentos clave de la Interpelación del Ministro de Defensa, Merino Monroy" [5 Key Moments in the Interpellation of the Minister of Defense, Merino Monroy]. El Salvador.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  26. ^ Alas, L. (8 March 2021). "Félix Ulloa Admite a Jorge Ramos "Error" el 9F: Los Militares "No Tenían Necesidad de Entrar" a la Asamblea" [Félix Ulloa Admits to Jorge Ramos the "Mistake" of 9F: The Soldiers "Did Not Have a Necessity to Enter" the Assembly]. El Salvador.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  27. ^ a b c "EE. UU. Considera "Inaceptable" Ingreso de Tropas al Congreso de El Salvador" [US Considers Entry of Troops to the Congress of El Salvador "Unacceptable"]. DW (in Spanish). 12 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  28. ^ "La Iglesia Llama a "Bajar el Tono" ante la Crisis Política en El Salvador para Evitar un Nuevo Conflicto" [The Church Calls to "Lower the Tone" in the face of the Political Crisis in El Salvador to Avoid a New Conflict]. Europa Press. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  29. ^ a b "El Salvador: Bukele Pide Calma Luego de Llamar a la Insurrección" [El Salvador: Bukele Calls For Calm After Calling For Insurrection]. DW (in Spanish). 10 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  30. ^ Renteria, Nelson (10 February 2020). "El Salvador President's Power Play Stokes Democracy Concerns". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  31. ^ "Freedom in the World 2021 – El Salvador". Freedom House. 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  32. ^ Navia, Patricio, and Perelló, Lucas (1 March 2021). "It's Not Just El Salvador. Democracies Are Weakening Across Central America". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 29 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Benítez, Beatriz (14 February 2020). "¿Por qué El Salvador se Encuentra ante el Precipicio?" [Why is El Salvador at the Precipice?]. La Prensa Grafica (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  34. ^ Magaña, Yolanda (7 January 2021). "La Reacción en El Salvador por la Toma del Capitolio en EE.UU" [The Reaction in El Salvador Seizure of the Capitol in the US]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  35. ^ a b Alas, Saraí (7 January 2021). "Partidos Comparan Ataque a Capitolio con el 9F de El Salvador, GANA Dice no hay Comparación" [Parties Compare Attack on the Capitol with 9F of El Salvador, GANA Says there is no Comparison]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  36. ^ Edgell, Amanda B.; Grahn, Sandra; Lachapelle, Jean; Lührmann, Anna; Maerz, Seraphine F. (30 June 2020). "An Update on Pandemic Backsliding: Democracy Four Months After the Beginning of the Covid-19 Pandemic" (PDF) (24 ed.). University of Gothenburg Sprängkullsgatan: V-Dem Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  37. ^ Pérez Navarrete, Marco (11 May 2020). "Autocracy in El Salvador?". OpenDemocracy. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  38. ^ "El Salvador – The Reformist Coup of 1979". countrystudies.us. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  39. ^ Medina, Luis (15 October 2019). "Hace 40 Años le Dieron Golpe de Estado al General Romero" [It's been 40 Years Since the Coup d'État Against General Romero]. Diario El Pueblo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.

Further reading

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