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1988 in baseball

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: 1988 Major League Baseball season and 1988 Nippon Professional Baseball season

The following are the baseball events of the year 1988 throughout the world.

Years in baseball
1988 in sports

Champions

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Major League Baseball

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League Championship Series
(ALCS, NLCS) 		World Series
      
East Boston 0
West Oakland 4
AL Oakland 1
NL Los Angeles 4
East NY Mets 3
West Los Angeles 4

Other champions

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Awards and honors

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MLB statistical leaders

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  American League National League
Type Name Stat Name Stat
AVG Wade Boggs BOS .366 Tony Gwynn SDP .313
HR Jose Canseco OAK 42 Darryl Strawberry NYM 39
RBI Jose Canseco OAK 124 Will Clark SFG 109
Wins Frank Viola MIN 24 Orel Hershiser LAD
Danny Jackson CIN		 23
ERA Allan Anderson MIN 2.45 Joe Magrane STL 2.18

Major League Baseball final standings

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Events

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January

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February

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  • February 9 – The Oakland A's sign Don Baylor as a free agent.
  • February 15 – The Cincinnati Reds trade pitcher Jeff Montgomery to the Kansas City Royals for Van Snider.
  • February 25 – José Cruz, who'd spent the 14 seasons as a member of the Houston Astros, signs a contract with the New York Yankees.

March

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April

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May

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June

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July

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  • July 9 – In a 21-2 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals, the San Francisco Giants, established a franchise record for most runs scored in a game. In that game, Chris Speier hit for the cycle, and Ernest Riles hit the 10,000th home run in franchise history.
    • Nolan Ryan becomes the first pitcher to win 100 games in both the American and National League, as the Houston Astros defeated the New York Mets 6-3.
  • July 12 – After being maligned by the press as an unworthy All-Star starter, catcher Terry Steinbach hits a solo home run and a sacrifice fly to lead the American League to a 2–1 victory over the National League at Riverfront Stadium. Steinbach is named the Game MVP.
  • July 14 – Ten days after being released by the Kansas City Royals, relief pitcher Dan Quisenberry is signed by the St. Louis Cardinals.
  • July 21 – In what has become to be known as one of the most one-sided trades in history, the New York Yankees trade minor leaguer Rick Balabon, outfielder Jay Buhner and a player to be named later, minor league player Troy Evans, to the Seattle Mariners for Ken Phelps. Phelps played half a season for the Yankees before injuries derailed his career, and Buhner blossomed into a multi-time all-star for Seattle. The trade itself was the subject of parody on an episode of Seinfeld years later.
  • July 27 – The Texas Rangers sign catcher Iván Rodríguez as an undrafted free agent.
  • July 29 – The Boston Red Sox trade away future World Series hero Curt Schilling, along with Brady Anderson to the Baltimore Orioles for Mike Boddicker.

August

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  • August 9 – The Chicago Cubs won the first official night game at Wrigley Field by beating the New York Mets 6–4. The lights had been turned on just before the start of the prior night's game, but that game was rained out.
  • August 11
  • August 26 – Donnie Moore is released by the California Angels, setting off a chain reaction of events that would end in July 1989 when Moore shot his wife and then turned the gun in himself, dying in an attempted murder/suicide.
  • August 31 – Outfielder Fred Lynn is traded by the Baltimore Orioles to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for catcher Chris Hoiles and two minor leaguers.

September

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October

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  • October 7 – Dave Concepción, one of the last remaining active members of the Reds' "Big Red Machine" dynasty teams of the 1970s, is released. Ron Oester would be the final remaining player from that era on the Reds roster after Ken Griffey is released the next season.
  • October 15 – In Game One of the 1988 World Series at Dodger Stadium, the Los Angeles Dodgers trail the Oakland Athletics, 4–3, in the bottom of the ninth inning when the Dodgers' Kirk Gibson, badly injured in the NLCS against the New York Mets, hobbles to the plate to pinch-hit against Oakland's lethal closer, Dennis Eckersley. With two outs, a 3–2 count against him, and Mike Davis on second base, Gibson uses his upper body and wrists to launch a backdoor slider from Eckersley into the right-field stands for a 5–4 Los Angeles victory. Gibson's home run re-energized the underdog Dodgers and shattered the confidence of the A's, who lost the series in five games. It inspired the coining of the phrase "walk-off home run" and is widely regarded as one of the greatest moments in baseball history.
  • October 20 – Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Orel Hershiser ends his dream season with a 5–2 four-hitter over the Oakland Athletics in Game Five of the World Series. The win gives the Dodgers their first World Championship since 1981, and makes them the only team to win more than one World Series in the 1980s. Hershiser is elected the Series MVP.
  • October 24 – The New York Yankees trade Jack Clark and Pat Clements to the San Diego Padres for Jimmy Jones, Lance McCullers and Stan Jefferson.
  • October 25 - Tony La Russa of the Oakland Athletics was named American League Manager of the Year by the Baseball Writers Association of America.
  • October 26 – 6 days after leading the Los Angeles Dodgers to an improbable World Championship, Tommy Lasorda was named National League Manager of the Year by the Baseball Writers Association of America.

November

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December

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Movies

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Births

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January

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February

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March

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April

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May

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June

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July

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August

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September

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October

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November

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December

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Deaths

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January

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  • January 6 – Ralph Buxton, 76, Canadian pitcher who played briefly for the 1938 Philadelphia Athletics and the 1949 New York Yankees.
  • January 12 – John H. Johnson, 66, president of Minor League Baseball from 1979 until his death; previously, farm system director of the Yankees from 1958 to 1971, and assistant to Commissioner of Baseball Bowie Kuhn from 1971 to 1979.
  • January 15 – George Hennessey, 80, pitcher for the St. Louis Browns, Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs between 1937 and 1945.
  • January 16 – Dutch Kemner, 88, relief pitcher who appeared in nine games with the 1929 Cincinnati Reds.
  • January 23 – Johnny Gee, 72, who pitched for the Pittsburgh Pirates and the New York Giants in the 1940s and also played basketball with the NBA Syracuse Nationals during the 1946–1947 season.
  • January 24 – Ray Rohwer, 92, outfielder who hit .284 for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1921 to 1922.
  • January 28 – Al Rubeling, 74, backup infielder for the Philadelphia Athletics and Pittsburgh Pirates from 1940 through 1944.

February

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  • February 1 – Red Phillips, 79, relief pitcher who posted a 4–4 record in 29 games for the Detroit Tigers in the 1934 and 1936 seasons.
  • February 3 – Jocko Thompson, 71, left-hander who pitched in 41 games for the Philadelphia Phillies for all or parts of four seasons (1948–1951); a much-decorated United States Army lieutenant who served in the European Theater during World War II.
  • February 16 – Bill Cox, 74, pitcher in 50 games for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago White Sox and St. Louis Browns from 1936 to 1940, who later served in Germany in the U.S. Army during World War II.
  • February 20 – Bob O'Farrell, 91, catcher for four National League teams over 21 seasons who won the 1926 MVP award with the St. Louis Cardinals; player-manager of Cardinals (1927) and Cincinnati Reds (Opening Day through July 6, 1934).
  • February 20 – Jim Woods, 71, nicknamed "Possum", well-traveled but highly regarded #2 play-by-play broadcaster between 1953 and 1981 who called games for the New York Yankees, New York Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Cardinals, Oakland Athletics, Boston Red Sox and USA Network; noted for his chemistry and collaboration with Pittsburgh's Bob Prince (1958–1969) and Boston's Ned Martin (1974–1978).
  • February 23 – Pete Donohue, 87, pitcher who had three 20-win seasons for the Cincinnati Reds and beat the Philadelphia Phillies 20 consecutive times from 1922 to 1925.
  • February 26 – Tom Oliver, 85, fine defensive center fielder for the Boston Red Sox in the early 1930s; later a coach for the Philadelphia Athletics and Baltimore Orioles between 1951 and 1954.
  • February 28 – Harvey Kuenn, 57, eight-time All-Star shortstop and outfielder, most notably with the Detroit Tigers, who batted .303 lifetime and led the American League in hits four times and doubles three times, while winning the 1953 Rookie of the Year Award and the 1959 batting title; later, a longtime batting coach who managed the Milwaukee Brewers—nicknamed "Harvey's Wallbangers"—to their only AL pennant in 1982; compiled a 159–118 mark (.572) as skipper of the Brewers between June 2, 1982 and end of the 1983 season.

March

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  • March 1 – Luis "Canena" Márquez, 62, the third Puerto Rican to play in the major leagues (after Hiram Bithorn and Luis Rodríguez Olmo), who appeared in 68 games from 1951 to 1954 with the Boston Braves, Chicago Cubs and Pittsburgh Pirates.
  • March 6 – Lou Legett, 86, catcher for the Boston Red Sox between 1929 and 1935.
  • March 6 – Dick Ricketts, 54, pitcher for the 1959 St. Louis Cardinals and also a forward-center in NBA with the St. Louis Hawks and the Rochester/Cincinnati Royals from 1955 to 1958; his brother Dave was a longtime backup catcher and coach in MLB.
  • March 11 – Art Daney, Chief Whitehorn, 84, Native American of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, who pitched briefly for the 1928 Philadelphia Athletics.
  • March 14 – Zeb Terry, 96, shortstop/second baseman who hit .260 in 589 games for the Boston Braves, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox and Pittsburgh Pirates from 1916 to 1922.
  • March 16 – Jigger Statz, 90, outfielder for the New York Giants, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs and Brooklyn Robins from 1919 to 1928, who hit .319 for the 1923 Cubs including 209 hits, 110 runs, 51 extrabases, 70 RBI and 29 stolen bases; played 18 seasons for Los Angeles Angels of the Pacific Coast League; amassed 4,093 hits over a 24-year career.
  • March 21 – Edd Roush, 94, Hall of Fame center fielder for the Cincinnati Reds who batted .323 lifetime, leading the National League in batting twice and in slugging, doubles and triples once each, while hitting 30 inside-the-park home runs and ending with 182 triples for the 13th-most triples in major league history.
  • March 29 – Ted Kluszewski, 63, All-Star first baseman who played from 1947 through 1961 for four teams, most prominently the Cincinnati Reds/Redlegs; led the National League with 49 home runs and 141 RBI in 1954 and batted .300 seven times; batting star for Chicago White Sox in 1959 World Series and author of first homer in Los Angeles Angels' MLB history (1961); known for sporting a sleeveless uniform jersey that showcased his muscular biceps; served as Cincinnati's hitting coach during "The Big Red Machine" dynasty of the 1970s.

April

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  • April 4 – Jack Aragón, 72, a 12-season catcher and manager in the minor leagues who appeared in one game for the 1941 New York Giants; son of Angel Aragón.
  • April 4 – Charlie Snell, 94, backup catcher who hit .211 in eight games for the 1912 St. Louis Browns.
  • April 5 – Tom Earley, 71, relief pitcher who posted an 18–24 record with a 3.78 ERA for the Boston Braves from 1938 to 1945.
  • April 9 – Syd Cohen, 81, pitcher for the Washington Senators from 1934 to 1937, and later a minor league baseball manager; elder brother Andy was an MLB player and coach who died six months and 20 days after Syd.
  • April 12 – Frank Skaff, 77, first baseman for the 1935 Brooklyn Dodgers and the 1943 Philadelphia Athletics; longtime scout, minor league skipper and MLB coach who served as acting manager of the 1966 Detroit Tigers.
  • April 14 – Ralph Winegarner, 78, infielder/outfielder/pitcher for the Cleveland Indians and St. Louis Browns in parts of six seasons spanning 1930–1949; coached for the Browns, 1949–1951.
  • April 15 – John Hines, 87, outfielder/catcher for the Chicago American Giants of the Negro National League between 1923 and 1934; member of its 1926 Negro World Series champions.
  • April 22 – Len Church, 46, relief pitcher for the 1966 Chicago Cubs.
  • April 27 – Alphonse "Tommy" Thomas, 88, pitcher who won 117 games for the Chicago White Sox, Washington Senators, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Browns and Boston Red Sox from 1926 through 1937; managed minor-league Baltimore Orioles, 1940 to 1949, then served as a Red Sox scout.
  • April 29 – Dom Dallessandro, 74, outfielder for the Boston Red Sox and Chicago Cubs in eight seasons from 1937 to 1947; posted a .304 average and a .400 on-base percentage in 1944; missed 1945 Cubs' pennant-winning season and a chance to play in the World Series due to World War II military service.

May

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  • May 2 – Art Hefner, 74, centerfielder and third baseman for the 1948 New York Black Yankees and 1949 Philadelphia Stars of the Negro National League.
  • May 12 – Jacquelyn Kelley, 61, All-Star outfielder in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.
  • May 12 – Hank Schenz, 69, scrappy backup infielder who posted a .247 average in 207 games for the Chicago Cubs, Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Giants from 1946 through 1951.
  • May 25 – Charlie Perkins, 82, pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies and Brooklyn Dodgers in the early 1930s.
  • May 26 – Dick Strahs, 64, relief pitcher for the 1954 Chicago White Sox.

June

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  • June 1 – Belve Bean, 83, relief pitcher who posted an 11–7 record with the Indians and Senators from 1930 to 1935.
  • June 8 – Walt Chipple, 69, backup outfielder for the 1945 Washington Senators.
  • June 9 – Newt Allen, 87, five-time All-Star second baseman for the Negro leagues' Kansas City Monarchs; two-time (1924, 1942) Negro World Series champion, the latter year as the Monarchs' player-manager.
  • June 12 – Merle Settlemire, 85, relief pitcher for the 1928 Boston Red Sox.
  • June 15 – Hugh Willingham, 82, backup infielder for the Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies from 1930 to 1933; later became a longtime White Sox scout.
  • June 17 – Ed Montague, 82, shortstop for the Cleveland Indians between 1928 and 1932, who later became a scout, most notable for signing Willie Mays; father of the longtime umpire.
  • June 19 – Alice DeCambra, 66, infielder/pitcher during five seasons in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.
  • June 21 – Ed Linke, 76, relief pitcher who posted a 22–22 record with the Washington Senators and St. Louis Browns from 1933 to 1938.
  • June 22 – Hank Edwards, 69, outfielder who hit .280 with a .343 on-base percentage in 735 games with the Indians, Cubs, Dodgers, Reds, White Sox and Browns from 1941 to 1953.
  • June 27 – Red Bullock, 76, pitcher for the 1936 Philadelphia Athletics.

July

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  • July 1 – Ed Sauer, 69, outfielder who played in the 1940s with the Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Braves; brother of Hank Sauer.
  • July 2 – Tom Drake, 75, relief pitcher for the Cleveland Indians and Brooklyn Dodgers from 1939 to 1941.
  • July 4 – Lee Weyer, 51, National League umpire from 1963 until his death; worked in 3,827 NL games, four World Series and five NL Championship Series.
  • July 8 – Frank Ellerbe, 84, third baseman who hit .268 in 420 games for the Senators, Browns and Indians from 1919 to 1924.
  • July 10 – Ernie Nevel, 69, relief pitcher who appeared in 14 games with the New York Yankees and Cincinnati Reds from 1950 to 1953.
  • July 14 – Whitey Witt, 92, outfielder who hit .287 with 18 home runs and 302 RBI in 1,139 games for the Philadelphia Athletics, New York Yankees and Brooklyn Robins from 1916 to 1926; last surviving member of the 1923 New York Yankees' World Series champions.
  • July 15 – Clyde Beck, 88, infielder for the Chicago Cubs and Cincinnati Reds from 1926 to 1931.
  • July 20 – John W. Galbreath, 90, real estate magnate and majority owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1950 to 1985, during which period the team won three World Series.
  • July 23 – Ken Polivka, 67, relief pitcher who appeared in two games with the 1947 Cincinnati Reds.
  • July 24 – Jerry Lane, 62, pitcher for the Washington Senators and Cincinnati Redlegs from 1953 to 1955.
  • July 24 – Joe Orengo, 73, valuable man at all four infield positions, who hit .238 in 366 games for the Cardinals, Giants, Dodgers, Tigers and White Sox between 1939 and 1945.
  • July 26 – Al Flair, 62, first baseman for the 1941 Boston Red Sox.
  • July 27 – Jack Drees, 71, Chicago sportscaster and television voice of the White Sox from 1968 to 1972; also known for football, boxing and horse racing broadcast work.

August

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  • August 2 – Bob Berman, 89, backup catcher for the 1918 Washington Senators.
  • August 5 – Ralph Michaels, 86, backup infielder who hit .295 in 32 games for the Chicago Cubs from 1924 to 1926.
  • August 13 – Mel Almada, 75, outfielder who hit .284 from 1933 through 1939 for the Boston Red Sox, Washington Senators, St. Louis Browns and Brooklyn Dodgers, who is regarded as the first Mexican player to appear in a major league baseball game.
  • August 13 – Edward Bennett Williams, 68, owner of the Baltimore Orioles from August 2, 1979, until his death; prominent Washington attorney and sportsman, who previously was co-owner or owner of the NFL Redskins from 1962 to 1974.
  • August 22 – Bob Daughters, 74, played for the 1937 Boston Red Sox.
  • August 29 – Charles Johnston, 92, American League umpire in 1936 and 1937.
  • August 31 – John Daley, 101, shortstop for the 1912 St. Louis Browns, the oldest living major league player at the time of his death.

September

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  • September 2 – Jim Bagby Jr., 71, All-Star pitcher for the Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians (1938–1947), who led AL in starts and innings in 1943; his father, Jim Sr., won 127 games for three MLB clubs over nine seasons.
  • September 2 – Marshall Riddle, 70, Negro league baseball infielder.
  • September 6 – Lew Krausse, 76, relief pitcher who posted a 5–1 record with a 4.50 ERA in 23 appearances for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1931 to 1932; longtime scout and minor-league manager; father of the MLB pitcher of the 1960s and 1970s.
  • September 8 – Rats Henderson, 92, stalwart pitcher for the Atlantic City Bacharach Giants of the Eastern Colored League from 1923 to 1928; led ECL in both games won and lost (ten) in 1923.
  • September 16 – Bob Trice, 62, pitcher who on September 13, 1953 became the first African American player in Philadelphia Athletics history; posted a 9–9 (5.75 ERA) record in 27 games for the A's through May 2, 1955.
  • September 29 – Tony Ordeñana, 69, shortstop for the 1943 Pittsburgh Pirates, and one of many players who only appeared in the majors during World War II.

October

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  • October 6 – Bob Boken, 80, infielder for the Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox from 1933 to 1934.
  • October 8 – Boob Fowler, 87, infielder who hit .326 in 78 games for the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox from 1923 through 1926.
  • October 14 – Abie Hood, 85, second baseman who hit .286 in five games for the 1925 Boston Braves.
  • October 14 – Vic Raschi, 69, All-Star pitcher who won 20 games for the Yankees in three straight years (1949–1951), including World Series clinchers in 1949 and 1951; all told, played for six World Series champions (1947 and 1949–1953).
  • October 19 – Bill Burgo, 67, backup outfielder for the Philadelphia Athletics in the 1943 and 1944 seasons.
  • October 21 – Regino "Reggie" Otero, 73, Cuban first baseman who had a long minor league career (1936–1953); played briefly with the 1945 Chicago Cubs and 13 years in the Cuban League; later a successful career manager in the Cuban, Mexican and Venezuelan leagues; coached in the majors for the Cincinnati Reds (1959–1965) and Cleveland Indians (1966), then scouted for the Indians and Dodgers.
  • October 26 – Bill Johnson, 92, catcher in Black baseball who played primarily in the Eastern Colored League during the 1920s.
  • October 27 – Ben Steiner, 67, second baseman for the Boston Red Sox and Detroit Tigers from 1945 to 1947.
  • October 28 – Dave Tyriver, 50, pitcher for the 1962 Cleveland Indians.
  • October 29 – Andy Cohen, 84, second baseman who hit .281 in 262 games with the New York Giants from 1926 to 1929; acting manager of 1960 Philadelphia Phillies for one game (April 14) between terms of Eddie Sawyer and Gene Mauch; younger brother Syd, an MLB pitcher, died earlier in 1988 (on April 9).
  • October 30 – Bernie Walter, 80, pitcher for the 1930 Pittsburgh Pirates.

November

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  • November 1 – Lefty Sullivan, 72, pitcher for the 1939 Cleveland Indians.
  • November 5 – Glenn Chapman, 82, infielder who hit .280 in 67 games for the 1934 Brooklyn Dodgers.
  • November 9 – Bob Weiland, 82, left-hander who went 62–94 (4.24) in 277 games in a dozen seasons (1928–1935, 1937–1940) for five clubs, primarily the St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Red Sox.
  • November 16 – Johnny Hayes, 78, two-time All-Star catcher who appeared for four Negro National League clubs, mainly the New York Black Yankees, between 1934 and 1948.
  • November 19 – Kid Lowe, 88, third baseman for the Memphis Red Sox and three other Negro National League teams between 1921 and 1930.
  • November 21 – Carl Hubbell, 85, Hall of Fame pitcher who won 253 games for the 1928–1943 New York Giants, second most among NL left-handers upon retirement; named NL's MVP in 1933 and 1936, he led league in wins and ERA three times each and had 1.79 ERA in six World Series starts; his 1,677 strikeouts were NL record for portsiders until 1958, and he won 24 straight games in 1936–1937; served Giants as their farm system director from 1944 until 1975.
  • November 22 – Ray Kelly, 74, sportswriter who covered the Philadelphia Athletics and Phillies since the late 1940s.
  • November 28 – Butch Davis, 72, outfielder who played in Black baseball, the Negro leagues (batting .341 for the 1947 Baltimore Elite Giants), independent leagues and, in 1951 and 1952, "organized" minor league baseball.
  • November 30 – Wally Berger, 83, All-Star center fielder for the Boston Braves who had four 100-RBI seasons and batted .300 lifetime; led NL in homers and RBI in 1935; his 38 homers as a 1930 rookie (tied by Frank Robinson in 1956) stood as an MLB record until 1987.

December

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  • December 12 – Joe Reichler, 73, sportswriter and author who wrote for the Associated Press for 20 years and served as an assistant to the commissioner after 1966; editor of the Macmillan Baseball Encyclopedia since its first edition in 1969.
  • December 16 – Joe Hatten, 72, pitcher who posted a 65–49 record with a 3.87 ERA for the Brooklyn Dodgers and Chicago Cubs from 1946 through 1952.
  • December 16 – Bob Kahle, 73, pinch-hitter for the 1938 Boston Braves.
  • December 16 – Leonard Lindsay, 79, first baseman who appeared for three Negro leagues clubs over four seasons between 1935 and 1947.
  • December 21 – Willie Kamm, 88, third baseman for the Chicago White Sox (1923–1931) and Cleveland Indians (1931–1935) who led AL in fielding average eight times and in putouts seven times; batted .308 in 1928 and led league in walks in 1925.
  • December 29 – John Happenny, 87, backup infielder who hit .221 in 32 games for the 1923 Chicago White Sox.
  • December 29 – Earl Mossor, 63, pitcher who appeared in three games with the 1951 Brooklyn Dodgers.
  • December 31 – Wes Flowers, 75, relief pitcher who posted a 2–2 record with a 5.40 ERA for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1940 and 1944, and later served in the Navy during World War II.

References

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  1. ^ Los Angeles Times. Published on June 23, 1988.
  2. ^ Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Official Website Retrieved on March 27, 2017.
  3. ^ "A Billion-Dollar Bid By CBS Wins Rights To Baseball Games". The New York Times. December 15, 1988.
  4. ^ Downey, Kevin (18 April 2002). "Waning days of big $ TV sports". Media Life. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015.
  5. ^ "Baseball to CBS; NBC Strikes Out : ABC Also Falls Short as 4-Year Package Goes for $1 Billion". The Los Angeles Times. December 15, 1988.
  6. ^ Shames, Laurence (23 July 1989). "CBS HAS WON THE WORLD SERIES......NOW IT COULD LOSE ITS SHIRT". The New York Times.
  7. ^ Erardi, John; Luckhaupt, Joel (29 September 2010). The Wire-to-Wire Reds: Sweet Lou, Nasty Boys, and the Wild Run to a World ... p. 40. ISBN 9781578604661.
  8. ^ Ernest Cashmore (1994). And There Was Television. p. 146. ISBN 9780415091305.
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