Jump to content

1984 Summer Olympics torch relay

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Host cityLos Angeles, California, United States
Countries visitedGreece, United States
Distance9,375 miles (15,088 km)
Torch bearers3,636
Start dateMay 8, 1984
End dateJuly 28, 1984
Torch designerNewhart, Turner Industries
No. of torches4,500
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
1984 Summer Olympics

The 1984 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from May 8 until July 28, prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. It was commonly referred to as the AT&T Olympic Torch Relay, reflecting the lead sponsor of the event. The relay crossed the United States from New York City to Los Angeles, with 3,636 torchbearers running with the torch along a 9,375-mile (15,088 km) route. It was by far the longest Olympic torch relay that had been organized up to that point, creating the precedent for the Olympic flame to tour all parts of the host country rather than traveling directly to the opening ceremony.

It was the first torch relay to be funded primarily by corporate sponsorships, a decision which received backlash from Greek organizers, who threatened not to light the flame until days before the relay began. It was also the first time in Olympic history that ordinary members of the public, rather than carefully selected teams of runners, were permitted to carry the Olympic torch. That changed in LA as any person could become the torchbearer. Through the "Youth Legacy Kilometer" program, any person or group which donated $3,000 to selected charities would be permitted to run with the torch for 1 kilometer (0.62 mi). The program raised nearly $11 million for the YMCA of the USA, the Boys Club of America, the Girls Club of America, and the Special Olympics.

The relay culminated in the Olympics' opening ceremony on July 28. Rafer Johnson was the final torchbearer who lit the cauldron, becoming the first black athlete in history to do so.

Torch

[edit]
A torch from the relay

The aluminum torch, designed with a brass finish and leather handle that gave it an antique look, was 56.5 centimeters (22.2 in) long and weighed 1,000 grams (35 oz).[1] Etched on the ring of the torch were the words of the Olympic motto ("Citius, Altius, Fortius") with the Olympic rings between each word. They were manufactured by Turner Industries of Sycamore, Illinois,[2] and each one was numbered.[3] After the trial run in March, the original design of the torch was found to be flawed. The valve was found to be recessed too deeply inside the bowl of the torch and was extinguished too easily. The type of propane and the valve used for its release were also adjusted to ensure that it would remain lit wherever possible.[3]

Organization

[edit]

Planning for the relay began in 1981, when the idea of the Youth Legacy Kilometer program was first conceived. Under this program, individuals and organizations could sponsor a kilometer of the relay, which would give them the right to carry the torch along that segment of the route or to choose others who would be allowed to do so. The cost to sponsor a kilometer was $3,000, the proceeds of which would be donated to charity.[3] Peter Ueberroth, chair of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (LAOOC), later wrote that he first conceived of the idea of running the torch across the length of the country, which had not been done before. Although his fellow organizers were extremely skeptical that such a relay would be practical, Ueberroth continued to push for it and eventually succeeded.[4]: 188–191 

Shortly after AT&T became a sponsor of the Olympic Games in 1982, organizers tasked the company's Long Lines Division with handling the logistics of the relay event.[3] AT&T employees would also be responsible for carrying the flame in areas where a sponsor had not been found.[5] AT&T's role in the relay coincided with the company being forced to divest its regional operating companies at the beginning of 1984; the Long Lines Division was not affected by the divestiture. The Boys Club of America, the Girls Club of America, and the YMCA of the USA shared responsibility for marketing the event and for disbursing the funds raised as part of the relay.[3] Additional sponsors included Burson-Marsteller, the PR agency of AT&T, which helped to organize the relay provided the majority of the staffing for the events;[3][6] Levi Strauss & Co., which provided the runner uniforms; Converse, which supplied the shoes; and General Motors, which designed custom GMC and Buick vehicles to follow and support the runners, specially designed to travel at slow speeds for long periods of time.[7][3]

At the 86th IOC Session in New Delhi, India, in March 1983, the LAOOC presented its plans for the relay. Under the LAOOC's initial proposal, the relay would have started in early April and lasted for nearly four months, more than twice the length of any previous Olympic torch relay. The Hellenic Olympic Committee (HOC), responsible for lighting the flame in Olympia, conveying it to Athens, and handing it over to the host nation, opposed the plan, claiming that the sponsorships were commercializing the symbol of the Olympic flame. Furthermore, the HOC refused to stage its portion of the torch relay so early, since the torch had traditionally been carried through Greece by children who would still be in school in April.[8][9] As a result, the relay was scaled back to last less than three months, but the dispute over the sponsorship program remained unresolved.[4]: 191–193 

Plans for the relay and a preliminary route were first publicly announced on July 28, 1983, one year before the Games' opening ceremony, in two simultaneous press conferences in New York City and Los Angeles. The proposed route would have begun on May 8, 1984, in New York, then passed through all 50 states (Alaska and Hawaii being visited only by branch routes which would split off from the main torch in Seattle) before arriving in Los Angeles for the opening ceremony.[5]

However, given the later start date, organizers realized that this route, covering over 16,000 miles (26,000 km), would require runners to carry the torch 24 hours a day and would be logistically impractical.[3] Additionally, the Youth Legacy Kilometer program had fallen below expectations, with only 2,000 of the available 10,000 kilometers sponsored by the end of 1983.[10] Political consultant Wally McGuire was tasked with designing a more realistic route, which was shortened to 9,375 miles (15,088 km) through 33 states and the District of Columbia. McGuire presented his proposal to the LAOOC on January 3, 1984,[4]: 194–196  and details about the new route were made public the next day.[10] Two advance teams, one starting from New York and one starting from Los Angeles, surveyed and finalized the route, meeting in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, on February 15.[3]

Olympic torch at the University of Texas at Arlington, 1984

On February 1, Kimon Koulouris, the Greek minister of sports, announced that the government would not allow the flame to be used for commercial purposes, jeopardizing the relay plans. The mayor of Olympia, Spyros Foteinos, added that the town also would not agree to participate in the event if it was commercialized,[11] saying that the American delegation would have to light the flame themselves. During IOC meetings at the Winter Olympics which began a few days later in Sarajevo, this opposition continued.[4]: 204–207 [12] In response, the LAOOC agreed to stop accepting new sponsorships on March 20, and the Greek delegation tentatively agreed to participate in the relay.[13] In order to keep Greek participation in the relay to a minimum, and to avoid the possibility of protests along the route there, organizers considered transmitting the flame to New York in the form of a laser beam by satellite, as had been done in 1976 between Athens and Montreal.[3]

LAOOC general manager Harry Usher insisted that "we have not commercialized the torch run" and that "the object is to carry the torch with the same dignity it has always had in Olympic tradition." This reputation was further damaged, however, after the Caesars Tahoe Palace casino resort sponsored 50 kilometers of the Nevada route and announced that it would raffle them off to customers, who would win a place in the relay, a two-night stay at the resort, and a cash prize of $1,984. The LAOOC forced Caesars to scale back its promotion.[14] Ultimately, seven of the kilometer segments were given to winning customers, 42 went to local organizations, and the remaining kilometer was given to 1976 decathlon winner Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), who had signed a promotional contract with Caesars.[15]

A test run for the relay was held from March 18 through March 24, from Trenton, New Jersey, to Cleveland, Ohio, following the same route on the same days of the week as the relay. Based on this experience, the design of the torch was modified to ensure that the flame would not go out during the run, and other logistical changes were made.[3]

Despite the compromise that had been worked out between Greek and American officials, on April 25, eight days before the planned lighting ceremony at Olympia, the Hellenic Athletics Federation told its members not to participate in the relay to Athens in protest. The next day, the Olympia ceremony was abruptly canceled.[3] According to Peter Ueberroth's memoirs, IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch, who had assured the LAOOC throughout the dispute that the flame would be handed over without problems, dispatched two students to Olympia, where they lit their own Olympic flame and brought it back to IOC headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland. With their leverage over the flame removed, Ueberroth wrote, the Greek organizers agreed to hold an official lighting ceremony.[4]: 240–242  Reportedly, American organizers also threatened not to allow Greek athletes to walk in the Parade of Nations first at the opening ceremony, as is traditional.[16]: 36 

Relay and notable torchbearers

[edit]
Rafer Johnson, pictured here as a flagbearer at the 1960 Games, carried the torch in New York City and Dallas before lighting the cauldron in Los Angeles.

The flame was lit in a private ceremony at Olympia on May 7, with spectators not permitted as was usual. It was then flown by helicopter to Athens, and carried on a jet airliner owned by the U.S. federal government to New York.[3] The flame was brought to the United Nations Plaza on the morning of May 8, where a cauldron was lit by 1960 Olympic decathlon champion Rafer Johnson. He became the first black athlete to do so in world history. The first kilometer of the relay was run by Bill Thorpe Jr., grandson of Jim Thorpe, and Gina Hemphill, granddaughter of Jesse Owens. The second kilometer was run by Abel Kiviat, the oldest living American to have competed in the Olympics at the age of 91. Two hours after the relay began, the Soviet Union announced it would boycott the Olympics.[4]: 243–272 [17][18] Olympic boxer Mark Breland also carried the torch in Manhattan.[19]

Unlike later Olympic torch relays, the 1984 event was run entirely on foot, with no other means of transportation used after the flame landed in New York. In areas where no people or organizations had signed up for the Youth Legacy Kilometer program, the torch was carried by a series of "cadre" runners who were members of the Telephone Pioneers of America, a non-profit organization consisting of current and former AT&T employees. At all times, the torch runners were accompanied by a caravan of support vehicles, custom-designed for the relay by sponsor General Motors. The torch was run for roughly 14 to 20 hours per day at a pace of roughly seven miles per hour.[3]

Boston mayor Raymond Flynn holds the torch in front of City Hall.

From New York, the relay first traveled northeast to Boston, then backtracked across Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey to reach Philadelphia. Olympic basketball gold medalist and U.S. senator Bill Bradley ran a kilometer in Trenton, New Jersey.[20] Paralyzed news reporter Chris O'Donoghue carried the torch in his wheelchair in Baltimore.[21] In Washington, D.C., the torch was brought to the White House, where it was greeted by President Ronald Reagan.[22]

West of Washington, the relay traversed the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia on its way to Pittsburgh. The flame visited Cleveland and Detroit in late May. The route briefly looped through Chicago, where it was carried by Olympic athlete Willye White and Chicago Bears star running back Walter Payton, before returning eastward into Indiana on its way to Indianapolis.[23] The run through Indianapolis on May 26 took place in the midst of Memorial Day weekend festivities leading up to the 1984 Indianapolis 500, which was held the following day. Gary Romesser, who had won the 500 Festival Mini-Marathon the previous day, carried the torch at the head of the 500 Festival Parade.[24][25][26]

Muhammad Ali ran with the torch in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky,[27] while another Olympic gold medalist from the state, Tamara McKinney, started the next day's leg in Lexington.[28] The First Lady of Tennessee, Leslee "Honey" Alexander, wife of Governor Lamar Alexander, carried the torch onto the University of Tennessee campus in Knoxville.[29]

From Knoxville, the torch traveled south through the Great Smoky Mountains to Atlanta, then followed U.S. Route 78 west to Memphis, Tennessee. Olympic hurdler Thomas Hill ran with the torch in Blytheville, Arkansas,[30] as it skirted the bank of the Mississippi River up to St. Louis. Wilma Rudolph carried it under the Gateway Arch, handing it to St. Louis Cardinals star player Ozzie Smith.[31] Missouri governor Kit Bond held the torch at the state capitol in Jefferson City,[32] while Kansas City saw the relay's oldest torchbearer, 99-year-old Ansel Stubbs, pass the flame to its youngest, 4-year-old Katie Johnston.[33]

The relay crossed the eastern part of Kansas southward to Oklahoma. In Oklahoma City, governor George Nigh was joined by Jim Thorpe's son Richard Thorpe for a ceremony at the state capitol.[34] Rafer Johnson carried the torch again in Dallas, Texas, passing it onward to Dallas Cowboys player Bob Hayes (the only athlete with both an Olympic gold medal and a Super Bowl ring).[35] In nearby Azle, a runner was burned by the torch and required medical attention.[36] The border between Farwell, Texas, and Texico, New Mexico, was officially designated as the halfway point of the cross-country route, as it was reached on June 17, the 41st day of the 82-day relay.[37]

After passing through Albuquerque, the torch was taken northward into Colorado. Hank Kashiwa carried the torch into Denver. Governor Richard Lamm received the flame on the mile-high step of the Colorado State Capitol and ran with it for a kilometer before passing it to Denver mayor Federico Peña, who carried it down the 16th Street Mall – both politicians dressed in the official runner's uniform.[38] The torch was then carried through the Rocky Mountains, crossing the Continental Divide at Berthoud Pass.[39] Henry Marsh and mayor Ted Wilson ran with the torch in Salt Lake City, Utah.[40] Christin Cooper was the grand marshal of a torch parade in Twin Falls, Idaho.[41]

The torch crossed northeastern Oregon and much of Washington state before reaching the Pacific coast at Seattle, where it was carried by Hugh Foley. Johnny Bumphus ran with it in nearby Tacoma.[7] Proceeding southward to Portland, the torch followed the Willamette Valley to Eugene, then crossed the Cascade Mountains to Klamath Falls. On July 11, the flame was brought into the host state of California at Hatfield, near Tulelake.[42][43]

Eagle Lake Road in Lassen County, California, reportedly the only county-maintained road used in the California leg of the relay as opposed to state and federal highways and city streets,[44] was renamed Route of the Olympic Torch, a name it still bears today. The torch briefly left California to pass through Reno, Nevada, where a local resident was killed in a vehicular accident when traffic was halted for the relay, as well as the state capital of Carson City.[45] The segment sponsored by Caesars Tahoe brought the torch back into California the next day, with Jenner carrying the torch along the casino row in Stateline, Nevada, on its way to South Lake Tahoe.[46]

Nancy Ditz carried the torch across the Golden Gate Bridge into San Francisco. The arrival of the torch on July 16 coincided with the opening of the 1984 Democratic National Convention, which also took place in San Francisco that same day.[47] The Democratic candidates nominated at the convention, Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro, had watched the torch pass by while staying in South Lake Tahoe a few days earlier.[48] Mayor Lionel Wilson carried the torch through Oakland,[49] while Congressman Ed Zschau brought it onto the Stanford University campus.[50]

A platoon of Marines carries the torch across Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.

George Christie, a prominent member of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, carried the torch in his hometown of Ventura.[51] O.J. Simpson carried the torch up the California Incline into Santa Monica, bringing it into the Los Angeles area.[52] One of the only cities to be added to the relay route after it was initially announced, while many were removed due to logistical constraints and a lack of donations, was San Diego, where local residents raised over $550,000 for the Youth Legacy Kilometer program.[53] The San Diego leg of the relay, in which the torch was carried by mayor Roger Hedgecock and Padres star Steve Garvey, was described as raising the city's spirits after the murder of 20 people in the San Ysidro McDonald's massacre a few days earlier.[54] In order to get permission to run the torch across Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, organizers allowed a platoon of Marines to carry it there.[55]

The relay culminated on July 28, with the Olympics opening ceremony at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Gina Hemphill, who had been one of the first torchbearers in New York, carried the torch into the stadium and circled the track before delivering it to Rafer Johnson, who lit the cauldron.[3]

The torchbearers, 3,636 in all, came from a wide variety of backgrounds. The 1984 relay was the first to invite nominations from the public, a system replicated in future relays.[56] It was also the first to charge torchbearers for their participation. Anybody who could raise the entry fee would be able to sponsor one kilometer and bear a torch themselves or designate a person to do so. The Youth Legacy Kilometer program raised nearly $11 million – a third of the $30 million organizers had hoped to raise[4]: 193  – all of which was given to charities.[3][6] The YMCA received the largest proportion of the funds, amounting to around $3.9 million, while smaller amounts went to the Boys Clubs, Girls Clubs, and the Special Olympics.[3]

In parallel with the torch relay, a group of Native American athletes held "The Longest Run", starting at the Onondaga Reservation near Syracuse, New York, on May 28, 1984, and culminating on July 19 at Whittier Narrows Recreation Area near Los Angeles, for the opening of the Jim Thorpe Memorial Pow-Wow and Native Games there. The event honored Thorpe, whose 1912 Olympic medals, stripped over an amateurism controversy, had officially been reinstated in January 1983 thirty years after his death. It was also patterned after the American Indian Movement's Longest Walk protest march of 1978.[57]

Route

[edit]
Map
(Route is approximate where sources are unclear or unavailable)
Date Locations Map
May 8 New York: New York City (United Nations Plaza, Central Park, Empire State Building, City Hall, Battery Park, World Trade Center, Bronx Zoo),[18] Pelham Manor, New Rochelle, Larchmont, Mamaroneck, Rye, Port Chester[58]

Connecticut: Greenwich, Stamford, Westport, Bridgeport, West Haven (University of New Haven)[59]

May 9 Connecticut: West Haven, Old Lyme, Niantic, Waterford, New London (United States Coast Guard Academy), Mystic (Mystic Seaport), Stonington, Pawcatuck[60]

Rhode Island: Westerly, Narragansett, South Kingstown, North Kingstown, East Greenwich, Warwick, Providence, Pawtucket[61]

Massachusetts: North Attleboro

May 10 Massachusetts: North Attleboro, Foxborough, Walpole, Norwood, Dedham, Boston (Massachusetts State House, Faneuil Hall, Freedom Trail, Old North Church, Government Center), Cambridge (Harvard University), Watertown, Waltham, Wayland, Sudbury, Marlborough, Auburn, Charlton[62]

Connecticut: Storrs (University of Connecticut)[59]

May 11 Connecticut: Storrs, Manchester, East Hartford, Hartford (Connecticut State Capitol), West Hartford, Farmington, Bristol, Wolcott, Waterbury, Middlebury, Woodbury, Southbury, Newtown, Danbury[63]

New York: Brewster, Carmel, Mahopac, Baldwin Place, Shrub Oak, Mohegan Lake, Peekskill, West Point (United States Military Academy)[64]

May 12 New York: West Point, Stony Point, Suffern[65]

New Jersey: Mahwah, Lincoln Park, Towaco, Montville, Boonton, Parsippany, Morris Plains, Morristown,[66] Bernardsville, Bedminster, Bridgewater Township, Somerville, Hillsborough Township, Montgomery Township, Princeton, Lawrence Township (Rider College)[67][68]

May 13 New Jersey: Lawrence Township, Trenton[20]

Pennsylvania: Morrisville,[20] Philadelphia (Independence Hall, Liberty Bell,[69] Philadelphia Museum of Art),[70] Yeadon, Chester,[71] Marcus Hook[69]

Delaware: Wilmington (Rodney Square),[72] Elsmere,[71] Newark (University of Delaware)[69]

Maryland: Havre de Grace,[73] Aberdeen, Edgewood (Aberdeen Proving Ground)[74]

May 14 Maryland: Edgewood, Baltimore (Harborplace),[75] Annapolis,[76] Bowie[21]

Washington, D.C. (White House, United States Capitol, Jefferson Memorial, Lincoln Memorial)[77][22]

Virginia: Arlington (Arlington National Cemetery), Fairfax[77]

May 15 Virginia: Fairfax, Winchester

West Virginia: Romney[78]

May 16 West Virginia: Romney, U.S. Route 50

Maryland: U.S. Route 50

West Virginia: U.S. Route 50, Clarksburg[79]

May 17 West Virginia: Clarksburg, Shinnston, Fairmont, Morgantown[79]

Pennsylvania: Washington[80]

May 18 Pennsylvania: Washington, Upper St. Clair, Mount Lebanon, Dormont, Pittsburgh (Schenley Park, University of Pittsburgh, Market Square, Point State Park),[80] Sewickley, Ellwood City,[81] New Castle[82]

Ohio: Youngstown,[83] Canfield,[84] Berlin Lake[85]

May 19 Ohio: Berlin Lake, Akron, Fairlawn,[86] Bedford, Maple Heights, Shaker Heights, Cleveland Heights, East Cleveland, Cleveland, Lakewood, Bay Village[87]
May 20 Ohio: Bay Village, Sheffield Lake, Sandusky, Port Clinton, Toledo[87][88]

Michigan: Monroe[88]

May 21 Michigan: Monroe, Detroit (Hart Plaza, Grand Circus Park),[89] Pontiac,[90] Flint (Sarvis Center)[91]
May 22 Michigan: Flint, Owosso,[92] East Lansing (Michigan State University), Lansing (Michigan State Capitol), Potterville, Charlotte,[93] Bellevue, Battle Creek (Battle Creek Y Center)[94]
May 23 Michigan: Battle Creek, Athens,[94] Leonidas, Sturgis, White Pigeon, Mottville,[95] Edwardsburg,[96] Niles,[97] Three Oaks, New Buffalo[98]

Indiana: Michigan City, Gary (Fifth Avenue and Burr Street)[99]

May 24 Indiana: Gary, Hammond, East Chicago, Whiting, Hammond[100]

Illinois: Chicago (Daley Plaza), Harvey, South Holland, Calumet City[23][101]

Indiana: Hammond, Highland, Schererville, St. John, Lake Village[100]

May 25 Indiana: Lake Village, Kentland,[102] Gravel Hill, West Lafayette (Purdue University), Lafayette,[103] Elizaville[104]
May 26 Indiana: Elizaville, Sheridan,[105] Indianapolis (Hoosier Dome),[25] Greenwood,[24] Columbus,[106] Reddington,[107] Seymour, Uniontown[108][109]
May 27 Indiana: Uniontown, Crothersville, Scottsburg,[107] Jeffersonville

Kentucky: Louisville (Clark Memorial Bridge, Kentucky Center for the Arts), Shelbyville,[110][111] Frankfort (Kentucky Governor's Mansion),[112] Versailles, Lexington (Keeneland Race Course)[113]

May 28 Kentucky: Lexington, Richmond, Berea (Berea College), Lexington, London, Corbin, Barbourville, Pineville (Pine Mountain State Resort Park)[28]
May 29 Kentucky: Pine Mountain, Middlesboro, Cumberland Gap[28]

Tennessee: Cumberland Gap, La Follette, Knoxville (University of Tennessee),[29][114] Gatlinburg (Sugarlands Visitor Center)[115]

May 30 Tennessee: Gatlinburg, Great Smoky Mountains National Park

North Carolina: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cherokee, Bryson City, Andrews, Murphy[116]

Georgia: Blairsville[117]

May 31 Georgia: Blairsville, Dahlonega, Dawsonville, Cumming,[118] Alpharetta, Roswell, Sandy Springs,[119] Atlanta (Chastain Park, Georgia Governor's Mansion, Colony Square),[120] Mableton[118]
June 1 Georgia: Mableton, Austell, Douglasville, Villa Rica, Temple, Bremen, Tallapoosa[118]

Alabama: Heflin, Oxford, Lincoln, Pell City, Leeds[121]

June 2 Alabama: Leeds, Birmingham,[122] Adamsville, Graysville, Sumiton, Jasper, Carbon Hill, Winfield, Hamilton[123]

Mississippi: Fulton,[124] Tupelo (U.S. Route 78 at Auburn Road)[30]

June 3 Mississippi: Tupelo, Sherman, Blue Springs,[125] New Albany, Myrtle, Hickory Flat, Holly Springs[124]

Tennessee: Memphis (Beale Street)

Arkansas: West Memphis, Jericho, Turrell (Turrell High School)[30]

June 4 Arkansas: Turrell, Wilson, Luxora, Blytheville[30]

Missouri: Steele, Portageville, Sikeston[30]

June 5 Missouri: Sikeston, Benton, Kelso, Scott City, Cape Girardeau,[126] Jackson, Old Appleton, Sainte Genevieve,[127] Festus (border with Crystal City)
June 6 Missouri: Crystal City, Herculaneum, Arnold, St. Louis (Gateway Arch, Forest Park, Francis Olympic Field), Ladue, Ballwin, Ellisville, Gray Summit, Union, Beaufort, Gerald, Rosebud, Drake, Mount Sterling[31]
June 7 Missouri: Mount Sterling, Linn,[128] Loose Creek, Jefferson City (Missouri State Capitol),[32] St. Martins, California, Tipton, Syracuse, Sedalia, Warrensburg[129][130]
June 8 Missouri: Warrensburg, Lee's Summit, Raytown, Kansas City (Country Club Plaza, Crown Center)[130]

Kansas: Kansas City, Shawnee,[130] Lawrence[131][132]

June 9 Kansas: Lawrence, Topeka (Kansas State Capitol), Carbondale, Lyndon, Burlington, Yates Center, Buffalo, Altoona[131]
June 10 Kansas: Altoona, Neodesha, Independence, Caney[131]

Oklahoma: Dewey, Bartlesville,[133] Tulsa, Jenks,[134] Sapulpa[135][34]

June 11 Oklahoma: Sapulpa, Bristow, Stroud, Chandler, Arcadia,[136] Edmond,[137] Oklahoma City,[136] Norman[34] (University of Oklahoma, Memorial Stadium)[138]
June 12 Oklahoma: Norman, Noble, Purcell, Wayne, Paoli, Pauls Valley, Wynnewood, Davis, Sulphur, Dickson, Mannsville, Madill, Willis (Lake Texoma Lodge)[138][137]
June 13 Oklahoma: Willis

Texas: Sherwood Shores, Whitesboro, Collinsville, Tioga,[139] Pilot Point, Aubrey, Cross Roads, Frisco,[140] Dallas,[141] Grand Prairie[142]

June 14 Texas: Grand Prairie, Arlington, Fort Worth, Azle, Reno, Springtown, Jacksboro, Jermyn, Loving, Olney[143]
June 15 Texas: Olney, Megargel, Westover, Seymour, Red Springs, Vera, Benjamin, Guthrie, Dickens[144]
June 16 Texas: Dickens, Crosbyton, Lubbock, Littlefield[142]
June 17 Texas: Littlefield, Farwell

New Mexico: Texico, Clovis,[145] Melrose, Fort Sumner[37]

June 18 New Mexico: Fort Sumner, Vaughn, Encino, Willard, Estancia[37]
June 19 New Mexico: Estancia, Moriarty,[37] Tijeras, Albuquerque,[146] Bernalillo, La Bajada[37]
June 20 New Mexico: La Bajada, Santa Fe,[147] Española, Ojo Caliente, Tres Piedras[148][149]

Colorado: Antonito[150][39]

June 21 Colorado: Antonito, La Jara, Alamosa, Mosca, Hooper, Moffat, Mineral Hot Springs, Villa Grove, Poncha Springs, Nathrop, Johnson Village[39][151]
June 22 Colorado: Johnson Village, Antero Junction, Hartsel, Lake George, Florissant, Divide, Woodland Park, Cascade, Manitou Springs,[151] Colorado Springs (United States Olympic Training Center, United States Air Force Academy)[152]
June 23 Colorado: Colorado Springs, Franktown, Parker, Denver (Colorado State Capitol, Civic Center, 16th Street Mall),[151][38] Golden[39]
June 24 Colorado: Golden, Idaho Springs, Empire, Berthoud Pass, Winter Park, Fraser, Tabernash, Granby, Hot Sulphur Springs, Kremmling[39][151]
June 25 Colorado: Kremmling, Steamboat Springs, Milner, Hayden, Craig[151][153]
June 26 Colorado: Craig, Maybell, Elk Springs, Blue Mountain,[151] Dinosaur[154]

Utah: Jensen,[155] Vernal (Uintah High School)[154]

June 27 Utah: Vernal, Gusher, Roosevelt, Myton,[40] Duchesne, Fruitland, Heber City[156]
June 28 Utah: Heber City, Park City, Snyderville, Kimball Junction, Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Temple, Utah State Capitol), North Salt Lake,[157] Bountiful, Centerville, Farmington,[158] Fruit Heights, Kaysville, Layton, South Weber, Uintah, South Ogden, Washington Terrace, Ogden,[157] North Ogden, Pleasant View, Willard, Perry, Brigham City, Bear River City, Elwood,[40] Tremonton[159]
June 29 Utah: Tremonton, Garland, Snowville[155]

Idaho: Burley, Murtaugh[160]

June 30 Idaho: Murtaugh, Hansen, Kimberly, Twin Falls, Filer, Hagerman, Bliss, Glenns Ferry, Mountain Home[160][161][41]
July 1 Idaho: Mountain Home, Boise (Idaho State Capitol), Meridian, Nampa, Caldwell[162][163]

Oregon: Ontario, Farewell Bend State Recreation Area[164]

July 2 Oregon: Farewell Bend, Baker City, La Grande, Meacham,[165] Umatilla Indian Reservation (Deadman Pass)[166]
July 3 Oregon: Deadman Pass, Pendleton, Stanfield, Hermiston, Umatilla[165][166]

Washington: Kennewick, Pasco, Eltopia, Mesa[167]

July 4 Washington: Mesa, Othello, Moses Lake, Ephrata, Quincy, Wenatchee, Cashmere[168]
July 5 Washington: Cashmere, Leavenworth, Skykomish, Stevens Pass, Bothell, Lake Forest Park[168]
July 6 Washington: Lake Forest Park, Seattle,[169] Fife, Tacoma[170][7] Nisqually Reservation, Olympia (Washington State Capitol), Tenino, Grand Mound, Centralia[171][168]
July 7 Washington: Centralia, Chehalis,[172] Winlock, Vader, Castle Rock, Kelso, Longview[173]

Oregon: Rainier, St. Helens,[173] Portland, Milwaukie, Gladstone, Oregon City (Clackamette Park)[174]

July 8 Oregon: Oregon City, Canby, Barlow, Hubbard, Woodburn, Brooks, Salem (Oregon State Capitol), Independence, Corvallis,[175] Monroe, Junction City, Eugene[176][177]
July 9 Oregon: Eugene, Glenwood, Springfield,[177] Oakridge, Crescent Lake Junction[178]
July 10 Oregon: Crescent Lake Junction, Chemult, Chiloquin, Klamath Falls (Oregon Institute of Technology)[179]
July 11 Oregon: Klamath Falls, Merrill[43]

California: Tulelake,[42] Newell, Adin[43]

July 12 California: Adin, Stones Landing, Spaulding, Janesville, Susanville, Honey Lake[44][180]
July 13 California: Honey Lake, Doyle,[44] Hallelujah Junction[46]

Nevada: Reno, Carson City, Lake Tahoe–Nevada State Park (Spooner Lake Dam)[45]

July 14 Nevada: Spooner Lake, Stateline[46]

California: South Lake Tahoe, Jackson[46][180]

July 15 California: Jackson, Sacramento, Davis, Winters, Napa,[181] Vallejo, Novato (Hamilton Army Airfield)[46][47]
July 16 California: Novato, Marinwood, Terra Linda, San Rafael, Larkspur, Corte Madera, Mill Valley, Sausalito, San Francisco (Golden Gate Bridge, The Presidio, Golden Gate Park, City Hall, San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge),[47] Oakland, San Leandro, Hayward (San Mateo–Hayward Bridge),[182][49] Foster City, San Mateo, Redwood City, Atherton, Menlo Park, Palo Alto (Stanford University), Mountain View, Sunnyvale, Santa Clara (Santa Clara University)[50][183]
July 17 California: Santa Clara, San Jose,[184] Morgan Hill, Gilroy, Castroville,[184] Watsonville, Pajaro, Las Lomas,[185] Salinas, Fort Ord, Del Rey Oaks, Seaside, Monterey, Pacific Grove, Carmel-by-the-Sea[186]
July 18 California: Carmel, Carmel Valley, Greenfield, King City, San Ardo, Bradley,[186] San Miguel, Paso Robles, Templeton, Atascadero, Santa Margarita[187]
July 19 California: Santa Margarita, San Luis Obispo, Shell Beach, Pismo Beach, Grover Beach, Arroyo Grande, Nipomo, Santa Maria,[187] Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, Goleta, Isla Vista (University of California, Santa Barbara, Olympic Village)[188]
July 20 California: Isla Vista, Goleta,[189] Carpinteria,[190] Santa Barbara, Ventura, Port Hueneme, Oxnard, Point Mugu,[51] Malibu (Pepperdine University)[188]
July 21 California: Malibu, Santa Monica (Santa Monica Pier), Los Angeles (Brentwood, Los Angeles, Westwood, Century City), Beverly Hills, Los Angeles (Hollywood), Sherman Oaks, Van Nuys, Encino, Woodland Hills, Canoga Park[191]
July 22 California: Canoga Park, Northridge, Panorama City, North Hollywood, Burbank, Glendale, Pasadena, Temple City, El Monte, Alhambra, Monterey Park, East Los Angeles, Whittier, West Covina, San Dimas[192]
July 23 California: San Dimas, La Verne, Pomona, Montclair, Claremont, Upland, Ontario, Mira Loma, Norco, Corona, Lake Elsinore, Wildomar, Murrieta, Escondido[193][194]
July 24 California: Escondido, San Diego (Rancho Bernardo), Poway, San Diego,[195] Miramar, La Mesa, central San Diego, Linda Vista, National City, Chula Vista, La Jolla[196][197]
July 25 California: La Jolla, Del Mar, Oceanside,[197][198] Camp Pendleton,[55] San Clemente, San Juan Capistrano, Laguna Niguel, Dana Point, South Laguna, Laguna Beach, Corona del Mar, Newport Beach, Irvine, Costa Mesa[196]
July 26 California: Costa Mesa, Santa Ana, Orange, Anaheim, Cypress, Buena Park (Independence Hall at Knott's Berry Farm), Fullerton, La Mirada, Norwalk, Santa Fe Springs, Downey, Paramount, Compton, Long Beach (Long Beach Shoreline Marina)[198]
July 27 California: Long Beach, Carson, Torrance, Rancho Palos Verdes, Redondo Beach, Hermosa Beach, Manhattan Beach, Playa del Rey, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles (Koreatown, Silver Lake, Hollywood, Crenshaw Boulevard and 71st Street)[55]
July 28 California: Los Angeles, Inglewood, Los Angeles (Watts), Gardena, Hawthorne, Los Angeles (Memorial Coliseum, opening ceremony)[199]

Legacy

[edit]

The 1984 torch relay was the first to last longer than two months, the first to be substantially funded by corporate sponsorships, and the first to visit all the major cities of the host country rather than traveling directly to the host city. This model has been followed by most Olympic torch relays that have occurred since. No Summer Olympics torch relay since 1992 has lasted for less than two months.[200][201]

The relay, and the gathering of millions of people who watched as it was carried through their communities, was widely regarded as bolstering national pride in the United States.[202] In his nomination speech at the 1984 Republican National Convention, President Ronald Reagan hailed the relay as a patriotic triumph and argued that it demonstrated that his administration was succeeding in its efforts to revitalize America.[203] At the end of the year, Lance Morrow of Time magazine reflected on the relay as part of a revival of patriotic sentiment during 1984 after the difficulties associated with the 1970s. According to Morrow, Americans saw the torchbearers as running "away from Jimmy Carter's 'malaise,' away from gas shortages and hostage crises and a sense of American impotence and failure and limitation and passivity, away from dishonored Presidents and a lost war. Away from what had become an American inferiority complex. Away from descendant history. Running away from the past, into the future. Or away from the bad past anyway, the recent, misbegotten past, and into a better past, all mythy and sweetly vigorous, into that America where the future was full of endless possibility."[204]

While the torch relay was the first major cross-country event of its kind, it was followed by, and likely helped to inspire, similar events. Hands Across America, which aimed to raise money for America's hungry and homeless, and the Great Peace March, a protest for nuclear disarmament, were staged in 1986. Both events crossed the nation between New York and Los Angeles, with the continuity of the journey from coast to coast being a significant part of each, and both sought to cover the logistical costs of their events with multi-million-dollar contributions from corporate sponsors.[205]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Olympic Games Los Angeles 1984". Olympic-Museum.de. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  2. ^ "Turner Brass Olympic Torch Collection", DeKalb County History Center.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Official Report of the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, Los Angeles, 1984" (PDF). Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. 806–818. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Ueberroth, Peter. Made in America: his own story, William Morrow and Company, 1985.
  5. ^ a b Kendall, John. "Olympic Torch Rite Will Raise Funds for Youths", Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1983, Part II, pages 1 and B-2.
  6. ^ a b Carry the Fire (1985) (video). AT&T. July 26, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Bartley, Nancy. "Tacoma's turn today to view Olympic torch", Tacoma News Tribune, July 6, 1984, front page.
  8. ^ Reich, Kenneth. "L.A. Group, Greece at Odds Over Olympic Torch Relay", Los Angeles Times, April 29, 1983, Part II, page 1.
  9. ^ Reich, Kenneth. "Greek Leader's Wife Downplays Olympic Torch Relay Dispute", Los Angeles Times, May 1, 1983, Part II, page 4.
  10. ^ a b King, Peter H. "Olympic Torch Relay Route Shortened", Los Angeles Times, January 5, 1984, Part II, page 18.
  11. ^ "Greeks put damper on Olympic torch run", UPI, via Roseville Press-Tribune, February 2, 1984, page 11.
  12. ^ Reich, Kenneth. "L.A. Olympic Group Surprised as Soviet Official Praises Effort", Los Angeles Times, February 7, 1984, Part II, pages 1 and 6.
  13. ^ King, Peter H. "Accord Reached With Greeks in Dispute Over Olympic Torch Relay", Los Angeles Times, March 21, 1984, Part I, pages 3 and 2.
  14. ^ King, Peter H. "Casino Told to Scale Down Olympic Torch Relay Raffle", Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1984, Part II, pages 1 and 2.
  15. ^ Brower, Monty (May 7, 1984). "From New York to L.A. Americans Are Burning to Carry the Olympic Flame". People. Archived from the original on October 8, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  16. ^ Herskowitz, Mickey. One with the Flame : Carrying the Olympic Torch Across America, New American Library, 1985.
  17. ^ Kale, Gary. "Torch aflame, but tradition snuffed", UPI, via Sacramento Bee, May 9, 1984, page C10.
  18. ^ a b Litsky, Frank (May 8, 1984). "Olympic Flame to Start Odyssey Across U.S." (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  19. ^ "Torch Relay Begins With Mixed Feelings", Associated Press, via Hartford Courant, May 9, 1984, page C4.
  20. ^ a b c "Olympic Torch to Burn in Mercer", The Trentonian, May 12, 1984, via NewsBank. "N.J. Sen Bill Bradley will carry the torch for one kilometer from the State House on West State Street to the Labor and Industry Green House on Warren Street. He is expected to leave around 8:12 a.m. [...] The relay will travel down Route 206 to Princeton Avenue, south on Princeton Avenue to Calhoun Street, then down Calhoun to West State Street. The runners will go left onto West State Street, pass the State House, and then right on Barracks Street. They will go around the War Memorial Building and onto Lafayette Street. From there they will run to Warren Street, past the Justice Complex, and onto Bridge Street where they will cross the Trenton-Morrisville Free Bridge (Lower Trenton Bridge) into Morrisville."
  21. ^ a b Young, Luther. "The flame: Torch-bearers run today", Baltimore Sun, May 14, 1984, pages C1 and C3.
  22. ^ a b Collins, Denis. "Olympic Torch Gets a Hand at White House", Washington Post, May 15, 1984, pages D1 and D3, via ProQuest.
  23. ^ a b Arndt, Michael, and Jean Davidson. "Torch lights up city: Olympic flame thrills runners, viewers", Chicago Tribune, May 25, 1984, Focus section, page 1.
  24. ^ a b Sylvester, Rosemarie. "Torch: Relay team passing through", Franklin Daily Journal, May 22, 1984, front page.
  25. ^ a b "Carrier of Olympic torch to lead '500' Festival Parade", Indianapolis Star, May 26, 1984, page 7.
  26. ^ "Torch Runner", Indianapolis News, May 26, 1984, page 20.
  27. ^ Judd, Alan. "Louisville still carries a torch for Muhammad Ali", Louisville Courier-Journal, May 28, 1984, front page and page A 10.
  28. ^ a b c "Today's schedule for the torch relay", Lexington Herald-Leader, May 28, 1984, page A12.
  29. ^ a b Boatman, Kim, and Al Browning. "Torch Run Still Brings the Chills to '80 Olympian", Knoxville News-Sentinel, May 30, 1984, pages D1, D2, and D4.
  30. ^ a b c d e "Mid-South awaits arrival of Torch", Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 3, 1984, pages D1 and D4.
  31. ^ a b Shirk, Martha. "Torch Passing Through", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 6, 1984, pages 3D and 5D.
  32. ^ a b Fennelly, Martin. "A five-ring circus: Olympic Torch Relay, caravan set Jeff City afire", Columbia Daily Tribune, June 8, 1984, page 13.
  33. ^ Ellison, Lucinda. "Local runners to help relay torch", Olathe News, June 8, 1984, page 9.
  34. ^ a b c "Nigh, Thorpe's Son Mark Olympic Flame", Associated Press, via Henryetta Daily Free-Lance, June 12, 1984, front page.
  35. ^ "Torch relay passes through Metroplex", Associated Press, via Longview News-Journal, June 14, 1984, page 1B.
  36. ^ "Runners Carry Olympic Torch", Associated Press, via Tyler Morning Telegraph, June 15, 1984, Section 3, page 15.
  37. ^ a b c d e "Olympic Torch In State Today", Associated Press, via Carlsbad Current-Argus, June 17, 1984, page B-1.
  38. ^ a b "Olympic flame winds through Denver", Associated Press, via Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, June 24, 1984, page 1C.
  39. ^ a b c d e "Olympic torch relay reaches Colorado", Associated Press, via Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, June 22, 1984, page 1C.
  40. ^ a b c "Runners Bring Olympic Torch to Vernal, Beginning 3-Day Trek Through State", Salt Lake Tribune, June 27, 1984, page 2B.
  41. ^ a b "Magic Valley throngs greet Olympic torch", Twin Falls Times-News, July 1, 1984, pages D1, D2, and D3.
  42. ^ a b "Torch in California", UPI, via Coos Bay World, July 12, 1984, page 10.
  43. ^ a b c Beitiks, Edvins. "The Olympic torch clears the California border", San Francisco Examiner, July 11, 1984, front page and page A10.
  44. ^ a b c "Olympic Torch Relay Arrives in Susanville Thursday Afternoon", Lassen Advocate, July 11, 1984, front page.
  45. ^ a b "Torch Heads For Capital On Sunday", Associated Press, via Oroville Mercury Register, July 14, 1984, page 10A.
  46. ^ a b c d e Engeilenner, Jon. "Olympic flame to reach California today", Sacramento Bee, July 14, 1984, pages B1 and B2.
  47. ^ a b c Boldenweck, Bill. "Torch heads for City after rousing Tahoe welcome", San Francisco Examiner, July 15, 1984, page D9.
  48. ^ Von Bergen, Drew. "Walter Mondale, who was vice president when the United States boycotted the 1980 Olympics, rose early Saturday to applaud a runner carrying the Olympic torch through the resort of South Lake Tahoe", UPI, July 14, 1984, Web.
  49. ^ a b Tom, Denise, and Scott Strain. "Thousands give Olympic Torch Eastbay welcome", Oakland Tribune, July 17, 1984, pages D-1 and D-6.
  50. ^ a b Duenwald, Mary, and Barbara Wood. "Thousands welcome the Olympic torch", Peninsula Times Tribune, July 17, 1984, front page and A-10.
  51. ^ a b Reem, Craig. "The Torch arrives: Many in county share historic moments", Ventura County Star, July 19, 1984, page B-1.
  52. ^ Mendoza, Javier. "O.J. Simpson carries Olympic torch", Los Angeles Herald Examiner Photo Collection, via Calisphere.
  53. ^ Clark, Kevin. "Olympic Torch Relay Will Pass Through San Diego", Los Angeles Times, February 18, 1984, San Diego County section, Part II, pages 1 and 5.
  54. ^ "Torch heads back from San Diego", UPI, via Simi Valley Star, July 25, 1984, page 23.
  55. ^ a b c Gorman, Tom, and David Smollar. "Marines Take Up the Torch – in Cadence", Los Angeles Times, July 26, 1984, Part I, front page and 20.
  56. ^ Volans, Ian (December 21, 2011). "Will London 2012 give Britain's sporting heritage its Moment to Shine?". SportingLandmarks.co.uk. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  57. ^ "Jim Thorpe Is the Inspiration For a Native Games Festival", The New York Times, July 22, 1984, Section 1, page 33.
  58. ^ Waga, Phil. "Thousands cheer passing of flame", Mount Vernon Argus, May 9, 1984, front page and page A16.
  59. ^ a b "Olympic Torch Passes Through State", Hartford Courant, May 8, 1984, page D3.
  60. ^ "Torch to be in area Wednesday", The Day, May 6, 1984, page D-10.
  61. ^ "Torch begins journey despite announcement", Troy Daily News, May 9, 1984, page 13.
  62. ^ "Torch arrives for ceremony here today", Boston Globe, May 10, 1984, page 66.
  63. ^ Apple, Ginny. "Olympic Flame Passes Through State", Hartford Courant, May 10, 1984, pages F1 and F12.
  64. ^ "Olympic flame returns tonight", Ossining Citizen Register, May 11, 1984, front page.
  65. ^ "Olympic torch run Saturday", The Journal News, May 9, 1984, page B2.
  66. ^ Hackett, Lawrence. "Olympic flame nears Morris", Morristown Daily Record, May 11, 1984, front page.
  67. ^ "Olympic torch carried through Somerset towns", Associated Press, via Central New Jersey Home News, May 13, 1984, page B1.
  68. ^ McGowan, John T. "Olympic flame begins trek around U.S.", Gannett News Service, via Courier News, May 9, 1984, page A-6.
  69. ^ a b c Chevalier, Jack. "Olympic flame is a hot item in Newark", Wilmington Morning News, May 14, 1984, pages C1 and C5.
  70. ^ Harrison, Eric. "Olympic flame flashes through Philadelphia", Philadelphia Inquirer, May 14, 1984, pages 1-B and 2-B.
  71. ^ a b "Olympic Torch relay to light the area", Philadelphia Inquirer, May 11, 1984, page 23.
  72. ^ Tresolini, Kevin. "Delaware gets Torch on Sunday", Wilmington Morning News, May 9, 1984, pages C1 and C3.
  73. ^ "Just passin' through", The Aegis, May 17, 1984, page A-1.
  74. ^ "Olympic Torch to pass through county", The Aegis, May 10, 1984, pages A-24.
  75. ^ "Olympic torch through city", Baltimore Sun, May 10, 1984, page C3.
  76. ^ Dickinson, Elaine. "Carrying the torch: Olympian achievement for local man", Annapolis Capital, May 12, 1984, front page and page 9.
  77. ^ a b Collins, Denis. "Olympic Torch Due At White House at 5", Washington Post, May 14, 1984, pages D1 and D4, via ProQuest.
  78. ^ "Olympic flame passes through Northern Va.", Associated Press, via Roanoke Times, May 16, 1984, page B-3.
  79. ^ a b "Olympic flame continues its journey", Associated Press, via Greenwood Commonwealth, May 17, 1984, page 8.
  80. ^ a b Pitz, Marylynne. "Torch: Teen-ager runs a leg in Olympics", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 17, 1984, front page and page 4.
  81. ^ Halvonik, Steve. "Torch in city on way to LA", Pittsburgh Press, May 18, 1984, front page and page A4.
  82. ^ Carnahan, Ann. "Torch run is a dream", Pittsburgh Press, May 17, 1984, page C1 and C7.
  83. ^ "Olympic Torch Route", Youngstown Vindicator, May 17, 1984, page 23.
  84. ^ "Crowds Cheer as Torch Flickers Through Area", Youngstown Vindicator, May 19, 1984, front page and page five.
  85. ^ "Olympic Torch Passes Through Ohio", Associated Press, via Portsmouth Daily Times, May 19, 1984, page 10.
  86. ^ Pantages, Larry. "Ordinary people will carry torch through Akron", Akron Beacon Journal, May 18, 1984, page D9.
  87. ^ a b "Simmons will carry torch in Sandusky", Gannett News Service, via Fremont News-Messenger, May 19, 1984, page 8.
  88. ^ a b Ford, Tom. "Olympic Flame, Fiery Dispute To Pass Through City Sunday", Toledo Blade, May 18, 1984, page 25.
  89. ^ Kinkopf, Eric. "Torch's approach stirs state", Detroit Free Press, May 21, 1984, pages 3A and 21A.
  90. ^ Kinkopf, Eric. "Olympic flame to light up Detroit", Detroit Free Press, May 10, 1984, pages 3A and 15A.
  91. ^ "Torch to pass through Flint", Flint Journal, May 18, 1984, via GenealogyBank.
  92. ^ "Olympic torch on time, expected here tonight", Flint Journal, May 21, 1984, via NewsBank. "It is scheduled to cross the Oakland-Genesee County line on Dixie Highway between 7 and 7:30 p.m. and arrive in Grand Blanc at 8:30 p.m. The torch run will move north on S. Saginaw Road to Burton around 9 p.m. where it will be carried by Burton runner John Darga. Music along S. Saginaw will be provided by a number of high school bands lining the route. The torch is scheduled to reach the Flint city limits at about 9:35 p.m. There will be a welcoming ceremony in front of City Hall beginning around 9:30 p.m. The torch run will end at Sarvis Center on Longway Boulevard between 10 and 10:30 p.m. The run will begin again at 8 a.m. Tuesday and the torch will be taken to the Buick complex. A ceremony will be held in front of the Buick Administration Building. [...] The torch will then be taken out of the complex, south on Saginaw to Court Street, west on Court to Corunna Road and west on Corunna to Owosso."
  93. ^ "Olympic flame brings message to Lansing", Lansing State Journal, May 22, 1984, page 1C.
  94. ^ a b Kulhanek, Elaine. "Olympic flame enters state, in B.C. Tuesday", Battle Creek Enquirer, May 21, 1984, front page.
  95. ^ "Thousands line roadway as torch leaves state", Associated Press, via Battle Creek Enquirer, May 24, 1984, page A-7.
  96. ^ "Passing the torch", South Bend Tribune, May 24, 1984, page 29.
  97. ^ Funk, Barbara. "Torch passing through region on Wednesday", South Bend Tribune, May 21, 1984, front page and page 10.
  98. ^ "Flame Carried Along US-12: Torch Is Seen By Thousands", The Herald-Palladium, May 24, 1984, page 21.
  99. ^ "Torch watchers, pick a safe place to see", Vidette-Messenger of Porter County, May 23, 1984, front page.
  100. ^ a b "Olympic torch-carriers blaze through Region", The Times of Northwest Indiana, May 23, 1984, page A-3.
  101. ^ "Olympic torch relay", Chicago Tribune, May 24, 1984, Section 4, page 1.
  102. ^ "Olympic torch passing through", Lafayette Journal and Courier, May 25, 1984, page A3.
  103. ^ Brameier, Randy. "Olympic torch en route to Lafayette", Lafayette Journal and Courier, May 23, 1984, pages A5 and A7.
  104. ^ Brameier, Randy. "Olympic torch blazes through Lafayette area", Lafayette Journal and Courier, May 26, 1984, pages A3 and A5.
  105. ^ "Indianapolis greets Olympic torch", Associated Press, via Richmond Palladium-Item, May 27, 1984, page A6.
  106. ^ Scherschel, Greg. "City Plans Salute To Passing Torch", Columbus Republic, May 25, 1984, front page and page A12.
  107. ^ a b "Olympic Torch To Shine Here", Jackson County Banner, May 23, 1984, front page.
  108. ^ "Olympic Torch will pass through Jackson County", Seymour Tribune, May 25, 1984, page 14.
  109. ^ Ross, Martin. "Olympics Torch Relay passes through county", Seymour Tribune, May 29, 1984, front page and page 10.
  110. ^ "Olympic flame to leave Indiana", Louisville Courier-Journal, May 27, 1984, Indiana Edition, page 3.
  111. ^ Williams, Shirley. "A special runner is taking part in relay for Olympic torch", May 24, 1984, page B 13.
  112. ^ "Torch route", The State Journal, May 27, 1984, page 14.
  113. ^ Tyler, Valerie. "Runners to bring flame of Olympics to state today", Lexington Herald-Leader, May 27, 1984, pages B1 and B2.
  114. ^ "1984 Olympic Torch Relay", Knoxville News-Sentinel, May 27, 1984, page D2.
  115. ^ "Honey Alexander Assists Relay As Olympic Torch Crosses State", Associated Press, via Clarksville Leaf-Chronicle, May 30, 1984, page 1D.
  116. ^ "Torch Carried Into North Carolina", Asheville Times, May 30, 1984, front page.
  117. ^ Marks, Paul. "Carrying fire: Macon fireman has date with destiny tonight", Macon Telegraph, May 31, 1984, page 3D.
  118. ^ a b c "Georgians carry torch for the Olympics", Atlanta Constitution, May 30, 1984, page 6C.
  119. ^ Borkan, David. "Olympic Flame coming through Alpharetta and Sandy Springs", Atlanta Constitution, May 31, 1984, North Fulton Extra section, page 3H.
  120. ^ Harris, Karen, and Junie Brown. "An old flame comes to town: Thousands cheer for Olympics torch", Atlanta Constitution, June 1, 1984, front page and 8-A.
  121. ^ Hicks, Tommy. "'Olympics' come close to home", Anniston Star, May 31, 1984, pages 1B and 5B.
  122. ^ "The torch approaches; Festivities here will greet Olympic Torch on arrival", Birmingham Post-Herald, May 31, 1984, pages A1 and A12.
  123. ^ "Olympic torch through Alabama amid fanfare to L.A.", Associated Press, via Selma Times-Journal, June 3, 1984, page A12.
  124. ^ a b "Runners carry Olympic torch", Associated Press, via Greenwood Commonwealth, June 4, 1984, front page.
  125. ^ "Olympic flame making its way to Mid-South", Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 2, 1984, page D1.
  126. ^ Wright Owen, Sally. "Torchbearers attracting large crowds", Southeast Missourian, June 5, 1984, front page.
  127. ^ "Torch passes through Missouri", Associated Press, via Southern Illinoisan, June 5, 1984, page 13.
  128. ^ "Olympic Torch brings moment in history to Linn", Unterrified Democrat, June 13, 1984, front page.
  129. ^ Williams, Christopher R. "Olympic Torch To Pass Through City Wednesday", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 3, 1984, pages 1D and 3D.
  130. ^ a b c Fredman, Ron. "Olympic torch relay nearing Kansas City", Kansas City Times, June 7, 1984, page C3.
  131. ^ a b c Ginsberg, Michael. "Kansans Catch Olympic Spirit as Torch Is Passed", Wichita Eagle-Beacon, June 8, 1984, front page and page 2A.
  132. ^ Winingham, Don. "The Torch is past . . . Lawrence", Lawrence Journal-World, June 9, 1984, front page and page 3.
  133. ^ "Torch to pass through area", Parsons Sun, June 6, 1984, front page.
  134. ^ "Olympic torch visits Sapulpa tonight", Sapulpa Daily Herald, June 10, 1984, page 5A.
  135. ^ Caviness, David. "Flame passes into city history", Sapulpa Daily Herald, June 11, 1984, front page.
  136. ^ a b Morgan, Andy. "Olympic Torch to Be Run Out of City", The Daily Oklahoman, June 11, 1984, page 10.
  137. ^ a b Lassiter, Jim. "Eternal Memories: From Sea to Sea, Torch Fans Flames of Interest", The Daily Oklahoman, June 13, 1984, pages 37 and 38.
  138. ^ a b "Olympic Torch Now into Texas", Associated Press, via Henryetta Daily Free-Lance, June 13, 1984, page 2.
  139. ^ "U.S. 377 on route of Torch Relay", Whitesboro News-Record, June 7, 1984, front page.
  140. ^ "Olympic torch to pass through Frisco Wednesday", McKinney Courier-Gazette, June 11, 1984, front page.
  141. ^ ["1984 Olympic Torch Relay Through Dallas"], Dallas Morning News, June 13, 1984, via NewsBank.
  142. ^ a b Blackwell, Tim. "The Olympic Flame will burn in Arlington", Arlington Citizen-Journal, June 13, 1984, page 23A.
  143. ^ Ponce, Linda. "Road to fame, glory takes turn through N. Texas", Fort Worth Star-Telegram, June 13, 1984, front page and page 4A.
  144. ^ Bryant, Troy. "Olympics carrying WF flame", Wichita Falls Record News, June 14, 1984, front page and page 2A.
  145. ^ "Memo... from the editor", Clovis News-Journal, June 14, 1984, page 2.
  146. ^ Wright, Rick. "Team Turns Relay Into Labor of Love", Albuquerque Journal, June 19, 1984, front page and page A-12.
  147. ^ Jones, Del. "Olympic Flame puts fire in Plaza crowd", Santa Fe New Mexican, June 20, 1984, front page and page A-7.
  148. ^ "Torch passes through Santa Fe", Associated Press, via Deming Headlight, June 20, 1984, front page.
  149. ^ Blair, Billie. "Olympic torch lit TP night", Taos News, June 28, 1984, page A2.
  150. ^ "And the Flame Passes On", Associated Press, via Albuquerque Journal, June 21, 1984, Section D, page 2.
  151. ^ a b c d e f Fries, Jeff. "Denver area awaits historic flame relay", Denver Post, June 23, 1984, page 10D.
  152. ^ "Lighting up the Springs: Crowds, concert to greet Torch", Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, June 22, 1984, page C1 and C7.
  153. ^ "Scoreboard: Olympics", Longview Daily News, June 26, 1984, page D2.
  154. ^ a b "Olympic torch blazes through Vernal", Vernal Express, June 29, 1984, front page and page 3.
  155. ^ a b "Olympic Torch Will Pass Through Utah", Salt Lake Tribune, June 26, 1984, page B-1.
  156. ^ "Olympic torch to pass soon", Uintah Basin Standard, June 21, 1984, page 17.
  157. ^ a b "Olympic Torch Run Ignites Interest Across North Utah", Salt Lake Tribune, June 28, 1984, page B-1.
  158. ^ "Olympic Torch Coming Through South Davis On Thursday, June 28", Davis County Clipper, June 27, 1984, front page.
  159. ^ "Olympic Torch Enters Utah, Will Go to Heber", Provo Daily Herald, June 27, 1984, page 5.
  160. ^ a b Crump, Steve. "Carrier of Olympic flame arrives in southern Idaho", Twin Falls Times-News, June 29, 1984, front page.
  161. ^ Crump, Steve. "Towns big and small will get to see torch", Twin Falls Times-News, June 14, 1984, page D1.
  162. ^ Paull, Becky. "Olympic flame to reach Boise around noon", The Idaho Statesman, July 1, 1984, front page and page 15A.
  163. ^ Paull, Becky. "Throngs cheer as Olympic Flame passes", The Idaho Statesman, July 2, 1984, front page.
  164. ^ "Olympic flame enters Oregon", Associated Press, via Corvallis Gazette-Times, July 2, 1984, page A6.
  165. ^ a b "The Olympic torch arrived in Oregon to the cheers of flag-waving well-wishers that lined both sides of the Idaho-Oregon border", UPI, July 2, 1984, Web.
  166. ^ a b "Cowboys Greet Flame in Oregon", Associated Press, via Alexandria Town Talk, July 4, 1984, page B-3.
  167. ^ Metcalf, Gale. "Olympic Torch to shine on Tri-Cities", Tri-City Herald, July 2, 1984, front page and page D3.
  168. ^ a b c "Olympic Torch Relay to set off fireworks", Associated Press, via Spokane Chronicle, July 3, 1984, page B7.
  169. ^ "Fun run", Seattle Times, July 4, 1984, page B4, via Newsbank. "The caravan will come down Lake City Way from N.E. 143rd Ave. to Roosevelt Way and then to 45th Ave. The runner will cross the University of Washington campus and go across the University Bridge and continue on Eastlake to Stewart Street. The caravan is expected to arrive at the U.S. Courthouse at 10 a.m. to be greeted by Mayor Charles Royer, Olympic medal winner Rosalynn Sumners and the Air Force Band. It will continue on 1st Ave. S. to Pacific Highway South and is scheduled to arrive in Tacoma about 3 p.m. at Wright Park, 6th Ave. S. and I St. After leaving Tacoma, the caravan will be on Interstate 5 at Gravelly Lake Drive and continue to Olympia, where it will go on Martin Way to the Capitol grounds."
  170. ^ "Torch touches off celebration: Caravan due here Friday", Associated Press, via Tacoma News Tribune, July 4, 1984, page E-1.
  171. ^ Oakland, Mike. "Olympic flame unites Olympias", The Olympian, July 6, 1984, front page and page A12.
  172. ^ "Runners relay Olympic Torch through coastal communities", Associated Press, via Spokane Chronicle, July 7, 1984, page 3 and 7.
  173. ^ a b "Local torch runners are sky-high to go", Longview Daily News, July 6, 1984, page D1.
  174. ^ [https://archive.org/download/reschultzed-newsbank/News_Article__Oregonian_published_as_The_Oregonian___July_7_1984__p1.pdf "Celebration to welcome Olympic torch", The Oregonian, July 7, 1984, front page, via Newsbank.
  175. ^ "Torch coming", Corvallis Gazette-Times, July 8, 1984, front page.
  176. ^ McCue, Dan. "Today is Olympic Torch day", Salem Statesman Journal, July 8, 1984, front page.
  177. ^ a b "Games torch due to arrive next Sunday", Eugene Register-Guard, July 1, 1984, pages 1B and 4B.
  178. ^ "Torch up and away", UPI, via Coos Bay World, July 10, 1984, page 6.
  179. ^ "Torch at K. Falls", UPI, via Coos Bay World, July 11, 1984, page 8.
  180. ^ a b Beitkis, Edvins. "Torch warms hearts of Siskiyou natives", San Francisco Examiner, July 12, 1984, pages F1 and F5.
  181. ^ "Napa prepares a rousing welcome for Olympic Torch visit Sunday night", Napa Valley Register, July 14, 1984, front page.
  182. ^ Rochmis, Jon. "Torch route for Eastbay run finalized", Oakland Tribune, July 13, 1984, pages F-1 and F-4.
  183. ^ Duenwald, Mary. "Olympic torch to reach Peninsula today", Peninsula Times Tribune, July 16, 1984, front page and page A-12.
  184. ^ a b "Olympic torch's Santa Clara County odyssey", San Jose Mercury News, July 16, 1984, via NewsBank. "The torch's route through San Jose will take it along the following streets in this order: The Alameda, Hedding, First, Santa Clara, Almaden Boulevard, Park Avenue, Market, San Fernando, 10th, San Carlos, Vine, Almaden Road, Almaden Expressway, Foxworthy Avenue, Old Almaden Road, Hillsdale Avenue, Pearl Avenue and Santa Teresa Boulevard."
  185. ^ "Here it comes...", Santa Cruz Sentinel, July 16, 1984, Sports/Plus section, page 7.
  186. ^ a b Belli, Hope. "Torch gets near: Olympic relay due Tuesday in the Valley", Salinas Californian, July 14, 1984, front page and page 8.
  187. ^ a b Steers, Dennis. "Olympic torch to light county skies", San Luis Obispo Tribune, July 12, 1984, page B-1.
  188. ^ a b Weber, Tad. "The torch fires up SLO crowd", Santa Maria Times, July 19, 1984, front page and page 5.
  189. ^ Spencer, Russ. "Olympic Torch Passes Through Goleta", Goleta Sun, July 24, 1984, pages 1 and 16.
  190. ^ "Carpinteria torch kilometer assignments told", Carpinteria Herald, July 17, 1984, front page.
  191. ^ "Saturday's Olympic Torch Route", Los Angeles Times, July 20, 1984, Part II, page 8.
  192. ^ "Sunday's Olympic Torch Route", Los Angeles Times, July 21, 1984, Part II, page 10.
  193. ^ "Monday's Olympic Torch Route", Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1984, Part II, page 13.
  194. ^ "Route of the torch", San Bernardino County Sun, July 23, 1984, front page.
  195. ^ "Carrying the torch", Escondido Times-Advocate, July 23, 1984, front page.
  196. ^ a b King, Peter H. "Dairyland Turns Out to View Torch", Los Angeles Times, July 24, 1984, Part II, pages 1 and 3.
  197. ^ a b "Olympic torch to begin 3-day trek in county", San Diego Union-Tribune, July 23, 1984, front page, via NewsBank.
  198. ^ a b Gorman, Tom. "Torch Relay Lends Glow to San Diego", Los Angeles Times, July 25, 1984, Part I, pages 3 and 19.
  199. ^ "Saturday's Olympic Torch Route", Los Angeles Times, July 27, 1984, Part I, page 18.
  200. ^ Barker, Philip. The Story of the Olympic Torch, Amberley Publishing Limited, 2012.
  201. ^ Cahill, Janet. Running Towards Sydney 2000: The Olympic Flame & Torch, Walla Walla Press, 1999.
  202. ^ Ehrman, John. The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan, Yale University Press, 2005, pages 71–72.
  203. ^ Reagan, Ronald. "Remarks Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas", August 23, 1984, via The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara.
  204. ^ Morrow, Lance. "Feeling Proud Again: Olympic Organizer Peter Ueberroth", Time, January 7, 1985, Web.
  205. ^ Kaus, Mickey. "Age of Celebritics", The New Republic, February 23, 1986.

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1984_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay&oldid=1246314266"