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Overview of the events of 1931 in science
The year 1931 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Physiology and medicine [ edit ] May 27 – Swiss -born scientist Auguste Piccard and his assistant, engineer Paul Kipfer, taking off from Augsburg , Germany , reach a record altitude of 15,785 m (51,788 ft) in a balloon with a pressurized gondola, gathering data on the upper atmosphere and measuring cosmic rays , the first human flight into the stratosphere .
October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean , from Misawa, Japan , to East Wenatchee, Washington , in 41½ hours.[ 13]
October 24 – The George Washington Bridge across the Hudson River in the United States is dedicated; it opens to traffic the following day. At 3,500 feet (1,100 m), it nearly doubles the previous record for the longest suspension span in the world .
November 19 – David Gottlieb introduces his Baffle Ball pinball table.[ 14]
December 14 – British electronics engineer Alan Blumlein of EMI submits a UK patent application for "Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission, Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems" – binaural or stereophonic sound .
László Bíró first exhibits his ballpoint pen , in Budapest .George Beauchamp invents the electric guitar .[ 15] John H. Sharp of Chicago files the first patent for a torque wrench .
Construction of the Hoover Dam begins on the Colorado River in the United States (chief designing engineer: John L. Savage ). January 20 – David Lee , American physicist , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics .
January 28 – Chen Xingbi (died 2019 ), Chinese electronics engineer .
February 10 – Carl Rettenmeyer (died 2009 ), American biologist specialising in army ants .
March 22 – Burton Richter (died 2018 ), American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
March 25 – John A. Eddy (died 2009 ), American astronomer .
May 25 – Georgy Grechko (died 2017 ), Soviet Russian cosmonaut .
May 31 – John Robert Schrieffer (died 2019 ), American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
June 27
August 8 – Roger Penrose , English mathematical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
August 15 – Richard F. Heck (died 2015 ), American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry .
August 20 – Ayhan Ulubelen , Turkish natural product chemist.
August 23 – Hamilton O. Smith , American microbiologist , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .
August 30 – Jack Swigert (died 1982 ), American astronaut .
September 10 – Idelisa Bonnelly , Dominican marine biologist .
September 21 – Syukuro Manabe , Japanese-born climatologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
September 27 – W. Maxwell Cowan (died 2002 ), South African neuroanatomist.
September 29 – James Watson Cronin (died 2016 ), American nuclear physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
October 1 – Emory Kemp (died 2020 ), American civil engineering historian.
October 6 – Riccardo Giacconi , Italian-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
October 9 – Magdalena K. P. Smith Meyer (died 2004 ), South African acarologist .
October 12 – Ole-Johan Dahl (died 2002 ), Norwegian computer scientist , pioneer of object-oriented programming .
October 15 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (died 2015 ), President of India and rocket scientist.
October 25 – Klaus Hasselmann , German climatologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
November 28 – Gurdev Singh Gill (died 2023 ), Indian-born Canadian physician.
December 30 – John T. Houghton (died 2020 ), British climate scientist. January 1 – Martinus Beijerinck (born 1851 ), Dutch microbiologist and botanist .
February 2 – Frederick Marten Hale (born 1864 ), British explosives engineer.
February 3 – Herman Frederik Carel ten Kate (born 1858 ), Dutch anthropologist .
February 11 – Sir Charles Parsons (born 1854 ), British inventor of the steam turbine .
February 24 – Fanny Gates (born 1872 ), American physicist[ 16]
February 26 – Otto Wallach (born 1847 ), German chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry .
May 9 – Albert A. Michelson (born 1852 ), Polish American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics .
May 23 – Aldred Scott Warthin (born 1867 ), American cancer geneticist .
July 6 – Edward Goodrich Acheson (born 1856 ), American industrial chemist.
September 20 – Joan Beauchamp Procter (born 1897 ), English herpetologist .
October 8 – General Sir John Monash (born 1865 ), Australian civil engineer .
October 17 – Alfons Maria Jakob (born 1884 ), German neuropathologist .
October 18 – Thomas Edison (born 1847 ), American inventor .
November 27 – Sir David Bruce (born 1855 ), Scottish microbiologist .
^ Urey, Harold C.; Brickwedde, F. G.; Murphy, G. M. (1932). "A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2" . Physical Review 39 : 164–5. Bibcode :1932PhRv...39..164U . doi :10.1103/PhysRev.39.164 . Retrieved 2012-01-08 . ^ Rzepa, Henry S. "The aromaticity of Pericyclic reaction transition states" . Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London. Retrieved 2007-03-26 . ^ Kistler, S. S. (1931). "Coherent expanded aerogels and jellies" . Nature 127 (3211): 741. Bibcode :1931Natur.127..741K . doi :10.1038/127741a0 S2CID 4077344 . ^ Kistler, S. S. (1932). "Coherent Expanded-Aerogels". Journal of Physical Chemistry 36 (1): 52–64. doi :10.1021/j150331a003 . ^ Pajonk, G. M. (1991-05-16). "Aerogel catalysts" . Applied Catalysis . 72 (2): 217–266. doi :10.1016/0166-9834(91)85054-Y . ISSN 0166-9834 . ^ Barron, Randall F.; Nellis, Gregory F. (2016). Cryogenic Heat Transfer CRC Press . p. 41. ISBN 9781482227451 Archived from the original on 2017-11-22. ^ Dirac, P. A. M. (1931). "Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field" . Proceedings of the Royal Society A 133 (821). London: 60–72. Bibcode :1931RSPSA.133...60D . doi :10.1098/rspa.1931.0130 ^ Woodruff, Alice Miles; Goodpasture, Ernest W. (May 1931). "The Susceptibility of the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos to Infection with the Fowl-Pox Virus" . The American Journal of Pathology 7 (3): 209–222. PMC 2062632 PMID 19969963 . ^ Goodpasture, E. W.; Woodruff, Alice M.; Buddingh, G. J. (9 October 1931). "The Cultivation of Vaccine and Other Viruses in the Chorioallantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos" . Science . 74 (1919): 371–372. doi :10.1126/science.74.1919.371 . ISSN 0036-8075 . ^ Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats (2005). "1: The Story of Influenza" . In Knobler, S.; Mack, A.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S. (eds.). The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary . Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. pp. 60–61. doi :10.17226/11150 . ISBN 978-0-309-09504-4 PMID 20669448 . ^ Taubenberger, J. K.; Hultin, J. V.; Morens, D. M. (2007). "Discovery and characterization of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus in historical context" . Antiviral Therapy . 12 (4B): 581–591. PMC 2391305 PMID 17944266 . ^ Wills, L. (1931). "Treatment of 'pernicious anaemia' of pregnancy and 'tropical anaemia', with special reference to yeast extract as a curative agent" . British Medical Journal 1 (3676): 1059–64. doi :10.1136/bmj.1.3676.1059 . PMC 2314785 PMID 20776230 . ^ "Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site" . Aviation: From Sand Dunes To Sonic Booms . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012-05-31 .^ "The Pinball Hall of Fame in Las Vegas, NV - Episode 209" . Travel Thru History . 2014-01-21. Retrieved 2024-01-30 .^ Millard, André, ed. (2004). The Electric Guitar: a History of an American Icon . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7862-4 ^ "Fanny Cook Gates" . cwp.library.ucla.edu .
