1865 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1865 in the United Kingdom.
Incumbents
[edit]- Monarch – Victoria
- Prime Minister – Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (Liberal) (until 18 October); John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (Liberal) (starting 29 October)
Events
[edit]- 4 April – official opening of Crossness Pumping Station, a major landmark in completion of the new London sewerage system designed by Joseph Bazalgette for the Metropolitan Board of Works.[1]
- 28 May – the Mimosa sets sail, carrying Welsh emigrants to Patagonia.
- June–August – Francis Galton formulates eugenics.[2]
- 4 June – the lyrics of the hymn "Onward, Christian Soldiers", written by Sabine Baring-Gould as "Hymn for Procession with Cross and Banners", are first sung by children processing to St Peter's Church, Horbury, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.[3]
- 7 June – Rednal rail crash in Shropshire: 13 killed, 30 injured.
- 9 June – Staplehurst rail crash in Kent: 10 killed, 49 injured; Charles Dickens is amongst the survivors.
- 25 June – James Hudson Taylor founds the China Inland Mission at Brighton.
- 26 June – Jumbo, a young male African elephant, arrives at London Zoo and becomes a popular attraction.
- 29 June – new Poor Law Act improves conditions in workhouses.[4]
- 2 July – the Christian Mission, later renamed The Salvation Army, is founded in Whitechapel, London by William and Catherine Booth.[1][5]
- 4 July – Lewis Carroll's children's book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published by Macmillan in London for Daresbury-born Oxford don Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Carroll),[1][4] three years after it was first narrated to Alice Liddell and her sisters. He and his illustrator, John Tenniel, withdraw this edition from UK distribution[6] and the first trade editions are published on 26 November and released in December (dated 1866).
- 5 July – speed limit in Britain originally introduced by the Locomotive Act 1861 is reduced by the Locomotives Act 1865 – becoming 2 mph in town and 4 mph in the country.[5]
- 14 July – a party led by Edward Whymper makes the first ascent of the Matterhorn.[1]
- 23 July – the SS Great Eastern departs on a voyage to lay a transatlantic telegraph cable.[1]
- 11–24 July – general election won by the Liberal Party led by Lord Palmerston.[7]
- September – John Henry Walsh (writing as 'Stonehenge' in the magazine The Field) gives the first definition of a dog breed standard (for the pointer) based on physical form.[8]
- 28 September – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson graduates as Britain's first woman doctor.[5]
- 11 October – Morant Bay rebellion: An unsuccessful uprising against British rule at Morant Bay, Jamaica, is brutally suppressed with 400 rebels executed.[4]
- 29 October – Lord John Russell becomes Prime Minister following the death of Lord Palmerston on 18 October.[1]
- 6 November – American Civil War: Surrender to HMS Donegal at Liverpool of the Confederate commerce raider CSS Shenandoah.
- 11 November – Duar War with Bhutan ends with the Treaty of Sinchula, in which Bhutan cedes control of its southern passes to Britain in return for an annual subsidy.[1]
- 16 December – Edward John Eyre, governor of Jamaica, dismissed and censured for his excessive actions during the suppression of the recent rebellion.[4]
Undated
[edit]- Legal case of St Helen's Smelting Co v Tipping decided in the House of Lords: a landowner is entitled to recover damages for harm done to his trees by fumes from a copper smelter.[9]
- James Clerk Maxwell publishes A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field.[1]
- Joseph Lister discovers the sterilising effects of carbolic acid.[1]
- Major outbreak of rinderpest in British cattle.
- Fisherman's Friend menthol remedy developed by pharmacist James Lofthouse of Fleetwood.
- Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation founded in Hong Kong by Thomas Sutherland.[1]
- Gladiateur wins the English Triple Crown by finishing first in the Epsom Derby, 2,000 Guineas and St Leger.
Publications
[edit]- Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
- Charles Dickens' novel Our Mutual Friend (publication concludes).[4]
- Robert Smith Surtees' novel Mr. Facey Romford's Hounds (posthumous).
- A. C. Swinburne's narrative poem Atalanta in Calydon.
- Anthony Trollope's novel Can You Forgive Her? (publication concludes).
Births
[edit]- 23 January – Connie Gilchrist, Countess of Orkney, child actress and model (died 1946)
- 9 April – Violet Nicolson ('Laurence Hope'), poet (suicide 1904)
- 2 June – George Lohmann, cricketer (died 1901)
- 3 June – King George V (died 1936)
- 15 July – Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, newspaper and publishing magnate (died 1922)
- 15 August – Louisa Aldrich-Blake, surgeon (died 1925)
- 26 August – Arthur James Arnot, Scottish-Australian electrical engineer, inventor (d. 1946)
- 12 October – Arthur Harden, chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1940)
- 20 October – Sir Rhys Rhys-Williams, 1st Baronet, judge (died 1955)
- 27 October – Tinsley Lindley, footballer (died 1940)
- 4 December – Edith Cavell, nurse (executed 1915)[10]
- 30 December – Rudyard Kipling, writer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1936)
Deaths
[edit]- 8 January – John Dobson, architect (born 1787)
- 6 February – Mrs Isabella Beeton, writer on household management and cookery (born 1836)
- 11 March – Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk, explorer (born 1804 in Freiburg)
- 2 April – John Cassell, publisher and entrepreneur (born 1817)
- 30 April – Robert FitzRoy, meteorologist and admiral (born 1805; suicide)
- 27 May – Charles Waterton, naturalist and explorer (born 1782)
- 8 June – Sir Joseph Paxton, gardener and architect (born 1803)
- 25 July – Dr James Barry, military surgeon, revealed on death to be a woman, probably Margaret Ann Bulkley (born 1789–1799)
- 28 July – William Henry Smith, businessman (born 1792)
- 12 August – Sir William Hooker, botanist (born 1785)
- 24 August – Charles Baillie-Hamilton, politician (born 1800)
- 8 September – William Henry Smyth, astronomer and admiral (born 1788)
- 18 October – Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister (born 1784)
- 19 October – William King, physician and philanthropist (born 1786)
- 1 November – John Lindley, botanist (born 1799)
- 8 November – Tom Sayers, boxer (born 1826)
- 12 November – Mrs Elizabeth Gaskell, novelist and biographer (born 1810)
- 16 November – Sir Horatio Thomas Austin, naval officer and explorer (born 1800)
- 24 December – Sir Charles Eastlake, painter (born 1793)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1865". The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale.
- ^ Galton, Francis (1865). "Hereditary talent and character" (PDF). Macmillan's Magazine. 12: 157–166, 318–327. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ Bradley, Ian (1989). The Book of Hymns. New York: Testament Books. p. 333.
- ^ a b c d e Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. p. 286. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ^ a b c Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- ^ "The Works of Charles Dodgson: Alice". The Lewis Carroll Society. 20 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Time traveller's guide to Victorian Britain". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ "First modern dog discovered". University of Manchester. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- ^ 11 HL Cas 642.
- ^ "Forgotten Women: Edith Cavell, the war hero nurse who became a spy". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2018.